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Die Zusammensetzung der Gemeinschaft der heterotrophen Flagellaten war stabil

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Zusammenfassung

In der vorliegenden Studie wurden die saisonalen Veränderungen der Gemeinschaft der benthischen, heterotrophen Flagellaten im Rhein bei Köln mit der Besiedlung zweier Flüsse in Afghanistan (Kabul River und Logar River) verglichen. Dabei sollte die ökologische Bedeutung der benthischen heterotrophen Flagellatengemeinschaft mit abiotischen und biotischen Faktoren (wie z. B. dem Wasserstand, der Wassertemperatur, dem organischen Kohlenstoffgehalt und dem Chlorophyllgehalt) in Verbindung gebracht werden.

Routinemäßig wurden alle drei Wochen Sedimentproben von sandigen Sedimenten des Rheins bei Köln in der litoralen Zone genommen. Unabhängig von den Schwankungen im Wassrestand wurde die Probenahme in einer Uferentfernung von 2-3 Metern in einer wassertiefe von etwa 10 Zentimetern durchgeführt.

Die abiotischen Parameter zeigten klare saisonale Muster. Die Zusammensetzung der Gemeinschaft der heterotrophen Flagellaten war stabil; die höchsten Abundanzen traten im Frühsommer auf in Folge der Algenblüte im späten Frühjahr. Geringe Abundanzen traten im Winter auf. Dominante Gruppen waren Kinetoplastiden und Chrysomonaden, gefolgt von Cercomonaden, anderen Cercozoen sowie Eugleniden. Weniger häufig traten Bicosoeciden und Apusomonadiden auf. Nur selten wurden Choanoflagellaten gefunden und ein geringer Teil der Flagellaten konnte nicht näher bestimmt werden.

Korrelationsanalysen zeigten, dass die Temperatur einer wichtigsten Faktoren ist, die die Abundanz von heterotrophen Flagellaten in der oberen Sedimentschicht des Rheins bei Köln beeinflussen. Im Winter beeinflussen vor allem Störungen durch hohe Abflussraten das benthische Habitat und führen zur Resuspensionen sessiler Formen. Viele Flagellaten überwintern in Dauerstadien, was zu einer Reduktion der Flagellatenabundanz führt.

Diese Arbeit zeigt, wie schon in früheren Studien aus Sedimenten von Seen, dass heterotrophe Flagellaten einen wichtigen Bestandteil des mikrobiellen Nahrungsgewebes im Flusssediment ausmachen. Trotz der hohen Resuspensionsraten war die Struktur der benthischen Flagellatengemeinschaft deutlich von der des Pelagials unterschieden. Die Untersuchung der hauptsächlich vertretenen Ernährungstypen der heterotrophen Flagellaten ergab zudem für das Flusssediment, dass die Rolle der Flagellaten im Nahrungsnetz des Sedimentes vor allem in der Aufnahme und der Weitergabe bakteriell gebundenen Kohlenstoffs an höhere trophische Ebenen liegt.

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Abstract

In the present study the seasonal dynamics of the benthic community of heterotrophic flagellates of the River Rhine at Cologne were investigated, to study the ecological importance of heterotrophic flagellates (HF) in the benthic community of a large river in relation to various abiotic and biotic factors such as water level, water temperature, organic content of the water, amount of chlorophyll using the River Rhine at Cologne as a model site for middle reaches of a large river. This work was combined with parallel routine monitoring of protists in pelagic HF communities offering the chance to compare for the first time the differences between pelagic and benthic communities of heterotrophic flagellates in a large river. A comparative study was carried out in two rivers of Afghanistan (Kabul River & Logar River).

Routine sediment samples were collected at a sandy sediment station of the River Rhine at Cologne in the littoral zone. Despite the natural fluctuation of the water level during the study period, the sampling was always conducted at a distance of 2-3 m from the shoreline at a water depth of 0.1m in sampling interval of three weeks.

Abiotic factor showed a clear seasonal pattern of most of observed parameters.

Composition of the community was relatively stable, main peak of heterotrophic flagellates abundance was in early summer subsequent to the bloom of algae in late spring. Low abundances occurred during winter. Dominant groups observed were kinetoplastids and chrysomonads followed by cercomonads, other cercozoans and euglenids. Less frequently, bicosoecids and apusomonads were observed. Only occasionally, choanoflagellates and dinoflagellates were reported and a proportion remained undetermined.

Correlations tests showed that temperature is one of the main factors influencing the abundances of HF in the upper sediment of the River Rhine. In winter, disturbances linked to the high-flow regime probably impacted the benthic habitat by increasing resuspension of sessile forms and favoring the occurrence of resistant forms (cysts) that could reduce the total abundance of protists in the sediment.

As known from lake ecosystems, this work confirms that HF represent an important component of the microbial food web also in river sediment. Despite high resuspension rates, there was a clear separation of benthic and pelagic flagellate communities. Deriving from the major feeding habits of dominant heterotrophic flagellates I found in river sediments, the major role of heterotrophic flagellates should lie in the consumption and transfer of bacterial carbon to higher trophic levels.

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