Mainz Historical Cultural Sciences

Mainz Historical Cultural Sciences | Volume 5

The Mainzer Historische Kulturwissenschaften [Mainz Historical Cultural Sciences] series publishes the results of research that develops methods and theories of cultural sciences in connection with empirical research. The central approach is a historical perspective for cultural sciences, whereby both epochs and regions can differ widely and be treated in an all-embracing manner from time to time. The series brings together, among other things, research appro- aches in archaeology, art history and visualistic, philosophy, literary studies and history, and is open for contributions on the history of knowledge, political cul- ture, the history of perceptions, experiences and life-worlds, as well as other fields of research with a historical cultural scientific orientation.

The objective of the Mainzer Historische Kulturwissenschaften series is to be- come a platform for pioneering works and current discussions in the field of historical cultural sciences.

The series is edited by the Co-ordinating Committee of the Special Research Group Historical Cultural Sciences (HKW) at the Johannes Gutenberg Univer- sity Mainz.

Cultural History in Europe

Institutions – Themes – Perspectives

The Print was sponsored by the Research Focus Historical Cultural Sciences (HKW).

An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative ini- tiative designed to make high quality books Open Access for the public good.

This work is licensed under the

Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 (BY-NC-ND).

Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 (BY-NC-ND).

which means that the text may be used for non-commercial purposes, provided credit is given to the author. For details go to

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/.

Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Natio- nalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or uti- lized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any infor- mation storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

© 2011 transcript Verlag, Bielefeld

Cover layout: Kordula Röckenhaus, Bielefeld Proofread by Cathleen Sarti, Mainz

Typeset by Justine Haida, Bielefeld

Printed by Majuskel Medienproduktion GmbH, Wetzlar ISBN 978-3-8376-1724-5

ISBN 978-3-8394-1724-9

Welcome Address ... 7 ULRICH FÖRSTERMANN

Traditions, Topics and Trends in Cultural History

in Europe—an Introduction ... 11 JÖRG ROGGE

From Ethnology and Folklore Studies to Cultural History

in Scandinavia ... 31 ANNE ERIKSEN

Traditions of Cultural History in Finland, 1900-2000 ... 45 HANNU SALMI

The Practice of Cultural History in Britain ... 63 LUDMILLA JORDANOVA

The Cultural History MA at the University of Aberdeen,

DSHUVRQDOUHÀHFWLRQ ... 79 NICK FISHER

Perspectives of the Cultural History in Latvia:

The 20th century and beyond ... 91 0Ă57,Ƅä0,17$856

A History of Material Culture in Poland

before and after the year 1989 ... 125 ,*25.Ć.2/(:6.,

Achievements and Contradictions in the Writing and

Teaching of Cultural History in Hungary ... 141

$1'5($3(7ł

Beyond the Alpine Myth, Across the Linguistic Ditch

Cultural History in Switzerland ... 157 CHRISTOF DEJUNG

What’s new about the New Cultural History?

An exemplary survey of the Austrian academic community ... 171 CHRISTINA LUTTER

We’ve only just begun

Cultural History in Germany ... 191

$&+,0/$1':(+5

Cultural History in Spain

History of Culture and Cultural History:

same paths and outcomes? ... 211 CAROLINA RODRÍGUEZ-LÓPEZ

Cultural History in Italy ... 239 ALESSANDRO ARCANGELI

Contributors ... 257

U

F

, V

-P

R

, J

G

-U

, M

This volume presents the papers of the International Conference on Cultural History in Europe, which took place in Mainz from March 17^th till 21^st 2010. It ZDVWKHÀUVWLQWHUQDWLRQDOFRQIHUHQFHRIWKH&ROODERUDWLYH5HVHDUFK)RFXVRQ Historical Cultural SciencesRIWKH-RKDQQHV*XWHQEHUJ8QLYHUVLW\

7KLV 5HVHDUFK )RFXV LQYHVWLJDWHV WKH GLVWLQFWLYH QDWXUH RI FXOWXUDO FLUFXP- VWDQFHVZLWKLQWKHLUUHVSHFWLYHLQGLYLGXDOKLVWRULFDOFRQWH[W,WLVRQHRIWKHVHYHQ 5HVHDUFK)RFLRIRXU8QLYHUVLW\ZKLFKZHUHVHOHFWHGLQDFRPSHWLWLYHSURFHVV IRUWKHLUVSHFLÀFSRWHQWLDOIRULQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\UHVHDUFK7KHVHOHFWLRQRFFXUUHG ZLWKH[WHUQDOH[SHUWLVHXQGHUWKHDXVSLFHVRIRXUYHU\RZQ*XWHQEHUJ5HVHDUFK

&ROOHJH)LQDQFLDOO\VXSSRUWHGE\WKH6WDWHRI5KLQHODQG3DODWLQDWHIURPWR WKH5HVHDUFK)RFXVHistorical Cultural SciencesDLPVDWGHYHORSLQJDVSH- FLÀFKLVWRULFDOFXOWXUDOSURÀOHZLWKLQWKH8QLYHUVLW\·VJHQHUDODFDGHPLFSRUWIROLR

3OHDVH DOORZ PH WR H[SODLQ WKLV FRQFHSW 7KH 5HVHDUFK )RFXV FRPELQHV VHYHUDOGHSDUWPHQWVDQGGLIIHUHQWDFDGHPLFGLVFLSOLQHVZLWKLQRXU8QLYHUVLW\

WKHUHE\ LQWHUFRQQHFWLQJ DQG VWLPXODWLQJ UHVHDUFK ZLWKLQ WKH FXOWXUDO VFLHQFHV 7KH)RFXVFRPELQHVHPSLULFDOZRUNDQGSURIRXQGWKHRUHWLFDODQGPHWKRGRORJL- FDOFRQVLGHUDWLRQVLQDKLVWRULFDOSHUVSHFWLYH

2YHUDOOWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOO\FRPSHWLWLYHUHVHDUFKDWWKH-RKDQQHV*XWHQEHUJ 8QLYHUVLW\LVFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\DEURDGYDULHW\RIGLVFLSOLQHV$VDQLQWHUQDWLRQDO UHVHDUFK ORFDWLRQ ZH UHVROXWHO\ SXUVXH D VWUDWHJ\ RI SURPRWLQJ H[FHOOHQFH LQ VFLHQFHDQGWKH+XPDQLWLHVKRVWLQJHLJKW&ROODERUDWLYH5HVHDUFK&HQWHUVWHQ 5HVHDUFK*URXSVDQGHLJKW*UDGXDWH6FKRROVDOOIXQGHGE\WKH*HUPDQ5H- VHDUFK )RXQGDWLRQ DV ZHOO DV QXPHURXV UHVHDUFK LQLWLDWLYHV IXQGHG E\ RWKHU VRXUFHVERWKSXEOLFDQGSULYDWH

7KH FRQIHUHQFH DQG WKLV VXEVHTXHQW YROXPH LV D SULPH H[DPSOH IRU WKH VXFFHVVIXOHIIRUWVRIRXUVFKRODUVDQGWKHLUHIÀFLHQWLQWHUQDWLRQDOFRRSHUDWLRQ

ZLWKRWKHUUHVHDUFKJURXSV,WLQWHQGVWRFRPSUHKHQVLYHO\WDNHVWRFNRIFXO- WXUDOKLVWRU\LQ(XURSH3DUWLFLSDQWVIURPRYHUWHQ(XURSHDQFRXQWULHVZLOO

‡ UHSRUWRQWKHVWDWHRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LQWKHLUUHVSHFWLYHFRXQWULHV

‡ FRQVLGHULQZKLFKZD\FXOWXUDOKLVWRU\DVDQDFDGHPLFGLVFLSOLQHLVLQFRUSR- UDWHGLQWRWKHVWUXFWXUHGV\VWHPRIWKHLURZQ8QLYHUVLWLHVUHVHDUFKLQVWLWXWHV or other institutions,

‡ DVFHUWDLQ ZKLFK TXHVWLRQV DQG WRSLFV DUH SDUWLFXODUO\ LQ GHPDQG LQ FHUWDLQ FRXQWULHVRUKDYHDOUHDG\EHHQGHDOWZLWKWRDODUJHH[WHQW

‡ LGHQWLI\SUHVXPHGIXWXUHÀHOGVRIUHVHDUFK

‡ H[DPLQHWKHRSSRUWXQLWLHVDQGWKHOLPLWVRIÀQDQFLDOVXSSRUWIURP8QLYHUVL- WLHVDQGRUVWDWHJRYHUQPHQWVDQG

‡ FRQVLGHUWKHUHODWLRQVKLSRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\WRRWKHUSDUWVRIKLVWRULFDOVFLHQFH DQGWRFXOWXUDOVWXGLHVLQDZLGHUVHQVH

+LVWRULFDO &XOWXUDO 6FLHQFHV KDYH D ORQJ WUDGLWLRQ DW RXU 8QLYHUVLW\³QRW RQO\

LQWKHVRFLDOVFLHQFHVEXWLQDOORIWKHKXPDQLWLHV³DVSHFLDOUHVHDUFKOLEUDU\LV FXUUHQWO\EHLQJHVWDEOLVKHGRQRXUFDPSXV)XUWKHUPRUHRXUFROOHDJXHVLQYLWHG VHYHUDORXWVWDQGLQJVFKRODUVLQWKHÀHOGRITheories and Methods of Historical Cultural SciencesWR0DLQ]DV)HOORZVRIRXU*XWHQEHUJ5HVHDUFK&ROOHJH,Q WKLVFRQWH[WWKH\DOVR

‡ RUJDQL]HLQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\UHVHDUFKV\PSRVLDWKUHHWRIRXUWLPHVHDFKVHPHV- WHULQRUGHUWRLQFUHDVHV\QHUJLHVEHWZHHQWKHGLIIHUHQWDFDGHPLFGLVFLSOLQHV

‡ SXEOLVKDQHZKLVWRULFDOFXOWXUDOERRNVHULHVFDOOHGMainzer Historische Kul- turwissenschaften Mainz Historical Cultural Sciences WKH ÀUVW IRXU YRO- XPHVDUHDOUHDG\SXEOLVKHGDQG

‡ LQLWLDWHDSURMHFWWRGHYHORSDPDQXDORQNH\FRQFHSWVRIWKH+LVWRULFDO&XO- WXUDO6FLHQFHV

,QVKRUW+LVWRULFDO&XOWXUDO6FLHQFHVKHUHLQ0DLQ]DUHSXUVXLQJDSDWKRIH[FHO- OHQFHZKLFKZHKRSHZLOOHYHQWXDOO\DOVREHDFNQRZOHGJHGLQWKHXSFRPLQJ )HGHUDO([FHOOHQFH,QLWLDWLYH

%\EULQJLQJWRJHWKHU\RXQJDQGHVWDEOLVKHGVFKRODUVIURPDOORYHUWKHZRUOG WKLVFRQIHUHQFHZDVDVKLQLQJH[DPSOHIRUWKHZD\RXU8QLYHUVLW\DFWLYHO\SDU- WLFLSDWHVLQWKHJOREDODFDGHPLFFRPPXQLW\DQGFRQWULEXWHVWRRXURYHUDOOJRDO RIFRQWLQXLQJLQWHUQDWLRQDOL]DWLRQRIDFDGHPLFSURJUDPVDQGUHVHDUFK2XU8QL- YHUVLW\JDLQVPXFKIURPVXFKH[FKDQJHVDQGZHJUHDWO\DSSUHFLDWHWKHFRQWDFWV ZHKDYHEHHQDEOHWRPDNHDQGPDLQWDLQ

/HW PH VD\ ´WKDQN \RXµ WR WKH PDQ\ VXSSRUWHUV DQG RUJDQL]HUV )LUVW DQG IRUHPRVW-|UJ5RJJHDQGKLVWHDPZKRKDYHGRQHDZRQGHUIXOMRELQRUJDQL]LQJ

WKHFRQIHUHQFHDQGHGLWLQJWKLVYROXPH7KH\UHFHLYHGFRQVLGHUDEOHKHOS,KHDU E\RXUFROOHDJXHVIURPWKH0HGLHYDOVHFWLRQRIRXU'HSDUWPHQWRI+LVWRU\/DVW EXWQRWOHDVW,ZRXOGOLNHWRWKDQNWKH*HUPDQ5HVHDUFK)RXQGDWLRQ')*IRU WKHLUJHQHURXVVXSSRUWRIWKHFRQIHUHQFH

History in Europe—an Introduction

J

R

,QWKHGHEDWHVDERXWWKHWKHRU\DQGPHWKRGVRI(XURSHDQKLVWRULFDOVFLHQFHLQ WKH SDVW WKLUW\ \HDUV FXOWXUDO KLVWRULFDO DSSURDFKHV DQG IRUPXODWLRQV RI TXHV- WLRQVSOD\HGDQGGRSOD\DQRXWVWDQGLQJUROH7KHLQWHUHVWLQWKLVZDVVWLPXODWHG E\WKHFKDQJLQJSUHYDLOLQJSROLWLFDODQGVRFLDOFRQGLWLRQVRQWKHRQHKDQGDQG DQ LQFUHDVLQJ GLVVDWLVIDFWLRQ ZLWK WKH GRPLQDQW KLVWRULFDOVFLHQWLÀF FRQFHSWV RQ WKH RWKHU 7KXV DW WKH EHJLQQLQJ RI WKH V LQ WKH )HGHUDO 5HSXEOLF RI

