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Proving the geographic origin of dried beef meat Proving the geographic origin of dried beef meat

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Conclusions Conclusions::

Determination of rawDetermination of rawmeatmeatoriginoriginand placeand placeof processingof processing of of drieddriedbeefbeefisis possible

possible in in quitequite high high ratesrates

100% classification100% classification was –was –withwiththetheexceptionexceptionof US rawof US raw meatmeat––notnotpossiblepossiblea a correct

correctproofproofof of authenticityauthenticityisisnotnotpossible, as possible, as therethereareareoftenoftenmisclassificationsmisclassifications of otherof othersamplessampleswithinwithinoneoneoriginsorigins

NIR mightNIR mightbebeusefulusefulas additional criterionas additional criterionto proveto prove thethegeographicgeographicoriginoriginin in combination

combinationwithwithotherotherpromisingpromisingtechniques, such as techniques, such as elementelement ororisotopeisotope analysis

analysis

Sample preparation and method:

Of Of eacheach samplesample 200 g 200 g drieddried beefbeef werewere homogenized

homogenizedin twoin twoprotionsprotions

EachEach portionportion was was filledfilled in a in a glassglass petri petri dishdishavoidingavoidingbubblesbubbles

typical

typicalNIR-NIR-spectrumspectrumof of drieddriedbeefbeef

Spectra were taken using a BSpectra were taken using a BüüchichiNIRFlexNIRFlex N-N-500 spectrometer in a wave number 500 spectrometer in a wave number range from 10 000 to 4 000 cm

range from 10 000 to 4 000 cm--1 1 while the while the petri

petri dish was rotating (2x3 spectra)dish was rotating (2x3 spectra)

Statistical

Statisticalanalysisanalysisand resultsand results::

Sample Sample groupinggrouping accordingaccording to to originorigin of of rawrawmeatmeatand placeand placeof processingof processing

Elimination of outliersElimination of outliers

Data Data reductionreduction byby PrincipalPrincipal ComponentComponent analysis

analysis

Linear Linear DiscriminantDiscriminant Analysis and Analysis and Cross-Cross- validation

validation

GroupingGrouping accordingaccording to to rawraw meatmeat origin: origin: meanmeancorrectcorrectclassificationclassificationrate of 86%rate of 86%

GroupingGrouping accordingaccording to to placeplace of of processing

processing: : meanmean correctcorrect classificationclassification rate of 92%

rate of 92%

Samples:

59 59 drieddriedbeefbeefsamplessamplesof variousof variousrawrawmeatmeat origins

originsand placesand placesof processingof processing ((rawrawmeatmeat/ / processing

processingplace)place)

SwitzerlandSwitzerland/ / SwitzerlandSwitzerland: 24 : 24 samplessamples BrazilBrazil/ Switzerland/ Switzerland: 12 : 12 samplessamples Canada / Canada: 6 Canada / Canada: 6 samplessamples

France / France: 6 France / France: 6 samplessamples

Australia / Australia: 4 Australia / Australia: 4 samplessamples

BrazilBrazil/ / Austria: 4 Austria: 4 samplessamples USA / USA: 3 USA / USA: 3 samplessamples

Proving the geographic origin of dried beef meat Proving the geographic origin of dried beef meat

by NIR

by NIR- - analysis? analysis?

AimAimof theof the investigationsinvestigations: :

Determination of theDetermination of the geographicgeographicoriginoriginof driedof dried beefbeef((rawrawmeatmeatand placeand placeof of processing

processing))

Bettina M. Franke

Bettina M. Franke1,2,31,2,3, Christoph Schnell, Christoph Schnell44, Ruedi Hadorn, Ruedi Hadorn22, Jacques, Jacques--Olivier BossetOlivier Bosset22, , GéGérard Gremaudrard Gremaud3 3 , Michael Kreuzer, Michael Kreuzer11

1

1ETH ETH ZurichZurich, Institute of , Institute of AnimalAnimalScience, Science, AnimalAnimalNutritionNutrition, CH, CH--8092 8092 ZurichZurich, , SwitzerlandSwitzerland

2

2Swiss Office of Public Health, CHSwiss Office of Public Health, CH--3003 Bern3003 Bern--LiebefeldLiebefeld, Switzerland, Switzerland

3

3Agroscope LiebefeldAgroscope Liebefeld--PosieuxPosieuxResearch Station ALP, CH-Research Station ALP, CH-3003 Bern3003 Bern--Liebefeld, Liebefeld, SwitzerlandSwitzerland

44BüBüchi Labortechnik AG, CHchi Labortechnik AG, CH--9230 Flawil, 9230 Flawil, SwitzerlandSwitzerland

table 1: Cross-validation of dried beef samples according to the origin of the raw meat

Australia Brazil France Canada Switzer-

land USA %

correct

Australia 20 0 0 0 4 0 83

Brazil 0 72 1 0 20 3 75

France 0 2 31 0 2 0 89

Canada 0 4 1 34 3 0 81

Switzerland 2 6 0 1 136 0 94

USA 0 0 0 0 0 18 100

total 22 84 33 35 165 21 86

table 2: Cross-validation of dried beef samples according to the place of processing

Austria Australia France Canada Switzer-

land USA % correct

Austria 20 0 0 0 2 0 91

Australia 0 17 0 0 7 0 71

France 0 0 32 0 3 0 91

Canada 0 0 1 32 9 0 76

Switzerland 0 5 0 1 213 0 97

USA 2 0 0 0 0 16 89

total 22 22 33 33 234 16 92

We are grateful to:

Fleischtrocknerei Churwalden AG Natura Bündner Fleischtrocknerei Surselva Fleischwaren AG Gabriel Fleury SA Rapelli SA Handl Tyrol GmbH Albert Spiess AG Cher Mignon SA Metzgerei Eggs, Reckingen as well as the Swiss embassies in the USA und Canada for organizing and providing the samples.

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4

4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000

w ave num ber (1/cm )

ln (1/R)

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