Aim of the investigations:
Determination of the geographic origin of poultry meat and dried beef (with respect to both raw meat origin and place of processing) using element and oxygen isotope analyses
Conclusions:
Combining datasets from different techniques, taken over a longer period of time, was possible, thus enabling to identify unknown samples based on comparable samples from other analyses
Determination of the geographic origin of poultry is possible at least in certain regions
No differentiation was possible between poultry from France and Germany as well as Switzerland and Hungary
Differentiation between dried beef of different raw meat origins, processed in the same country was impossible
Differentiation between dried beef of same raw meat origin processed in different countries was possible
Poultry Dried beef
Dried Beef:
Classification matrix of dried beef based on 7Li, 10B,
24Mg, 42Ca, 51V, 55Mn, 57Fe, 69Ga, 85Rb, 88Sr, 137Ba and δ18O
Brazilian raw meat origin of dried beef processed in Austria and Switzerland could be distinguished
Swiss dried beef from Brazilian and Swiss raw meat as well as from different Swiss regions could not be differentiated
Canadian samples were completely identified as being such with just one misclassification of another sample as Canadian sample
Poultry:
Classification matrix of poultry based on 23Na, 44Ca,
51V, 75As, 82Se, 85Rb, 88Sr, 95Mo, 142Nd, 205Tl and δ18O
Brazil, France and Hungary were classified completely correct, but misclassification from other origins Ælimitation of applicability
German samples classified as French ones Æ differentiation not possible
Swiss sample classified as Brazil (one sample) and Hungary (other samples) Æ differentiation between HU and CH not possible
Bettina M. Franke
Bettina M. Franke1,2,31,2,3, Ruedi Hadorn, Ruedi Hadorn2*2*, Jacques-, Jacques-Olivier BossetOlivier Bosset22, G, Géérard Gremaudrard Gremaud3 3 , Michael Kreuzer, Michael Kreuzer11
1
1ETH ETH ZurichZurich, Institute of , Institute of AnimalAnimalScience, Science, AnimalAnimalNutrition, CHNutrition, CH--8092 8092 ZurichZurich, Switzerland, Switzerland
2
2 AgroscopeAgroscopeLiebefeld-Liebefeld-PosieuxPosieuxResearch Station ALP, CHResearch Station ALP, CH--3003 Bern3003 Bern--Liebefeld, SwitzerlandLiebefeld, Switzerland
3
3Swiss Office of Public Health, Swiss Office of Public Health, CHCH--3003 Bern3003 Bern--LiebefeldLiebefeld, Switzerland, Switzerland
Trace elements:
0.4 – 0.5 g dried beef and 0.8 – 1.0 g poultry were subjected to micro-wave assisted digestion with nitric acid
48 elements were analysed using Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)
Determining the geographic origin of poultry meat and dried beef Determining the geographic origin of poultry meat and dried beef
by a combination of element and oxygen isotope analyses by a combination of element and oxygen isotope analyses
Origin samples (Phase 1)
samples (Phase 2) Brazil BR
FR DE HU CH
4 10
France 2 11
Germany 3 12
Hungary 6 10
Switzerland 7 13
Raw meat origin
Place of processing
samples (Phase 1)
samples (Phase 2) Australia Australia AU/AU
BR/AT BR/GR CH/GR CH/VS CN/CN US/US
4 4
Brazil Austria 2 4
Brazil Grisons (CH) 4 12
Canada Canada 2 6
Switzerland Grisons (CH) 4 12 Switzerland Valais (CH) 3 12
USA USA 2 3
BR FR DE HU CH % correct
BR 4 0 0 0 0 100
FR 0 2 0 0 0 100
DE 0 3 0 0 0 0
HU 0 0 0 6 0 100
CH 1 0 0 6 0 0
Total 5 5 0 12 0 55
AU/AU BR/AT BR/GR CH/GR CH/VS CN/CN US/US % correct
AU/AU 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0
BR/AT 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 50
BR/GR 0 0 2 0 0 1 1 50
CH/GR 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 75
CH/VS 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 33
CN/CN 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 100
US/US 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0
Total 0 1 4 11 1 3 1 43
Table 1: Origin of poultry samples of Phase 1, predicted based on results obtained in samples of Phase 2
Table 2: Origin of dried beef samples of Phase 1, predicted based on results obtained in samples of Phase 2
We are grateful to: Micarna SA, Bell AG, Bischoffberger AG, Fredag AG, Frifag AG and Ernst Kneuss Geflügel AG for providing the poultry samples; Albert Spiess AG, Surselva Fleischwaren AG, Fleischtrocknerei Churwalden AG, Natura Bündner Fleischtrocknerei, Gabriel Fleury SA, Cher Mignon SA, Handl Tyrol GmbH, Metzgerei Eggs, Reckingen and the Swiss embassies in USA und Canada for providing and organizing the dried beef samples.
Statistical analysis:
Linear Discriminant Analysis with stepwise backward elimination (probability to enter / to remove 0.15)
Validation of Phase 1 based on dataset of Phase 2 Oxygen isotopes:
Water of approx. 10 g of both dried beef and poultry was extracted by azeotropic distillation (toluene, 18h, 130°C)
δ18O was determined using Isotope Ratio Mass Spectroscopy (IRMS) in duplicate