*HUPDQ\FULWLFLVPRI6RFLDO+LVWRU\RU+LVWRULFDO6RFLDO6FLHQFHLQWHUHVWHGLQ VRFLRHFRQRPLFVWUXFWXUHVDQGSURFHVVHVZKLFKSDLGKDUGO\DQ\DWWHQWLRQWRWKH FXOWXUDOPHDQLQJGLPHQVLRQVRIKLVWRULFDOUHDOLW\ZDVWKHVWDUWLQJSRLQWIRUWKH QHZO\DZDNHQLQJLQWHUHVWLQFXOWXUHDQGWKHSHRSOHZKRKDGSURGXFHGWKHLUUH- VSHFWLYHFXOWXUH7KHLQYLWDWLRQJLYHQE\KLVWRULFDOVFLHQFHWRSD\PRUHDWWHQWLRQ DJDLQWRWKHDFWRUV³DGPLWWHGO\QRWWRWKHgreat men³FRUUHVSRQGHGWRWKHDWWL- WXGHWKDWWKHLQGLYLGXDOLQKLVUHVSHFWLYHSODFHFRXOGRUPXVWFRQWULEXWHWRZDUGV FKDQJLQJVRFLDODQGSROLWLFDOFRQGLWLRQV%HFDXVHLWZDVWKHSHRSOHWKHPVHOYHV ZKRFUHDWHGWKHZRUOGWKH\OLYHGLQE\DFWLQJDQGLQWHUSUHWLQJWKH\ZHUHQRW VLPSO\DWWKHPHUF\RIDQRQ\PRXVVWUXFWXUHVEXWLQYLWHGHJWRGHPRQVWUDWH DJDLQVWWKHQXFOHDULQGXVWU\DQGHQYLURQPHQWDOSROOXWLRQWRVWDQGXSIRUSHDFH DQGVHFXULW\RUDOVRWRGHPDQGHTXDOULJKWVIRUPHQDQGZRPHQDQGWKXVRYHU- FRPHWUDGLWLRQDOJHQGHUUROHV

:LWKWKHSROLWLFDOZDWHUVKHGRIDQGWKHH[SHULHQFHVRIWKH*HUPDQV LQDQGZLWKWKH*'5WKHVHQVLELOLW\IRUWKHGLYHUVLW\RIWKHSDVWVH[SHULHQFHGE\

KXPDQEHLQJVLQFUHDVHGIXUWKHU3UHFLVHO\WKHH[SHULHQFHVZKLFKSHRSOHPDNH 0DQ\7KDQNVWR-RKQ0LFKDHO'HDV\.ULVWLQD0OOHU%RQJDUGDQG&DWKOHHQ6DUWL

IRUWKHLUPDQLIROGVXSSRUWGXULQJWKHHGLWLQJSURFHVVRIWKLVYROXPH

FRQWULEXWHWRWKHLUEHKDYLRXUDQGDUHWKHEDVLVIRUWKHLULQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWKHLU ZRUOG3HRSOHZHUHDQGDUHOLQNHGWRJHWKHUDQGZLWKWKHLUHQYLURQPHQWE\VR- FLDOSUDFWLFHVDQGYDULRXVIRUPVRIFRPPXQLFDWLRQ7KHKLVWRULFDODFWRUVH[SUHVV WKHLURSLQLRQRQWKHLURSSRVLWHQXPEHUVDQGWKHHQYLURQPHQWWKH\WKXVJHQHUDWH PHDQLQJVDQGJLYHWKHLUOLYLQJZRUOGDPHDQLQJ²

$JDLQVWWKLVEDFNJURXQGDQHZIRUPRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\GHYHORSHGLQ*HU- PDQ\GLIIHULQJIURPWKHROGFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\RIWKHFORVLQJ\HDUVRIWKH^thDQG HDUO\SDUWRIWKH^thFHQWXU\,QGLVDVVRFLDWLRQIURPVRFLDOKLVWRU\RQHOHWRQH- VHOIEHLQÁXHQFHGDERYHDOOE\HYHU\GD\DQGPHQWDOLW\KLVWRU\³WKHFRQFHSWV of the AnnalesSULPDULO\³DVZHOODVKLVWRULFDODQWKURSRORJ\⁴,QDGGLWLRQFDPH JUDGXDOO\)UHQFKEXWDERYHDOO$QJOR$PHULFDQFRQFHSWVDQGPHWKRGVVXFK as the New Cultural HistoryPHWKRGRORJLFDODSSURDFKHVRIJHQGHUKLVWRU\⁵DQG LQSDUWDOVRRIFXOWXUDOVWXGLHV%XWLQ*HUPDQ\ROGHUNH\SOD\HUVLQFXOWXUDO VWXGLHVLQWKH^thDQG^thFHQWXULHV.DUO/DPSUHFKW(EHUKDUG*RWKHLQ(UQVW

&DVVLUHU0D[:HEHUZHUHDOVRUHGLVFRYHUHGDQGXVHGLQWKHGHYHORSPHQWRI FXUUHQWFXOWXUDOVWXG\FRQFHSWV+RZHYHUWKHIRUEHDUV·LGHDVDQGFRQFHSWVKDYH EHHQ WUHDWHG PDLQO\ XS WR QRZ ZLWK D YLHZ WR WKHLU SRWHQWLDO IRU D KLVWRULFDO FXOWXUDOVFLHQFHDQGKDYHQRW\HWEHHQH[SORLWHGIRUHPSLULFDOUHVHDUFK⁶(YHQLI WKHZRUNVRIROGHU*HUPDQFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\KDYHEHHQUHDGDJDLQLQWKHODVWIHZ

\HDUVLWLVUDWKHUWKHZRUNVRI(XURSHDQDQG$PHULFDQKLVWRULDQVZKLFKKDYHLQ WKHPHDQWLPHDFTXLUHGWKHVWDWXVRIFODVVLFVWKDWKDYHJDLQHGDPRGHOFKDUDFWHU for German cultural historians.⁷

7KHSXEOLFDWLRQRIWKHUHVXOWVRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDOZRUNVDIWHUWKHWXUQRI WKHPLOOHQQLXPERWKLQWKH*HUPDQVSHDNLQJDUHDDQGLQ(XURSHVXSSOLHGWKH EDVLVIRUÀUVWVXPPDULHVRIWKHGLVFXVVLRQRIPHWKRGVDQGWKHRU\LQWURGXFWLRQV WRD(XURSHDQFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\DQGFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDOV\QWKHVHVIRULQGLYLGXDO centuries.¹⁰7KHVHSXEOLFDWLRQVSURYHWKDWFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LVRQWKHZD\WRHVWDE-

2 On this cf. R^OGGE, 2010.

3 RAPHAEL

4 D^ÜLMEN,T^ANNER,:,17(5/,1*2006.

0HWKRGRORJLFDOO\SDWKEUHDNLQJZDVSCOTT,6HHDOVROPITZ, 2005.

2QWKLVIRULQVWDQFHWKHZRUNVE\O^EXLE,DQGO^EXLE,

7KHVHDUHHJGINZBURG, DAVIS,DARNTON,BURKE, 2002.

G^REEN76&+233:(%(5P^OIRRIER,T^SCHOPP, 2005, A^RCANGELI 2010.

/$1':(+5672&.+2567, 2004, M^AURER, 10 S^ALMI,

OLVKLQJLWVHOIDVDFRQFHSWLRQIRUUHVHDUFKLQWRWKHSDVWDORQJVLGHRWKHUPHWKRGV of access in historical science.

+RZHYHUWKDWKDVQRWEHHQPDGHHDV\IRULW³HVSHFLDOO\QRWLQ*HUPDQ\

7KHUHFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\ZDVDQGLVQRWXQGLVSXWHG,WKDVEHHQFULWLFLVHGE\UHS- UHVHQWDWLYHVRIKLVWRULFDOVFLHQWLÀFFRQFHSWLRQVIRUZKRPGLYHUVLW\ZDVDQGLV D V\QRQ\P IRU DUELWUDULQHVV¹¹$GPLWWHGO\ WKH DGYRFDWHV RI FXOWXUDO KLVWRULFDO DSSURDFKHVKDYHIRVWHUHGWKLVFULWLFLVPWRDFHUWDLQH[WHQWE\OHDYLQJRSHQZKDW H[DFWO\FXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LVPHDQWWREHDQGLV¹² Therefore the notions of what cul- WXUDOKLVWRU\LVPHDQWWREHZLWKUHJDUGWRPHWKRGRORJ\DQGFRQFHSWUDQJHIURP FXOWXUDOKLVWRU\DVDVHFWRUDOGLVFLSOLQHRIKLVWRULFDOVFLHQFHOLNHWHFKQRORJLFDO RUHFRQRPLFKLVWRU\WKURXJKWKHYLHZWKDWFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LVDVSHFLÀFPHWKRG RIKLVWRULFDOVFLHQFHWRWKHSRVLWLRQWKDWKLVWRU\DVDZKROHVKRXOGEHFRQFHLYHG DVDKLVWRULFDOFXOWXUDOVFLHQFH$WDOOHYHQWVDQLQFUHDVLQJO\ZLGHO\KHOGFRQ- VHQVXVREMHFWVDQGWRSLFVZHUHWKXVLQWHQGHGWREHH[DPLQHGIURPDFXOWXUDO KLVWRULFDOSRLQWRIYLHZWRRZKLFK³OLNHSROLWLFVDQGODZ³ZKLFKSUHYLRXVO\

OD\RXWVLGHWKHIRFXVRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRULDQV7RSLFVRQZKLFKWKHWUDGLWLRQDOIRUP RIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\KDGH[SOLFLWO\WXUQHGLWVEDFN¹³

%XWRQHRIWKHGLVWLQJXLVKLQJIHDWXUHVRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LVDWDOOHYHQWVLWV FODLPWRUHÁHFWLWVRZQDFWLYLW\³WKHUHVHDUFKFRQFHSWVWRSLFVDQGÀHOGV%H- FDXVH WKH UHVXOW QRW RQO\ RI FXOWXUDO KLVWRULFDO UHVHDUFK LV XOWLPDWHO\ D FRQ- VWUXFWLRQ E\ KLVWRULDQV ZKR DUH LQÁXHQFHG E\ WKHLU UHVSHFWLYH FXUUHQW VRFLDO DQGFXOWXUDOFLUFXPVWDQFHV7KLVYLHZLV³VRDWDQ\UDWHWKHFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDO FUHGR³WKHSUHUHTXLVLWHIRUWKHIDFWWKDWWKHUHVHDUFKUHVXOWVDUHEDVHGRQDVFL- HQWLÀFUDWLRQDOJDLQRINQRZOHGJH¹⁴7KLVSURFHVVRIVHOIUHÁHFWLRQLVDQLQWHJUDO SDUWRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDOZRUNDQGWKHUHIRUHLWLVLPSRUWDQWWKDWWKLVUHÁHFWLRQ EHPDGHWKHREMHFWRIFRQVLGHUDWLRQ7KHGLVFXVVLRQDERXWWKHREMHFWVDQGÀHOGV RIZRUNDVZHOODVDERXWPHWKRGRORJLFDODFFHVVDQGRSHUDWLRQDOLVDWLRQLVWREH FRQWLQXHGMXVWDVTXHVWLRQVPXVWEHDVNHGDERXWWKHDFKLHYHPHQWVRIFXOWXUDO KLVWRU\DQGLWVFDSDELOLW\LQFRPSDULVRQZLWKRWKHUFRQFHSWV7KLVDSSOLHVgrosso 11 3HUKDSVWKHPRVWSURPLQHQW*HUPDQFULWLFLV+DQV8OULFK:HKOHUVHHHJKLVUH-

YLHZ RI 8WH 'DQLHO·VKompendium Kulturgeschichte, :(+/(5, 2003, cf. K^OCKA, )RUWKHGHIHQGDQWV·DUJXPHQWVVHHHJMEDICK, 2001.

12 D^ANIELM^AURER

13 $WWKHFHQWUHRIWKLVSHUVSHFWLYHDUHDERYHDOOSURFHVVHVRIFRPPXQLFDWLRQE\ZKLFK VRFLDOSROLWLFDODQGOHJDOLQVWLWXWLRQVDUHÀUVWFUHDWHGVHHIRULQVWDQFHS^TOLLBERG- R^ILINGER.$VXUYH\RIWKHKLVWRU\RIFXOWXUDOKLVWRULRJUDSK\E\WKHFROOHFWLRQ RIHVVD\VFRPSLOHGDQGFRPPHQWHGE\T^SCHOPP

14 T^SCHOPPSDQGD^ANIEL, 2006.

modoIRUDOO(XURSHDQFRXQWULHVLQZKLFKFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LVSXUVXHGDQGZKHUH LWLVPRUHRUOHVVLQVWDOOHGDWXQLYHUVLWLHVDQGUHVHDUFKLQVWLWXWLRQV

)RUWKLVUHDVRQ,DVNHGFROOHDJXHVIURPWZHOYH(XURSHDQFRXQWULHVWRVNHWFK RXW WKH UHVSHFWLYH FXUUHQW EDVLF FRQGLWLRQV³VFLHQWLÀFSROLWLFDO DQG VRFLDO DV- VHVVPHQWRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\³RUDOVRWKHKLVWRULFDOGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHVHEDVLF FRQGLWLRQV IRU FXOWXUDO KLVWRULFDO UHVHDUFK LQ WKHLU FRXQWULHV 7KH FRQWULEXWRUV JLYHLQSDUWIURPYHU\SHUVRQDOSHUVSHFWLYHVDQGRQWKHEDVLVRIWKHLUH[SHULHQFH ZLWKWKHVXEMHFWRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LQWKHLUFRXQWULHVDQGLQ(XURSHDVDZKROH DQDVVHVVPHQWRILQVWLWXWLRQVWRSLFVDQGSHUVSHFWLYHVRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\,QDG- GLWLRQWKH\RXWOLQHWKHLUDVVHVVPHQWVRIWKHIXUWKHUGHYHORSPHQWRIWRSLFVDQG ÀHOGVRIZRUNLQWKHLUFRXQWULHVZKHUHE\WKHGHJUHHRILQVWLWXWLRQDOLVDWLRQRI FXOWXUDOKLVWRU\DWXQLYHUVLWLHVUHVHDUFKLQVWLWXWHVDQGRWKHULQVWLWXWLRQVLVGHDOW ZLWKLQYDU\LQJHYDOXDWLRQW\SLFDOQDWLRQDOWUDGLWLRQVDUHSUHVHQWHGLPSRUWDQW FXUUHQWUHVHDUFKWRSLFVDQGIRUPXODWLRQVRITXHVWLRQVDUHWRXFKHGRQDQGDORRN LVWDNHQDWWKHSHUVSHFWLYHVDQGWKHUHODWLRQVKLSWRRWKHUFRQFHSWVRIKLVWRULFDO VFLHQFHDQGWRFXOWXUDOVWXGLHV

ANNE ERIKSEN SUHVHQWV WKH FRPPRQ WUDGLWLRQ RI FXOWXUDO KLVWRU\ LQ WKH 6FDQGLQDYLDQ FRXQWULHV 'HQPDUN 6ZHGHQ DQG 1RUZD\ WKH FRPPRQ URRWV RI ZKLFKJREDFNWRWKH^thFHQWXU\(ULNVHQHPSKDVLVHGWKDWWKHGHYHORSPHQWRI HWKQRORJ\DQGIRONORUHLQWKHVHFRXQWULHVZDVFORVHO\FRQQHFWHGZLWKWKHSURFHVVRI PRGHUQLVDWLRQDQGQDWLRQEXLOGLQJLQ6FDQGLQDYLD,QWKHFRXQWULHVVWXGLHGE\KHU FXOWXUDOKLVWRU\GHYHORSHGLQWKHUHFHQWSDVWRXWRIWKHGLVFLSOLQHV(XURSHDQHWKQRO- RJ\DQGIRONORUHZKLFKDFFRUGLQJWR(ULNVHQFDQEHGHVFULEHGDVDspecial way in (XURSHDQFRPSDULVRQ6KHLOOXVWUDWHVWKLVE\WKHH[DPSOHRIWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI2VOR ZKHUHLQERWKGLVFLSOLQHVZHUHFRPELQHGLQWRWKHVXEMHFWCultural History.

6KHGHVFULEHVWKHUHODWLRQVKLSWRFXOWXUDOVWXGLHVDVEHLQJUHOD[HGDQGSURGXFWLYH 7KHUHLVQRVWULFWGLIIHUHQWLDWLRQEHWZHHQFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\DQGFXOWXUDOVWXGLHVDV WKH\GHYHORSHGIURPWKHVDPHGLVFLSOLQHVDQGWKXVKDYHDFRPPRQKLVWRU\

HANNU SALMIVNHWFKHVRXWRQWKHRQHKDQGWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIFXOWXUDO KLVWRU\LQ)LQODQGVLQFHWKHHQGRIWKH^thFHQWXU\GHDOLQJRQWKHRWKHUKDQG ZLWK LWV LQWHJUDWLRQ LQWR UHVHDUFK LQVWLWXWLRQV )LUVW RI DOO DQ ,QVWLWXWH IRU &XO- WXUDO+LVWRU\ZDVIRXQGHGDWWKH6ZHGLVKVSHDNLQJcER$NDGHPLLQ7XUNXLQ 7KHUHVHDUFKFRQGXFWHGWKHUHZDVKRZHYHUIRUWKHPRVWSDUWLJQRUHGE\

)LQQLVKVSHDNLQJFXOWXUDOKLVWRULDQV2QWKHRWKHUKDQGDWWKH)LQQLVKVSHDNLQJ 8QLYHUVLW\ IRXQGHG LQ 7XUNX LQ LW WRRN XQWLO EHIRUH FXOWXUDO KLV- WRU\EHFDPHLQVWLWXWLRQDOLVHGDVDGLVFLSOLQHLQWKHIRUPRIWKHDepartment for Cultural History7RGD\ WKH GHSDUWPHQW LV DPRQJ WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW XQLYHU- VLW\LQVWLWXWLRQVLQWKHFRXQWU\ZRUNLQJRQFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\ERWKLQWHDFKLQJDQG UHVHDUFKZLWKDQLQÁXHQFHDOVRLQ6FDQGLQDYLD6DOPLVHHVLQVHPLRWLFVVWUXF-

WXUDOLVPDQG%ULWLVK&XOWXUDO6WXGLHVLPSRUWDQWVWLPXOLIRUWKHPHWKRGRORJLFDO WKHRUHWLFDOGHYHORSPHQWRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LQSUHVHQWGD\)LQODQG

LUDMILLA JORDANOVA HPSKDVLVHV WKH LQVWLWXWLRQDOO\ SUREOHPDWLFDO VLWXDWLRQ RI FXOWXUDO KLVWRU\ LQ (QJODQG$OWKRXJK WKHUH DUH FHUWDLQO\ KLVWRULDQV ZRUNLQJRQFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LQ(QJODQG³VXFKDVHJ3HWHU%XUNH³FXOWXUDOKLV- WRU\DVDVXEMHFWLVQRWYHU\SUHVHQWLQWHDFKLQJDQGUHVHDUFKLQVWLWXWLRQVKDUGO\

LQVWLWXWLRQDOLVHGDQGRUJDQLVHGWKHUHLQGHSDUWPHQWVRILWVRZQ2QHUHDVRQIRUWKLV LVWKDWXQWLOWKHVLQUHVHDUFKSUDFWLFHVRFLDODQGFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\ZHUHGHDOW ZLWKWRJHWKHUHQMR\LQJLQSULQFLSOHHTXDOULJKWV8QGHUWKHLQÁXHQFHRIKLVWRULFDO DQWKURSRORJ\DVZHOODVFXOWXUDOVRFLRORJ\DQGLQFUHDVLQJO\DOVRWKH:DUEXUJ,Q- VWLWXWHDQHZO\FRQFHLYHGFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\WKHQGLYHUJHGIURPVRFLDOKLVWRU\RIWKH FODVVLFDONLQG$FFRUGLQJWR-RUGDQRYDWKLVQHZFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\GLIIHUVIURPROGHU VRFLDOKLVWRU\WKURXJKLWVLQWHUGLVFLSOLQDULW\DQGIURPFXOWXUDOVWXGLHVWKURXJKLWV PRUHSURQRXQFHGO\WKHRUHWLFDOSRO\PRUSKRXVÁH[LEOHDQGRSHQDSSURDFK

NICK FISHERUHSRUWVRQKLVSHUVRQDOH[SHULHQFHVZLWKWKHLQVWLWXWLRQDOL- VDWLRQRIWKHVXEMHFWDWWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI$EHUGHHQ+HDQGKLVFROOHDJXHVKDG XQGHUVWRRGFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\DVDQRSSRUWXQLW\WRIUHHWKHPVHOYHVIURPWKHFRQ- YHQWLRQDOERXQGDULHVRIGLVFLSOLQHV,WZDVDOVRDUHDFWLRQWRWKHÀUVWÀQDQFLDO FXWVLQWKHPLGVDQGDQDWWHPSWWRPDNHWKHORFDWLRQ$EHUGHHQDWWUDFWLYH IRUVWXGHQWV6LQFHWKHFRXUVHRIVWXGLHVUHFRUGHGDFRQWLQXRXVULVHLQWKH QXPEHUVRIVWXGHQWV)LVKHUVKRZVKRZGHVSLWHRURQDFFRXQWRILWVVXFFHVVHV FXOWXUDO KLVWRU\ ZDV FULWLFLVHG ERWK E\ WKH DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ DQG ZLWKLQ LWV RZQ XQLYHUVLW\RQDFFRXQWRILWVFRQWHQWV$QH[DPSOHRIWKHGLIÀFXOWLHVRIFRQVROL- GDWLQJLQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\QHZGLUHFWLRQVLQVWXGLHVLQVWLWXWLRQDOO\LQWKHORQJUXQ )LQDOO\WKHVXFFHVVIXOSURJUDPPHRIVWXGLHVIHOOYLFWLPWRWKHUHVWUXFWXULQJLQ WKH8QLYHUVLW\LQ7KHXQWLOWKHQLQGHSHQGHQWVXEMHFWZDVFRQQHFWHGPRUH FORVHO\DJDLQWRWKH'HSDUWPHQWRI+LVWRU\ORVLQJDVDUHVXOWQRWRQO\LWVDXWRQ- RP\EXWDOVRVWDIISRVWV$IWHUWKHFRXUVHRIVWXGLHVKDGLQWKLVZD\EHHQPDGH XQDWWUDFWLYHWKHQXPEHUVRIVWXGHQWVIHOOGUDPDWLFDOO\OHDGLQJXOWLPDWHO\WRWKH FHVVDWLRQRIWKHFRXUVHZLWKWKHODVWJUDGXDWHLQ

,Q FRQWHPSRUDU\ /DWYLD FXOWXUDO KLVWRU\ LV KDUGO\ LQVWLWXWLRQDOLVHG³DSDUW IURP WKH$FDGHP\ RI &XOWXUH IRXQGHG LQ ³DQG KDV WKHUHIRUH RQO\ SRRU SRVVLELOLWLHV IRU GHYHORSLQJ 0Ă57,1ä 0,17$856 DWWULEXWHV WKLV ÀQGLQJ DERYHDOOWR6RYLHWUXOHXQGHUZKLFK/DWYLDQKLVWRULRJUDSK\ZDVLGHRORJLFDOO\

FRQWUROOHGDQGWRDODUJHH[WHQWLVRODWHGIURPH[WHUQDOLQÁXHQFHV$OWKRXJKWKHVH UHVWULFWLRQV QR ORQJHU DSSOLHG DIWHU DQG DFFHVV WR QHZ PHWKRGV DQG DS- SURDFKHVKDVEHHQHDVLO\SRVVLEOHVLQFHWKHQSROLWLFDOKLVWRU\GRPLQDWHV/DWYLDQ KLVWRULRJUDSK\ 7KDW LV D UHÁH[ RI WKH QHZ SROLWLFDO LQGHSHQGHQFH +RZHYHU VLQFH WKH PLGV VRPH ZRUNV RI WKH )UHQFKAnnales JHQGHU KLVWRU\ DQG

¸

VRFLDODQWKURSRORJ\KDYHEHHQWUDQVODWHGLQWR/DWYLDQ0LQWDXUVVHHVWKHUHRU- JDQLVDWLRQRIUHVHDUFKDQGWHDFKLQJLQ/DWYLDDVVWLOOQRW\HWFRPSOHWHDQGHP- SKDVLVHVWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIH[FKDQJHSURJUDPPHVZLWKZKLFKWKHODWHVWPHWKRGV DQGWKHRULHVRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\FRXOGEHLPSRUWHGLQWR/DWYLDQUHVHDUFKLQVWLWX- WLRQVDQGXQLYHUVLWLHV

,*25.Ć.2/(:6.,FRQFHUQVKLPVHOIDERYHDOOZLWKWKH,QVWLWXWHIRUWKH +LVWRU\ RI 0DWHULDO &XOWXUH RI WKH 3ROLVK$FDGHP\ RI 6FLHQFHV ,+0& 3$1 IRXQGHGLQEHFDXVHGLIIHUHQWYDULHWLHVRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\ZHUHLQVWLWX- WLRQDOLVHGWKHUH$IWHUWKHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRI&RPPXQLVWUXOHWKHPHWKRGRORJLFDO UHFRQVWUXFWLRQDQGFHQWUDOLVDWLRQRIWKHVFLHQFHVWRRNSODFH7KHFHQWUDOLVVXHIRU UHVHDUFKZRUNDIWHUZDVPDWHULDOFXOWXUHDQGDERYHDOOWKHPHDQVDQGWHFK- QLTXHVRISURGXFWLRQZKLFKEHFDPHWKHVWDUWLQJSRLQWIRUUHVHDUFKLQWRFXOWXUH DVDZKROH³DERYHDOORIWKH0LGGOH$JHVDQGWKHHDUO\0RGHUQ3HULRG¹⁵ The UHVHDUFKSURJUDPPHZDVGHYHORSHGIXUWKHUXQWLOWKHVWKHWRSLFVDQGÀHOGV RIZRUNZHUHHYHU\GD\OLIHFRPPXQLFDWLRQDQGWUDYHOV7KHVHZRUNVKDGWKHLU PHWKRGRORJLFDOIRXQGDWLRQDERYHDOOLQWKH)UHQFKAnnalesVFKRROWKDWLQDGGLWLRQ was the window on the worldIRU3ROLVKKLVWRULRJUDSK\XQWLOWKHHQGRIWKHV ,QWKHVDQGVDJHQHUDORSHQLQJWRZDUGVLQWHUQDWLRQDODSSURDFKHVWR FXOWXUDOKLVWRU\WRRNSODFHLQ3RODQGDERYHDOORXWVLGHRIWKH,+0&,QWKH ,+0&ZDVUHQDPHGWKH,QVWLWXWHRI$UFKDHRORJ\DQG(WKQRORJ\$WSUHVHQWERWK WKHRUHWLFDOPHWKRGRORJLFDOWRSLFVDUHGHDOWZLWKDQGHPSLULFDOUHVHDUFKLVFRQ- GXFWHGRQFRQFUHWHTXHVWLRQV,QWKHFXUUHQWGHEDWHRQPHWKRGV³XQGHUGLIIHUHQW FRQGLWLRQVIURPWKRVHLQWKHVDQGV³WKHTXHVWLRQRIWKHLPSRUWDQFHRI PDWHULDODUWHIDFWVIRUWKHZRUOGSHRSOHOLYHGLQSOD\VDJUHDWUROHDQGOLQNHGZLWK WKDWWKHTXHVWLRQKRZDPHWKRGRORJLFDODFFHVVWRWKDWFDQEHGHYHORSHG

,Q+XQJDU\DIWHUWKH)LUVW:RUOG:DUDFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\ZDVZULWWHQXQGHUQD- WLRQDODXVSLFHV$FFRUGLQJWR$1'5($3(7łWKHWHQGHQF\RIKLVWRULFDOVFLHQFH EHIRUHWKH6HFRQG:RUOG:DUZDVEHVWGHVFULEHGE\&RRSHU·VVWDWHPHQW´HPSLUHV SURGXFHGDVWURQJHPSLUHFHQWUHGLPDJLQDWLRQµ¹⁶,QWKHLQWHUZDUSHULRGLQ+XQ- JDU\DWUHQGRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\GRPLQDWHGLQ+XQJDU\ZLWKWKH'HSDUWPHQWRI

&XOWXUDO+LVWRU\DWWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI%XGDSHVWWKDWKDGEHHQHVWDEOLVKHGLQ DVLWVFHQWUHLQZKLFKFXOWXUHZDVFORVHO\OLQNHGZLWKQDWLRQ7KHREMHFWLYHZDV WRDWOHDVWHPSKDVLVHLWVRZQFXOWXUDOVXSHULRULW\DIWHU+XQJDU\KDGORVWSROLWLFDO GRPLQDQFHLQWKH&DUSDWKLDQUHJLRQDIWHU¹⁷$IWHUKLVWRULFDOPDWH- ULDOLVPZLWKLWVXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIFXOWXUHDVDVXSHUVWUXFWXUHSKHQRPHQRQRIWKH 15 .^Ć.2/(:6., in this volume, p. 132.

16 C^OOPER,SKHUHIURP3(7ł, in this volume, p. 144.

17 3^(7ł, in this volume, p. 147.

PDWHULDOEDVLVGLGLWLVWUXHGRPLQDWHEXWLQWKHVDVLQ3RODQGWKHAnnales ZLWKWKHLUFRQFHSWRIFXOWXUHDVDXQLW\JDLQHGLQÁXHQFH,QDGGLWLRQWKHFRQFHSWV RIROGHU*HUPDQFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\ZHUHDGRSWHGXQWLOÀQDOO\LQWKHPLGV DJHQHUDORSHQLQJIRUIXUWKHUZHVWHUQKLVWRULFDOVFLHQWLÀFFRQFHSWVWRRNSODFH 3HWŃVWDWHVWKDWDIWHUDFRQFHSWLRQDODQGPHWKRGRORJLFDOPRGHUQLVDWLRQRI +XQJDULDQKLVWRULFDOVFLHQFHIDLOHGWRPDWHULDOLVHIRUWKHPRVWSDUW,QWHUHVWLQJO\

HQRXJKHYHQKLVWRULDQVRIWKHQHZJHQHUDWLRQKDYHKDUGO\FRQFHUQHGWKHPVHOYHV ZLWK FXOWXUDO KLVWRU\ ,Q DGGLWLRQ WKH LQVWLWXWLRQDOLVDWLRQ RI FXOWXUDO KLVWRU\ LQ +XQJDU\KDVEHHQJUHDWO\KLQGHUHGE\ÀQDQFLDOERWWOHQHFNVDWWKHVWDWHXQLYHU- VLWLHV DQG WKH %RORJQD SURFHVV EHFDXVH LQ HGXFDWLRQ WKH FODVVLFDO ÀHOGV VXFK DV SROLWLFDO HFRQRPLF DQG VRFLDO KLVWRU\ GRPLQDWH7KHUHIRUH LQ +XQJDU\ WKH SULYDWHO\ÀQDQFHG&HQWUDO(XURSHDQ8QLYHUVLW\LQ%XGDSHVWZLWKLWVGHFLGHGO\

FXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDORULHQWDWLRQLVWKHJUHDWH[FHSWLRQ

CHRISTOF DEJUNGHPSKDVLVHVWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIWKH´6ZLVVFOLFKpµDQG PXOWLOLQJXDOLVPIRUFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LQ6ZLW]HUODQG7KHPDLQÀHOGVRIIRFXVLQ 6ZLVVFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\DUHFXUUHQWO\QDWLRQDOLGHQWLW\WKHKLVWRU\RIPHQWDOLW\

HFRQRP\DQGNQRZOHGJH2QHFKDUDFWHULVWLFRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\WKHUHLVLWVUHOD- WLYHO\FORVHFRRSHUDWLRQDOVRZLWK6ZLVVDFDGHPLFVDWIRUHLJQUHVHDUFKLQVWLWX- WLRQV&XOWXUDOKLVWRU\LQ6ZLW]HUODQGLVDOVRSURPRWHGRXWVLGHRIWKHXQLYHUVLWLHV E\QXPHURXVSULYDWHIRXQGDWLRQV'HMXQJLVRIWKHRSLQLRQWKDWWKHZRUNRQDQG ZLWK FXOWXUDO KLVWRU\ KDV RQO\ MXVW EHJXQ DQG WKDW LQ SDUWLFXODU ZRUNV RQ WKH KLVWRU\RIWKHERG\DQGQDWLRQDOLGHQWLW\DUHWREHH[SHFWHGIURP6ZLVVFXOWXUDO KLVWRU\LQWKHQH[WIHZ\HDUV

CHRISTINA LUTTER RSHQV KHU DUWLFOH ZLWK D WKHRUHWLFDOPHWKRGRORJLFDO VLWXDWLRQDQDO\VLVVWDUWLQJRXWIURP/\QQ+XQW·VDQG5RJHU&KDUWLHU·VUHÁHFWLRQV RIZKDWKDGFKDUDFWHULVHGNew Cultural HistoryVLQFHWKHV7KHQVKHH[- SODLQV FXOWXUDO KLVWRULFDO DQG LQ D ZLGHU VHQVH FXOWXUDO VWXGLHV UHVHDUFK DFWLYL- WLHV DQG RSSRUWXQLWLHV LQ$XVWULD WDNLQJ WKH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 9LHQQD LQ SDUWLFXODU LQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQ/XWWHUREVHUYHGWKDWFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDOUHVHDUFKLQ$XVWULDLQ FRPSDULVRQZLWKRWKHU(XURSHDQFRXQWULHVZLWKWKHH[FHSWLRQRI*HUPDQ\KDV DVWURQJSUHVHQFHDWXQLYHUVLWLHVEXWSDUWLFXODUO\DOVRDWQRQXQLYHUVLW\UHVHDUFK institutionsDQGQHWZRUNV2QHLPSRUWDQWUHDVRQIRUWKLVZDVWKHyounger genera- tion’sLQFUHDVHGLQWHUHVWLQLQWHUQDWLRQDOWKHRUHWLFDOO\LQIRUPHGDQGLQWHUGLVFLSOLQ- DU\FXOWXUDOVWXGLHVUHVHDUFKSDUWLFXODUO\ZLWKUHIHUHQFHWRWKHSROLWLFDOFXOWXUDO

3(7łLQWKLVYROXPHS

$PRQJWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOO\ZHOONQRZQLQVWLWXWLRQVLVWKH,).LQ9LHQQD$GPLWWHGO\

LWVVFRSHIRUDFWLRQLVMHRSDUGLVHGRQDFFRXQWRIWKHFXUUHQWLQWHUYHQWLRQVLQH[WUD XQLYHUVLW\UHVHDUFKLQVWLWXWLRQVE\WKH$XVWULDQJRYHUQPHQW

FRQFHSWRI%ULWLVKFXOWXUDOVWXGLHV7KHDEXQGDQFHRIH[LVWLQJUHVHDUFKDFWLYLWLHV DQG UHVXOWV SDUWLFXODUO\ DW WKHmicro level RI LQGLYLGXDO LQVWLWXWHV DQG UHVHDUFK QHWZRUNVFRUUHVSRQGVRQO\LQSDUWZLWKWKHUHVHDUFKREMHFWLYHVRIWKHODUJHXQLYHU- VLWLHVDQGLQVWLWXWLRQVIRUWKHSURPRWLRQRIUHVHDUFK7KLVLQFRQJUXHQFHEHFRPHV HVSHFLDOO\FOHDUWKURXJKWKHIDFWWKDWWKHUHDUHVWLOOKDUGO\DQ\LQVWLWXWLRQDOLVHGSUR- JUDPPHVRIVWXG\IRUFXOWXUDOVWXGLHVRUFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\DW$XVWULDQXQLYHUVLWLHV

$&+,0/$1':(+5DVVHVVHVWKDWFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LQ*HUPDQ\LVRQWKH RQH KDQG DOUHDG\ ZHOO HVWDEOLVKHG LQVWLWXWLRQDOO\ &XOWXUDO KLVWRULFDO UHVHDUFK SURJUDPPHVDUHEHLQJFRQGXFWHGLQUHVHDUFKFHQWUHVUHVHDUFKJURXSVSURMHFWV DQGH[FHOOHQFHFOXVWHUVHJ+HLGHOEHUJ0QVWHU%HUOLQ.RQVWDQ]DQG0DLQ]

2QWKHRWKHUKDQGWKLVÀQGLQJVKRXOGQRWREVFXUHWKHIDFWWKDWFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\

LVEHLQJFRQGXFWHGXSWRQRZÀUVWDQGIRUHPRVWLQSURMHFWVDQGLQVWLWXWLRQVIRU OLPLWHGSHULRGVRIWLPH:LWKUHJDUGWRWKHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRINew Cultural His- tory/DQGZHKUUHFDOOHGWKDWLQWKHVLWZDVIHOWE\WKHUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVRI VRFLDODQGSROLWLFDOKLVWRU\WREHDSURYRFDWLRQLIQRWLQGHHGDWKUHDWWRWKHKLV- WRU\HVWDEOLVKHGDWWKHXQLYHUVLWLHV,QWKHPHDQWLPHKRZHYHUFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LQ

*HUPDQ\LVUHJDUGHGDVDUHFRJQLVHGPHWKRGRIDSSURDFKLQJWKHSDVW$FFRUGLQJ WR/DQGZHKUWKH1HZ&XOWXUDO+LVWRU\VHHVLWVHOIPRUHDVDPHWKRGRUDVSHFLÀF SHUVSHFWLYHDQGLVOHVVÀ[HGRQFHUWDLQWRSLFVRUÀHOGVRIUHVHDUFK'HVSLWHWKHVH FRPSDUDWLYHO\JRRGLQVWLWXWLRQDOFRQGLWLRQVLWLVKRZHYHUDOVRWUXHWKDWLQIDFW WKLVMXVWPDUNVWKHEHJLQQLQJRILQWHQVLYHZRUNLQFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\

,Q6SDLQWRRFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LVLQJUHDWGHPDQGDWSUHVHQW$VLQ*HUPDQ\

WKHUHWRRFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\ZDVDWÀUVWFRQGXFWHGE\KLVWRULDQVVSHFLDOLVLQJLQWKH 0LGGOH$JHVDQG(DUO\0RGHUQ3HULRGCAROLINA RODRÍGUEZ-LÓPEZH[SODLQHG WKLVE\6SDLQ·VLPSHULDOSRVLWLRQLQWKH(DUO\0RGHUQ3HULRGRQWKHRQHKDQG DQG WKH LQVWUXPHQWDOLVDWLRQ RI WKLVbrilliant epoch LQ 6SDQLVK KLVWRU\ GXULQJ )UDQFR·VUXOHXQWLORQWKHRWKHU+RZHYHUWKHFRQFHSWLRQDQGLPSOHPHQWD- WLRQRIDPRGHUQFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\XVLQJWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOGLVFXVVLRQRQO\EHFDPH SRVVLEOHLQWKHSRVW)UDQFRHUD6LQFHWKHUHKDYHEHHQUHVHDUFKJURXSVLQ- VWLWXWLRQVDQGDFDGHPLFSURJUDPPHVGHDOLQJLQSDUWLFXODUZLWK6SDQLVKFXOWXUDO KLVWRU\7KHVWDUWLQJSRLQWIRUFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LQ6SDLQZDVDERYHDOOWKHVRFLDO KLVWRU\RIWKHODERXUDQGWUDGHXQLRQPRYHPHQW$IXUWKHULPSRUWDQWLQÁXHQFH IRUWKHFRQFHSWLRQRIPRGHUQ6SDQLVKFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\ZDVWKHKLVWRU\RILGHDV DQGUHVHDUFKLQWRWKHLPSRUWDQFHRI6SDQLVKLQWHOOHFWXDOVZKRKDGDOVRIRXJKW SROLWLFDOO\DJDLQVW)UDQFRDQGWKHDXWKRULWDULDQUHJLPH

ALESSANDRO ARCANGELIVWDWHVWKDWFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LVQRWHVWDEOLVKHG DW,WDOLDQXQLYHUVLWLHV,QKLVHVWLPDWLRQWKLVLVEHFDXVHFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDODS- SURDFKHVDSSHDUÀUVWDQGIRUHPRVWDVimportsIURP)UDQFHDQG%ULWDLQLQ,WDO\

DQG RQH FRQWHQWV RQHVHOI ZLWK WKHLU UHFHSWLRQ ,Q DGGLWLRQ FXOWXUDO KLVWRU\ LV

VHOGRPVWXGLHGDVDPDLQVXEMHFWDWXQLYHUVLWLHV7KHUHIRUHLWLVGLIÀFXOWWRGH- YHORSRQH·VRZQDSSURDFKHVRULQGHHGWRLPSOHPHQWWKHPLQWKH,WDOLDQXQLYHU- VLW\V\VWHP&XUUHQWO\KLVWRULDQVVWLOOUHIHUIRUWKHPRVWSDUWWRWKHDSSURDFKHV HPERGLHG LQ WUDGLWLRQDO ,WDOLDQ KLVWRULFDO VFLHQFH DSSURDFKHV 2Q WKLV EDVLV VSHFLDOUHVHDUFKZRUNVHJRQWKHKLVWRU\RIWKHERRNQXWULWLRQRUHYHQWKH JHQGHUVKDYHEHHQSURGXFHGZKLFKDUHKRZHYHUVHOGRPXQGHUVWRRGDVEHLQJ LQDJUHDWHUFRQWH[W$UFDQJHOLREVHUYHVWKDWFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LVEHLQJFRQGXFWHG QRZDQGWKHQZLWKRXWEHLQJGHVLJQDWHGRUUHÁHFWHGDVVXFK%XWSUHFLVHO\WKH ODFNRIUHÁHFWLRQKLQGHUVWKHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRIDWKHRUHWLFDOO\DQGPHWKRGRORJL- FDOO\ VRXQG LQGHSHQGHQW FXOWXUDO KLVWRU\ VXFK DV IRU H[DPSOH LQ *HUPDQ\

7KHPDLQIRFXVRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDOO\RULHQWHGUHVHDUFKLQ,WDO\LVWREHIRXQGDW SUHVHQWLQ3LVD%RORJQDDQG9HQLFHZLWKFKURQRORJLFDOHPSKDVLVRQWKH0RG- HUQ3HULRGDQGHDUO\0RGHUQ3HULRG

2Q WKH EDVLV RI WKHVH REVHUYDWLRQV DQG GHVFULSWLRQV LQÁ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

RIWKHFRQWULEXWLRQVIURPWZHOYH(XURSHDQFRXQWULHVDPRUHH[DFW³HYHQLIQRW FRPSOHWH³SLFWXUHRIWKHFXUUHQWVLWXDWLRQRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LQ(XURSHUHVXOWV DQGWRSLFVDQGSHUVSHFWLYHVIRUWKHIXWXUHRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\EHFRPHDSSDUHQW

Cultural studies traditions and influences

7KHUHLVDWUHQGWRZDUGVVHYHUDOLPSRUWDQWOLQHVRIWUDGLWLRQWREHUHFRJQLVHG ZKLFKKDYHFRQVLGHUDEO\LQÁXHQFHGFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDOUHVHDUFKLQ(XURSHLQWKH SDVWWR\HDUV7KHPRVWLPSRUWDQWWUDGLWLRQVDQGLQÁXHQFHVPHQWLRQHGLQ WKHSDSHUVDUHVXPPDULVHGEULHÁ\KHUHEHORZ7KHUHLVDVWUDQGRIWUDGLWLRQLQ (XURSHDQ FXOWXUDO KLVWRU\ WKDW KDV LWV PHWKRGRORJLFDO DQG WKHRUHWLFDO URRWV LQ LQWHOOHFWXDOKLVWRU\DQGWKHKLVWRU\RILGHDVDVZHOODVWKHROGHU*HUPDQFXOWXUDO KLVWRU\ RI WKH ^th FHQWXU\ VXFK DV LQ$XVWULD *HUPDQ\ ,WDO\ 6SDLQ DQG WKH

%DOWLFFRXQWULHV7KH)UHQFKAnnales HVWDEOLVKDVHFRQGOLQHRIWUDGLWLRQ7KHLU UHSUHVHQWDWLYHVDQGFRQFHSWVGLGQRWRQO\KDYHFRQVLGHUDEOHLQÁXHQFHLQ:HVW-

HUQ (XURSH EXW DOVR VXSSOLHG FRQFHSWLRQDO DQG WKHRUHWLFDO LQSXW WR KLVWRULFDO VFLHQFHLQ3RODQGDQG+XQJDU\GXULQJFRPPXQLVWUXOH

:LWKUHJDUGWR6ZLW]HUODQGLWKDVWREHDGGHGWKDWVLQFHWKHODWH^thFHQWXU\

WKHGHYHORSPHQWRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\ZDVVKDSHGE\WKUHHDSSURDFKHV²⁰ On the one KDQG-DFRE%XUFNKDUGW·VFRQFHSWLQZKLFKDUWDQGUHOLJLRQDUHHPSKDVLVHGDV WKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWDVSHFWVRIFXOWXUHLQZKLFKWKHVLQJXODULW\RIDKLVWRULFDOHS- RFKHJWKH5HQDLVVDQFHLVUHÁHFWHG%XUFNKDUGWLVLWLVWUXHVWLOOLQYRNHGWRGD\

DVDQLPSRUWDQWUHIHUHQFHIRUFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\EXWKLVDSSURDFKLVKDUGO\SUHVHQW DQ\PRUHLQFXUUHQW(XURSHDQFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\6HFRQGO\LQ)ULERXUJDFDGHPLFV KDYHWULHGWRVKRZWKHFXOWXUDOELQGLQJIRUFHRI&DWKROLFLVPLQRUGHUWREHDEOHWR XVHLWSROLWLFDOO\DVDQLPSRUWDQWPHDQVIRUVHFXULQJIHGHUDOLVPLQWKHPRGHUQQD- WLRQDOVWDWH+RZHYHUWKHUHFRJQLVDEO\JUHDWHVWLQÁXHQFHRQFXUUHQWFRQFHSWVRI FXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LQ6ZLW]HUODQGKDVHPDQDWHGIURPWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI=XULFKZKHUH FXOWXUDODQWKURSRORJ\DQGHWKQRORJ\ZHUHHVWDEOLVKHGLQVWLWXWLRQDOO\7KHVHVXE- MHFWV ZHUH LQWHUHVWHG DERYH DOO LQ WKH HYHU\GD\ FXOWXUH RI RUGLQDU\ SHRSOH ,Q (QJODQGDVRFLDOKLVWRU\KDGDJUHDWLQÁXHQFHRQKLVWRULFDOVFLHQWLÀFFRQFHSWV WKDWZDVPRUHSURIRXQGO\LQÁXHQFHGE\DQWKURSRORJ\WKDQE\VRFLRORJ\RURWKHU social sciences.²¹$VRFLDOKLVWRU\GRPLQDWHGZKLFKLQFRQWUDVWIRULQVWDQFHWR WKDWLQ*HUPDQ\ZDVOHVVJUHDWO\LQWHUHVWHGLQHFRQRPLFDQGVRFLDOVWUXFWXUHVDV WKHLPSXOVHIRUKLVWRULFDOGHYHORSPHQWV3HRSOH·VQRWLRQVDQGFRQYLFWLRQVLQWHU- HVWHG%ULWLVKVRFLDOKLVWRULDQVZKRZLWKUHFRXUVHWRFRQFHSWVRIVRFLDORUFXOWXUDO DQWKURSRORJ\H[DPLQHGIRUH[DPSOHV\VWHPVRIEHOLHIDVFXOWXUDOV\VWHPVZLWK WKHLURZQLQWHJULW\2QDFFRXQWRIWKHUHFHSWLRQRIDQWKURSRORJLFDODSSURDFKHV E\%ULWLVKVRFLDOKLVWRULDQVLQUHVHDUFKSUDFWLFHWKHOLPLWVWRWRSLFVDQGÀHOGVRI ZRUNZKLFKDUHUHJDUGHGDVDFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDODOWHUQDWLYHWRVRFLDODQGSROLWLFDO KLVWRU\LQRWKHUFRXQWULHVKDYHEHHQRSHQ7KXVWKHUHZDVQRQHHG³XQOLNHIRU LQVWDQFH LQ WKH *HUPDQVSHDNLQJ DFDGHPLF DUHD³WR GUDIW DQG LQVWLWXWLRQDOLVH DFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\VHSDUDWHIURPVRFLDOKLVWRU\7KHFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\SUDFWLVHGLQ

%ULWDLQVKRZVSRLQWVLQFRPPRQZLWK1RUZD\DQG6ZHGHQZLWKUHJDUGWRWKH FHQWUDO LPSRUWDQFH RI IDPLO\ DQG JHQGHU KLVWRU\ DV ZHOO DV WKHPost Colonial Studies%HFDXVHWKH(PSLUHZDVRULV"RIRXWVWDQGLQJLPSRUWDQFHLQ%ULWDLQIRU KHUQDWLRQDOLGHQWLW\2QO\UHFHQWO\KDYH)UHQFKFRQFHSWVVXFKDVWKHKLVWRU\RI PHQWDOLW\RUGLVFRXUVHEHHQUHFHLYHGZLWKRXWKRZHYHUWKHDSSURDFKHVHJRI 5RJHU&KDUWLHURU3KLOLSSH$ULqVEHLQJGLUHFWO\FRQWLQXHG²²

20 D^EJUNGLQWKLVYROXPHS 21 J^ORDANOVA, in this volume, p. 66.

22 J^ORDANOVA, LQ WKLV YROXPH S ´>«@DSDUW IURP )UDQFH WKH FXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDO PHWKRGVDQGDSSURDFKHVRI(XURSHDQFRXQWULHVDUHUDWKHUOLWWOHNQRZQLQWKH8.µ

7KHWKLUGJUHDWOLQHRIWUDGLWLRQWREHQDPHGIRUWKHFRQFHSWLRQRIFXUUHQW FXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDOWUHQGVDUH³DVDOUHDG\PHQWLRQHGIRU6ZLW]HUODQG³IRONORUH DQGHWKQRORJ\)RUPXODWLRQVRITXHVWLRQVDQGPHWKRGVIURPWKHVHGLVFLSOLQHV KDYHKDGDSRZHUIXOHIIHFWQRWMXVWLQ6ZLW]HUODQGEXWDOVRIRUWKHFRQFHSWLRQ DQG UHVHDUFK SUDFWLFH RI FXOWXUDO KLVWRU\ LQ 6FDQGLQDYLD DQG )LQODQG 7KLV LV VKRZQE\WKHIDFWWKDWDPDLQIRFXVRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDOUHVHDUFKLVWKHSHRSOH·V PDWHULDOFXOWXUHDQGHYHU\GD\OLIH

Political significance and function of cultural history in the 19^th and 20^th centuries

&XOWXUDOKLVWRU\KDGWKHIXQFWLRQRIHODERUDWLQJWKHFXOWXUDOEDVHVRIWKHZD\QD- WLRQVVHHWKHPVHOYHVLQPDQ\FRXQWULHVLQWKH^thFHQWXU\DQGXQWLOWKHPLGGOH of the 20^thFHQWXU\$VVKRZQE\WKHFRQWULEXWLRQVLQWKLVYROXPHWKDWLVWUXHIRU )LQODQGDQG6FDQGLQDYLDEXWDOVRIRUWKH%DOWLFVWDWHVDQG&HQWUDO(DVW(XUR- SHDQFRXQWULHVGXULQJWKHLQWHUZDUSHULRGDQGDIWHU,Q)LQODQG EHFDPHSDUWRIWKH5XVVLDQ(PSLUHDQGLQWKHIROORZLQJGHFDGHVWKHFDOOIRU SROLWLFDOLQGHSHQGHQFHZDVVXEVWDQWLDWHGE\WKHUHIHUHQFHWRWKH)LQQV·FXOWXUDO LQGHSHQGHQFH7KHLURZQODQJXDJHOLWHUDWXUHDQGFXOWXUHZHUHLQYRNHGZKHUHE\

*HUPDQLQÁXHQFH-RKDQQ*RWWIULHG+HUGHUZDVRIFRQVLGHUDEOHLPSRUWDQFH (YHQDIWHU)LQODQGKDGEHFRPHDQLQGHSHQGHQWVWDWHLQWKH)LQQVGHÀQHG WKHPVHOYHVDVDQDWLRQPRUHWKURXJKWKHLUKLVWRU\DQGFXOWXUHWKDQWKURXJKVWDWH- KRRG²³,Q1RUZD\6ZHGHQDQG'HQPDUNWKHIRONFXOWXUHEHFDPHSDUWRIWKH compensation process in the transformation of monarchies into national states LQWKH^thFHQWXU\,Q1RUZD\WKHVSHFLÀFIRONFXOWXUHZDVDOHJLWLPDWLRQIDFWRU for the national state.²⁴,WZDVVWDWHGWKDWWKHODQJXDJHFXVWRPVDQGPHQWDOLW\

KDGEHFRPHFOHDUO\GLVWLQFWIURPWKRVHLQ'HQPDUNRU6ZHGHQDQGKDGH[LVWHG VLQFHWKH0LGGOH$JHVHYHQLQWLPHVZKHQWKHUHZDVQR1RUZHJLDQVWDWH7KLV ZDVVXEVWDQWLDWHGE\PHDQVRIIDLU\WDOHVSRHWU\EXWDOVRWKHPDWHULDOFXOWXUHRI RUGLQDU\SHRSOH2QHUHVXOWRIWKLVZRUNZDVWKHYROXPHVHULHVEveryday Life in the North of the 16^th Centur\ZKLFKDSSHDUHGLQ$GHWDLOHGSLFWXUH RIWKHSHRSOH·VOLIHZDVJLYHQLQWKLV²⁵

7KH SROLWLFDOXWLOLVDWLRQRI FXOWXUDO KLVWRU\ LQ 3RODQG +XQJDU\ DQG /DWYLD UHVXOWVIURPWKHVSHFLDOGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHLUVWDWHKRRGDQGSROLWLFDOLQGHSHQ- 23 S^ALMI, in this volume, p. 46.

24 E^RIKSEN, in this volume, p. 31.

25 E^RIKSEN, in this volume, p. 35.

GHQFHLQFRPSDULVRQZLWK:HVWHUQ(XURSHDQFRXQWULHV7KHFRQWULEXWLRQVPDNH LWFOHDUWKDWLQWKHVHWKUHHFRXQWULHVFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\³UHJDUGOHVVRIKRZLWZDV FRQFHLYHGIURPDPHWKRGRORJLFDOWKHRUHWLFDOSRLQWRIYLHZLQHDFKFDVH³ZDV HPSOR\HGDVDQLQVWUXPHQWIRUVKDSLQJWKHFXUUHQWVRFLDODQGSROLWLFDOFRQGLWLRQV LQHDFKFDVH,QWKHKLVWRU\RIWKHVHFRXQWULHVZKLFKKDGRIFRXUVHRQO\H[- SHULHQFHGFRPSDUDWLYHO\VKRUWSKDVHVRIVRYHUHLJQW\XQWLOWKHUHZHUH DJDLQDQGDJDLQSHULRGVLQZKLFKUHFRXUVHWRFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\PRVWO\XQGHUVWRRG DVWKHKLVWRU\RIWKHLUUHVSHFWLYHRZQFXOWXUHZDVRISROLWLFDOUHOHYDQFH7KXVLQ /DWYLDLQWKHLQWHUZDUSHULRGWKHPDLQWDVNRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\ZDVVHHQDVEHLQJ WRSURYHFRQWLQXLW\RIWKH/DWYLDQQDWLRQVLQFHWKH^thFHQWXU\DWWKHVDPHWLPH VKRZLQJWKHGLIIHUHQFHVRIWKHJHQXLQHLQGLJHQRXV/DWYLDQFXOWXUHIURPWKDWRI WKHLPPLJUDQW%DOWLF*HUPDQV²⁶$QGDIWHUFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDOZRUNZDV XQGHUWKHPD[LPWKDWWKHFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\RIWKH/DWYLDQVLVSDUWRIWKHKLVWRU\RI WKH/DWYLDQQDWLRQ&XOWXUDOXQLW\DQGLGHQWLW\ZLWKWKHKHOSRIVFKRODUVKLSZDV LQYRNHGDQGZLOODOZD\VEHVRLQWLPHVLQZKLFKQRVWDWHRIWKHLURZQH[LVWV²⁷

,Q+XQJDU\DIWHURQHWXUQHGWRWKHFXOWXUDOKLVWRULRJUDSK\RIWKH LQWHUZDUSHULRGZKLFKRIIHUHGDVWDUWLQJSRLQWIRUÀQGLQJWKHQDWLRQ$IWHUGH- FDGHV XQGHU 6RYLHW GRPLQDQFH ZKLFK ZDV FRYHUHG XS DVinternationalism, it ZDVDPDWWHURIVDIHJXDUGRUDJDLQXQFRYHULQJWKHKLVWRULFDOURRWVRIWKHQDWLRQ One means for this was the Cultural History of HungaryZKLFKZDVSXEOLVKHG EHWZHHQDQGDQGZDVRIWHQUHSULQWHGLQ2QHWKXVKDGDW WKHVDPHWLPH³ZKHWKHUFRQVFLRXVO\RUXQFRQVFLRXVO\³DOVRHVWDEOLVKHGLQWHO- OHFWXDOFRQWDFWVZLWKWKH+RUWK\HUDDJDLQ0LNOyV+RUWK\5HJHQWRI+XQJDU\

,Q$QGUHD3HWŃ·VRSLQLRQWKLVEHFDPHWKHEDVLVIRUWKHQHZFRQVHU- YDWLYHKLVWRULRJUDSK\LQ+XQJDU\

26 M^INTAURSLQWKLVYROXPHS

27 7KLVDSSOLHVDGPLWWHGO\DOVRIRU6FDQGLQDYLD,WDO\DQG*HUPDQ\LQWKH^thFHQWXU\

3(7łLQWKLVYROXPHS%XWLQWKHVLQ+XQJDU\DQGDOVRLQ3RODQGWKHFRQ- cepts of the Annales%UDXGHO&KDXQXDQGWKHROG*HUPDQFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\ZHUHWKH PHWKRGRORJLFDOWRROVLQRUGHUWRJHWURXQGWKHGRPLQDQWPDWHULDOLVWLFYLHZRIKLVWRU\

DFFRUGLQJWR3HW|UHPDUNDEO\PDQ\\RXQJFRQVHUYDWLYHWRQDWLRQDOULJKWKLVWRULDQV DVV\PSDWKLVHUVRI3UHPLHU9LNWRU2UEiQZKRDGYRFDWHVDXWKRULWDWLYHDQGQDWLRQDO SRVLWLRQV

Institutionalisation

&XOWXUDOKLVWRU\LVLQVWLWXWLRQDOLVHGDWXQLYHUVLWLHVDQGH[WUDXQLYHUVLW\UHVHDUFK LQVWLWXWLRQV ,Q DGGLWLRQ UHOHYDQW UHVHDUFK LV FRQGXFWHG LQ SURMHFWUHODWHG DF- WLYLWLHVIRUOLPLWHGSHULRGV,Q*HUPDQ\DQG$XVWULDLQFRPSDULVRQZLWKRWKHU (XURSHDQFRXQWULHVVXFKDV%ULWDLQ,WDO\DQG6SDLQFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LVQRWRQO\

SUHVHQW DW XQLYHUVLWLHV EXW DOVR UHODWLYHO\ ZHOO LQVWLWXWLRQDOLVHG 7KXV IRU LQ- VWDQFHDW*HUPDQXQLYHUVLWLHVLQWKHIRUPRI0$FRXUVHVRIVWXGLHV+RZHYHU LWLVDOVRQRWLFHDEOHWKDWXQWLOWRGD\LWLVRQO\À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

&ROOHJHLQ(UIXUW$OOLQDOOLQVWLWXWLRQDOORFDWLRQVIRUOLPLWHGSHULRGVDWSUHVHQW GRPLQDWHFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDOZRUN7KHJUDGXDWHVFKRROVDQGH[FHOOHQFHFOXVWHUV DWWKHXQLYHUVLWLHVLQ*LHVVHQ+HLGHOEHUJ%HUOLQ0QVWHUDQG.RQVWDQ] In DGGLWLRQWKHUHDUHVWLOOXQLYHUVLW\UHVHDUFKFHQWUHVIRUDOLPLWHGSHULRGVXFKDV WKH )63 +LVWRULFDO &XOWXUDO 6FLHQFHV LQ 0DLQ] RU WKH +LVWRULFDO &XOWXUDO 6FL- HQFHV5HVHDUFK&HQWUHDWWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI7ULHU³⁰

7KHUHIRUH LW FDQ KDUGO\ EH VWDWHG WKDW FXOWXUDO KLVWRULFDO DSSURDFKHV KDYH EHHQVXVWDLQDEO\LQVWLWXWLRQDOO\HVWDEOLVKHGLQWKHVWUXFWXUHVDW*HUPDQXQLYHU- VLWLHV³HYHQLIQDPHVKDYHEHHQUHSODFHG³¹$WWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI0DLQ]LQWKH FRXUVHRIWKHUHRUJDQLVDWLRQRIWKHIDFXOWLHVDIHZ\HDUVDJRDFaculty of History and Cultural StudiesZDVHVWDEOLVKHG+RZHYHUMXVWOLNHHOVHZKHUHDEXGJHWHG HVWDEOLVKHGSRVWIRUFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\ZDVQRWLQFOXGHG³²

/$1':(+5LQWKLVYROXPHS

30 KWWSZZZKLVWRULVFKHNXOWXUZLVVHQVFKDIWHQXQLPDLQ]GH DQG KWWS ZZZKNI]XQLWULHUGH

31 /XWWHULQWKLVYROXPHRQWKHVLWXDWLRQLQ$XVWULD

32 7KHUHLVQRFKDLURIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LQ:HVWHUQ*HUPDQ\WKDWLVÀOOHGE\DKLVWRULDQ 6LOYLD6HUHQD7VFKRSSLQ$XJVEXUJLVDOLWHUDU\VSHFLDOLVWE\WUDLQLQJ(YHQKLVWR- ULDQVZKRVHHWKHPVHOYHVÀUPO\DVFXOWXUDOKLVWRULDQVVXFKDV8WH'DQLHO%UDXQ- VFKZHLJ3URIHVVRURI0RGHUQ+LVWRU\$FKLP/DQGZHKU'VVHOGRUI3URIHVVRURI

7KLVUHVXOWQHYHUWKHOHVVSURYHVDFRPSDUDWLYHO\ZHOOLQVWLWXWLRQDOLVHGFXOWXUDO KLVWRU\ DV WKH DUWLFOHV RQ ,WDO\ +XQJDU\ 6SDLQ DQG %ULWDLQ DV ZHOO DV /DWYLD VKRZ)LQODQGLVDQLQVWLWXWLRQDOH[FHSWLRQZLWKWKH'HSDUWPHQWRI&XOWXUDO+LV- WRU\ DW WKH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI7XUNX LQ VRXWKHUQ )LQODQG %XW LQ RUGHU WKDW FXOWXUDO KLVWRU\ FDQ H[LVW LQ WKH ORQJ WHUP DQG PDNH LWV FRQWULEXWLRQ IRU FRQWHPSRUDU\

VRFLHWLHVLWQHHGVDQDSSURSULDWHLQVWLWXWLRQDOEDVLVDWXQLYHUVLWLHVDQGUHVHDUFK LQVWLWXWLRQV0HUHO\EHFDXVHRQO\WKXVGRHVLWJLYHDWOHDVWPLQLPDOSURVSHFWVRI DXQLYHUVLW\FDUHHUIRUVRPHRIWKHXSDQGFRPLQJDFDGHPLFVQRZEHLQJWUDLQHG DWJUDGXDWHVFKRROVDQGFOXVWHUV

,Q6FDQGLQDYLDDSDUWIURPWKHXQLYHUVLWLHVDERYHDOOPXVHXPVDUHVWLOOWREH PDGHRXWDVLPSRUWDQWSODFHVIRUFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDOUHVHDUFK$WWKHHQGRIWKH ^thFHQWXU\PXVHXPVZHUHHVWDEOLVKHGLQ6ZHGHQDQG1RUZD\1RUGLF 0XVHXPLQ6WRFNKROP1RUGLF0XVHXPLQ2VORZKLFKDUHLPSRUWDQWLQ- VWLWXWLRQVIRULPSDUWLQJDQGUHVHDUFKLQJLQWRFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\WRWKHSUHVHQWGD\

7KHEDVLFLGHDZLWKWKHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRIWKHPXVHXPVDWWKDWWLPHZDVWKDWDQ\- RQHZKRNQRZVWKHPDWHULDOIRONFXOWXUHZRXOGDOVRNQRZWKHQDWLRQDOKLVWRU\

+RZHYHULQ1RUZD\LQWKHPHDQWLPHWKHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIFXOWXUHLQPXVHXPV LVEHLQJUHYLHZHGLQRUGHUWRDGDSWLWWRSUHVHQWFRQGLWLRQV1RUZHJLDQQDWLRQDO FXOWXUHLVFKDOOHQJHGE\PLJUDWLRQDQGPXOWLFXOWXUDOLVP7KHUHDVLQRWKHU(XUR- SHDQFRXQWULHVWRRWKHUHLVQRORQJHUDXQLIRUPFXOWXUHKRZHYHURQHPD\OLNH WRGHÀQHLW7KHUHIRUHLWLVLQWHQGHGWRUHVHDUFKLQWRKRZFXOWXUDOGLYHUVLW\FDQ EHH[KLELWHGDWDQGZLWKWKHPXVHXPVLQ1RUZD\³³,Q)LQODQGFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\

ZDVLQVWLWXWLRQDOLVHGE\WKHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRIFKDLUVDWWKHXQLYHUVLWLHV$IWHUWKH 6HFRQG:RUOG:DUcER$NDGHPLDVZHOODVVLQFHWKHVWKH'HSDUWPHQWRI

&XOWXUDO+LVWRU\DWWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI7XUNXEHFDPHWKHPRVWLQÁXHQWLDOLQVWLWX- WLRQVIRUFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LQ)LQODQGEHFDXVHFKDLUVDQGGHSDUWPHQWVZHUHHV- WDEOLVKHGWKHUH7HDFKLQJDQGUHVHDUFKZHUHWKXVDEOHWREHZHOOFRPELQHG³⁴ In

%ULWDLQFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\XQOLNHVRFLDOKLVWRU\LVKDUGO\DSSDUHQWLQVWLWXWLRQDOO\

3URIHVVRU-RUGDQRYDREVHUYHV´FXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LVUHPDUNDEO\XQLQVWLWXWLRQDOLVHG LQIRUPDOVWUXFWXUHGZD\Vµ³⁵7KHUHLVDODFNRIDVSHFLÀFWUDGLWLRQVXFKDVHJ WKDWDWWKHPXVHXPVDQGXQLYHUVLWLHVRILQVWLWXWLRQDOLVHGIRONORUHLQ6FDQGLQDYLD DQG)LQODQGZKLFKFRXOG³DVKDSSHQHGIRUH[DPSOHLQ2VOR³EHIXUWKHUGHYHO- RSHGLQWRGHSDUWPHQWVRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\-XVWDVOLWWOHZHUHWKHUHUHFRJQLVDEOH

+LVWRU\RIWKH(DUO\0RGHUQ3HULRGRULQ$XVWULD&KULVWLQD/XWWHU9LHQQD3URIHV- VRURI$XVWULDQ+LVWRU\GRQRWKROGQRPLQDOO\FXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDOFKDLUV

33 E^RIKSEN, in this volume, p. 41.

34 S^ALMI, in this volume, p. 51.

35 J^ORDANOVA, in this volume, p. 64.

FXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDOVFKRROVLQ%ULWDLQDURXQGZKLFKLQWHUHVWHGSDUWLHVFRXOGJDWK- HU7UDGLWLRQDOO\FODVVLFDODQGSRVVLEOHWRSLFVDQGTXHVWLRQVRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\

DUHDOVRSXUVXHGRXWVLGHRIKLVWRULFDOVFLHQFHLQRWKHUGLVFLSOLQHV³⁶

,QWKH*HUPDQVSHDNLQJSDUWRI6ZLW]HUODQGFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\KDVEHHQGH- YHORSLQJLQSDUDOOHOWRVRFLDOKLVWRU\VLQFHWKHVDQGKDVVLQFHWKHQEHHQ DQXQGLVSXWHGDQGDFFHSWHGDSSURDFKIRUKLVWRULFDODQDO\VLV2QWKHRWKHUKDQG WKHVLWXDWLRQLQWKH)UHQFKVSHDNLQJSDUWRI6ZLW]HUODQGLVGLIIHUHQWZKHUHXQWLO WKH V WKH KLVWRU\ RI LGHDV DQG OLWHUDU\ KLVWRU\ GRPLQDWHG EHIRUH DQWKUR- SRORJLFDOO\ RULHQWHG FXOWXUDO KLVWRU\ VXFFHHGHG LQ ÀQGLQJ LWV IHHW WKHUH WRR³⁷

$GPLWWHGO\ 'HMXQJ REVHUYHV WKDW LQ FRQWUDVW WR WKH *HUPDQVSHDNLQJ SDUW RI 6ZLW]HUODQG KLVWRULDQV LQ WKH )UHQFKVSHDNLQJ UHJLRQ RI WKH FRXQWU\ DUH VWLOO KDUGO\WRXFKHGE\WKHcultural turn.'HMXQJGHVFULEHVWKH5HVHDUFK&HQWUHIRU

$VLDDQG(XURSH0DLQIRFXVPostcolonial StudiesFXOWXUDOWUDQVIHULQ=XULFK DVRQHRIWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWUHVHDUFKLQVWLWXWLRQVGHDOLQJZLWKFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LQ 6ZLW]HUODQG7KH8QLYHUVLW\LQ/XFHUQHKDVEHHQZRUNLQJRQFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDO FXOWXUDO VWXGLHV LPDJH EXLOGLQJ IRU DERXW \HDUV DOVR OLQNLQJ UHVHDUFK DQG WHDFKLQJWKURXJKLQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\FROODERUDWLRQ

,Q,WDO\DFFRUGLQJWR$UFDQJHOL·VREVHUYDWLRQVWKHUHKDYHRQO\EHHQHQGHD- YRXUVWRHVWDEOLVKFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\PRUHÀUPO\DWWKHXQLYHUVLWLHVVLQFHUHFHQWO\

$Q DSSURSULDWH DFDGHPLF QHWZRUN KDV EHHQ HVWDEOLVKHG DW WKH 8QLYHUVLWLHV RI

%RORJQD3DGXD3LVDDQG9HQLFHVLQFH,QDGGLWLRQVHPLQDUVZLWKLQWHUQD- WLRQDOVSHDNHUVDUHEHLQJKHOGDQGDERRNVHULHVCultural studies. Concepts and practicesKDVEHHQSODQQHG8QWLOQRZLQ,WDO\FXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDOLQGLYLGXDO SURMHFWVKDYHGRPLQDWHGZKLFKDUHÀQDQFHGE\VWDWH³LQSDUWLFXODUE\WKH1D- WLRQDO&RXQFLORI5HVHDUFK³DQGSULYDWHSURPRWLRQDOLQVWLWXWLRQV2QHPDLQIR- FXVKHUHLVWKHVDYLQJDQGDUFKLYLQJRIPDWHULDOLQGDWDEDVHV another cultural FRQWDFWVLQWKH0HGLWHUUDQHDQDUHD,Q+XQJDU\GHSDUWPHQWVRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\

ZHUHDWOHDVWIRXQGHGDWWKHXQLYHUVLWLHVLQ3pFVLQDQG0LVNROFLQ

$GPLWWHGO\DFFRUGLQJWR3HWŃWKH&HQWUDO(XURSHDQ8QLYHUVLW\LQ%XGDSHVWKDV WKHPRVWORJLFDOO\FRQVLVWHQWFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDORULHQWDWLRQLQWKHFRXQWU\

,QWKH(XURSHDQSHUVSHFWLYHIXUWKHURUJDQLVDWLRQDOIRUPVDQGIRUPDWVDUHWR EHSHUFHLYHGLQFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDOUHVHDUFKSUDFWLFH7KHUHDUHLQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\

FHQWUHVDWXQLYHUVLWLHVVXFKDVWKH&HQWUHIRU&XOWXUDO6WXGLHV*UD]DQGXQLYHU- VLW\LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\VWXG\JURXSVVXFKDVWKHCultural Studies Working Group 36 J^ORDANOVA, in this volume, p. 73.

37 D^EJUNG, in this volume, p. 160.

D^EJUNG, in this volume, p. 166.

A^RCANGELILQWKLVYROXPHS

LQ9LHQQDRUWKHGroup for Cultural History StudiesLQ0DGULG8QLYHUVLW\&DU- ORV,,,$QGWKHQWKHUHDUHUHVHDUFKFHQWUHVVXFKDVWKH+LVWRULFDO&XOWXUDO6FL- HQFHV5HVHDUFK&HQWUHLQ0DLQ]DWZKLFKKLVWRULDQVKDYHDSODWIRUPIRUFXOWXUDO KLVWRULFDOSUREOHPV,QDGGLWLRQWKHUHDUHUHVHDUFKQHWZRUNVVSUHDGRYHUVHYHUDO XQLYHUVLWLHVLQDFRXQWU\VXFKDVWKHQHZQHWZRUNDOUHDG\PHQWLRQHGEHWZHHQ

%RORJQD3DGXD3LVDDQG9HQLFH,QDGGLWLRQWKHUHDUHIRUPDWVWUDQVFHQGLQJQD- WLRQDOERUGHUVVXFKDVWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOQHWZRUNVRIXSDQGFRPLQJDFDGHPLFV RIWKH*HUPDQ5HVHDUFK&RPPXQLW\RUFRRSHUDWLRQDJUHHPHQWVEHWZHHQWZRRU PRUHXQLYHUVLWLHVVXFKDVHJWKHGroup de Recherche sur L’histoire des Intel- lectuelsDWWKH8QLYHUVLWLHVRI3DULV9,,,6W'HQLVDQG%DUFHORQD)LQDOO\VLQFH 2007, the International Society for Cultural History UHJXODUO\ RIIHUV FXOWXUDO KLVWRULDQVWKHRSSRUWXQLW\IRUFRRSHUDWLRQDQGWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIQHZLGHDVIRU MRLQWSURMHFWVLQWKHFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDOÀHOGRIZRUNZLWKDQQXDOFRQIHUHQFHVDQG the claim to involve all continents.⁴⁰7KHVHUHVHDUFKIRUPDWV³ZKLFKDUHLQSDUW DOVRXVHGLQWUDLQLQJVWXGHQWVZRUNLQJIRUDGRFWRUDWH³DUHFXUUHQWO\WKHEHVW SRVVLELOLWLHVIRULPSOHPHQWLQJWKHPHWKRGRORJLFDODSSURDFKHVRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\

RQDQLQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\DQGLQWHUFRXQWU\EDVLV⁴¹

+RZHYHULQWKHPDMRULW\RIFDVHVLQWKHDUWLFOHVLWLVDUJXHGWKDWFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\

QHHGVDÀUPSODFHDWXQLYHUVLWLHVDVWKHSUHUHTXLVLWHIRUDORQJHUWHUPH[LVWHQFHDV DVHSDUDWHUHVHDUFKPRYHPHQW2QO\LQWKLVZD\FDQFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\DOVRLQÁXHQFH WKHQHFHVVDU\WUDLQLQJRIWKHULVLQJJHQHUDWLRQRIDFDGHPLFV%RWKLQUHVHDUFKDQG LQWHDFKLQJFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LVGLVWLQJXLVKHGE\WKHIDFWWKDWLQWHUQDWLRQDOFRRSHUD- WLRQDQGQHWZRUNIRUPLQJDUHFXOWLYDWHG,QDGGLWLRQLQWKHDUWLFOHV\RXÀQGDSOHD IRUZRUNZLWKÁH[LEOHFXOWXUDOVWXGLHVFRQFHSWVZKLFKDUHGLVWLQJXLVKHGE\RSHQ- QHVVDQGDUHLQWHQGHGWRDYHUWWKHGDQJHURIJHWWLQJFDXJKWLQDFDGHPLFLPSDVVHV ,Q DGGLWLRQ FXOWXUDO KLVWRU\ REWDLQV LWV UHOHYDQFH DV D PHDQV RI GHIHQGLQJ SRVLWLRQVRIWKHKXPDQLWLHVLQWKHHYHUÀHUFHUFRPSHWLWLRQIRUÀQDQFLDOUHVRXUFHV :KHUHE\³DVWKHFRQWURYHUVLHVLQ6FRWODQGDQG*HUPDQ\LQSDUWLFXODUSURYH³LW KDV WR EH QRWHG WKDW QHZ SHUVSHFWLYHV DQG UHVHDUFK DSSURDFKHV DOZD\V OHDG WR ÀHUFHGLVFXVVLRQV6XFFHVVIXOQHZGLUHFWLRQVRIUHVHDUFKDUHFODLPHGWREHDWKUHDW

40 ZZZDEGQDFXNLVFK 6LQFH FRQIHUHQFHV KDYH WDNHQ SODFH LQ

$EHUGHHQ*HQWDQG7XUNX2VORLVIROORZLQJLQWKHQ1DQF\LQDQG,VWDQ- EXOLQ

41 7KHJHQHUDOSUREOHPRIDFDGHPLFSROLF\LVWRSURPRWHJUHDWSODQVDQGDFWLYLWLHVLQ- VWHDGRIVXSSRUWLQJWKH´JHQXLQHµSURMHFWVDWZRUNLQJOHYHOL^UTTER, in this volume, S

WRHVWDEOLVKHGVFKRODUVKLSDVWKH\³DSDUWIURPÀQDQFLDODQGSHUVRQQHODVSHFWV³ PLJKWSRWHQWLDOO\GHFLGHZKDWWKHVXEMHFWPDWWHURIKLVWRULFDOVFLHQFHZDV⁴²

Problems, perspectives and potentials

6DOPLDQG(ULNVHQHPSKDVLVHWKDWFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\RIIHUVDVSHFLDOSHUVSHFWLYHRI WKHSDVW2QHLPSRUWDQWTXHVWLRQLVKRZGLGSHRSOHLQWKHSDVWIRUPWKHZRUOG WKH\OLYHGLQDQGKRZGLGWKH\FRPPXQLFDWHZLWKWKHLUHQYLURQPHQW⁴³,QDGGL- WLRQ(ULNVHQVWUHVVHVWKDWFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\KDVEHHQDUHDFWLRQWRGRPLQDQWWUHQGV LQKLVWRULFDOVFLHQFHDQGFDQEHUHJDUGHGDVDFRUUHFWLYHWRWKHVHWUHQGV⁴⁴6LQFH WKHVLQKHURSLQLRQWZRturnsKDYHLQÁXHQFHGFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LQ6FDQGL- QDYLD7KHUHÁHFWLYHWXUQE\ZKLFKLWEHFDPHFOHDUWKDWWKURXJKWKHLUZRUNRQ DSKHQRPHQRQHJSHRSOHDQGIRONFXOWXUHLQ1RUZD\UHVHDUFKHUVWKHPVHOYHV FRQWULEXWHGWRWKHH[LVWHQFHRIWKLVSKHQRPHQRQ7KHVXEMHFWRILQYHVWLJDWLRQE\

FXOWXUDOKLVWRULDQVGRHVQRWH[LVWLQLWVHOIEXWLVMRLQWO\FRQVWLWXWHGE\WKHFKRLFH RIPHWKRGDQGFRQFHSWLRQ7KHQWKHUHZDVWKHanthropological turnDFFRUGLQJ WRZKLFKFXOWXUHLVXQGHUVWRRGDVDXQLYHUVHRIPHDQLQJVV\PEROVDQGDVWKH result of communication.

7KHREVHUYDWLRQVPDGHRQWKH1RUZHJLDQH[DPSOHFDQEHDSSOLHGWR(XUR- SHDQFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDOUHVHDUFK&XOWXUDOKLVWRU\VKRXOGQRWIDOOEHKLQGWKHVH WZRKHXULVWLFEDVLFDVVXPSWLRQV7KHUHVHDUFKÀHOGQDWLRQDOLGHQWLW\LVVWLOO WRSLFDODVIRUH[DPSOH'HMXQJUHSRUWVIRU6ZLW]HUODQGZKHUHLWLVGLIÀFXOWWR DFKLHYHVXFKDQLGHQWLW\JLYHQWKHOLQJXLVWLFDQGJHRJUDSKLFGLYHUVLW\DVZHOO DVWKHIHGHUDOFRQVWLWXWLRQ,Q,WDO\WRRJUHDWDWWHQWLRQLVGHYRWHGWRLGHQWLW\

5HVHDUFK LV FRQGXFWHG LQWR WKH LGHQWLWLHV RI ODWH PHGLHYDO EXUJKHUV DQG DOVR WKDWRIWKHLQKDELWDQWVRIWKH0HGLWHUUDQHDQDUHDLQWKH^thDQG^th centuries.

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

43 S^ALMI, in this volume, p. 55. E^RIKSEN, in this volume, p. 42-43.

44 E^RIKSEN, in this volume, p. 37.

LPSRUWDQWLQVLJKWV,QDGGLWLRQFXOWXUDOWUDQVIHUDQGFXOWXUDOH[FKDQJHSOD\DQ LPSRUWDQWUROHLQFXUUHQWZRUNVDQGPostcolonial StudiesDUHDSSOLHGLQFRXQWU\

FRQWH[WV

$SDUWIURPWKHÀHOGVRIZRUNDOUHDG\PHQWLRQHGIRUWKHIXUWKHUGHYHORS- PHQWRIWKHFRQWHQWRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\WKHFRQWULEXWRUVHVWLPDWHWKDWDUWHIDFWV DQGPDWHULDOFXOWXUHZLOOSOD\DQLPSRUWDQWUROH,QWKLVFRQQHFWLRQTXHVWLRQVDUH DVNHGERWKDERXWWKHV\PEROLFVLJQLÀFDQFHRIWKHDUWHIDFWVDVDOVRDERXWWKHLU PDWHULDOLW\DVVXFKDQGWKHZD\LQZKLFKWKH\ZHUHZRUNHG2USXWGLIIHUHQWO\

+RZGRREMHFWVIXQFWLRQLQFXOWXUDOFRQWH[WV"

+RZÀQDQFLDOVXSSRUWZLOOGHYHORSZLOODOVREHRIJUHDWLPSRUWDQFHIRUWKH IXUWKHUGHYHORSPHQWRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LQ(XURSH7KXVIRUH[DPSOHLQ)LQODQG DIWHUDSKDVHRILQVWLWXWLRQDOH[SDQVLRQRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\DWWKH8QLYHUVLW\LQ 7XUNXWKHTXHVWLRQZLOOEHKRZWKHIXUWKHUGHYHORSPHQWRIVWXGLHVDQGWHDFK- LQJ FDQ EH VDIHJXDUGHG LI IXUWKHU FXWV DUH PDGH LQ WKH DFDGHPLF EXGJHW DIWHU DQGXQLYHUVLWLHVH[SHFWEXGJHWORVVHV,Q,WDO\$UFDQJHOLGLVFHUQVDWUHQG WRZDUGVFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\DPRQJ\RXQJUHVHDUFKHUVEXWKHKDVGRXEWVZKHWKHU WKHVHVFKRODUVZLOOÀQGDSODFHLQWKH,WDOLDQXQLYHUVLW\DQGUHVHDUFKVFHQHDQG IHDUVIXUWKHUHPLJUDWLRQ,Q*HUPDQ\ZHPXVWZDLWDQGVHHZKDWVXFFHVVFXO- WXUDO KLVWRULFDO IRUPDWV ZLOO KDYH LQ WKH FRPSHWLWLRQ IRU H[FHOOHQFH VWDJHG E\

WKH )HGHUDO DQG VWDWH DXWKRULWLHV ,Q 6ZHGHQ WKH WUHQG LV WRZDUGV VRFLDO VFL- HQFHVDQGFRQWHPSRUDU\KLVWRU\ZLWKWKHFXOWXUDOLQKHULWDQFHEHLQJIXUWKHUFXO- WLYDWHGLQWKHPXVHXPV,Q&RSHQKDJHQRQWKHRWKHUKDQGFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\KDV DVWURQJSRVLWLRQ,Q1RUZD\WKHUHLVWKHPRYHPHQWRICultural StudiesPDLQO\

RULHQWHG WRZDUGV FRQWHPSRUDU\ VRFLHWLHV 8QLYHUVLW\ RI %HUJHQ DQG &XOWXUDO +LVWRU\8QLYHUVLW\RI2VORZLWKSURMHFWVRQWKHFXOWXUDOUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIPL- QRULWLHVLQPXVHXPVDIWHUWKHHQGRIWKHJUHDWQDWLRQDOQDUUDWLYHVRUWKHKLVWRU\

RINQRZOHGJH⁴⁵7KHIXWXUHGHYHORSPHQWRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\ZLOOGHSHQGDQ\ZD\

RQLWVVXFFHHGLQJLQDVVHUWLQJWKHVLJQLÀFDQFHRILWVFRJQLWLYHSRVVLELOLWLHVDQG UHVHDUFKUHVXOWVFRPSDUHGZLWKWKRVHRICultural StudiesLQDFDGHPLFDQGVRFLDO competition.

45 E^RIKSEN,LQWKLVYROXPHS

Literature

A^RCANGELI, A^LESSANDROHG/DVWRULDFXOWXUDOHXQDVYROWDQHOODVWRULRJUDÀD PRQGLDOH"9HURQD

B^URKE, P^ETER,3DSLHUXQG0DUNWJHVFKUHL'LH*HEXUWGHU:LVVHQVJHVHOOVFKDIW Berlin 2002.

D^ANIEL, U^TE,.RPSHQGLXP.XOWXUJHVFKLFKWH^thHG)UDQNIXUW0DLQ DARNTON, ROBERT, 'DV JUR‰H .DW]HQPDVVDNHU 6WUHLI]JH GXUFK GLH IUDQ]|-

VLVFKH.XOWXUYRUGHU5HYROXWLRQ0QFKHQ

DAVIS, NATHALIE ZEMON,'LHZDKUKDIWLJH*HVFKLFKWHGHU5FNNHKUGHV0DUWLQ

*XHUUH0QFKHQ

DÜLMEN, RICHARD VAN, +LVWRULVFKH $QWKURSRORJLH (QWZLFNOXQJ 3UREOHPH

$XIJDEHQ.|OQ

GINZBURG, CARLO, 'HU .lVH XQG GLH :UPHU³GLH :HOW HLQHV 0OOHUV XP

%HUOLQ

GREEN, ANNA,&XOWXUDO+LVWRU\1HZ<RUN

K^OCKA, J^ÜRGEN,+LVWRULVFKH6R]LDOZLVVHQVFKDIW$XVODXIPRGHOORGHU=XNXQIWV- YLVLRQ"LQ2OGHQEXUJHU8QLYHUVLWlWVUHGHQ2OGHQEXUJ

/$1':(+5$&+,0672&.+256767()$1,((LQIKUXQJLQGLHHXURSlLVFKH.XO- WXUJHVFKLFKWH3DGHUERUQ

M^AURER, M^ICHAEL,.XOWXUJHVFKLFKWH(LQH(LQIKUXQJ.|OQ

MEDICK, HANS,4XRYDGLV+LVWRULVFKH$QWKURSRORJLH"LQ+LVWRULVFKH$QWKUR- SRORJLHS

OEXLE, OTTOGERHARD,*HVFKLFKWHDOV+LVWRULVFKH.XOWXUZLVVHQVFKDIWLQ.XO- WXUJHVFKLFKWH+HXWHHGE\:2/)*$1*+$5'7:,*+$168/5,&+:(+/(5

*|WWLQJHQS

I^D., .XOWXU .XOWXUZLVVHQVFKDIW +LVWRULVFKH .XOWXUZLVVHQVFKDIW LQ 'DV 0LW- WHODOWHUS

O^PITZ, C^LAUDIA, 8P2UGQXQJHQ GHU *HVFKOHFKWHU (LQIKUXQJ LQ GLH *H- VFKOHFKWHUJHVFKLFKWH7ELQJHQ

P^OIRRIER, P^HILIPPE HG /·+LVWRLUH FXOWXUHOOH XQ ´WRXUQDQW PRQGLDOµ GDQV O·KLVWRULRJUDSKLH"'LMRQ

R^APHAEL, L^UTZ, 'LH (UEHQ YRQ %ORFK XQG )HEYUH $QQDOHV*HVFKLFKWVVFK- UHLEXQJXQGQRXYHOOHKLVWRLUHLQ)UDQNUHLFK6WXWWJDUW R^OGGE, J^ÖRG,+LVWRULVFKH.XOWXUZLVVHQVFKDIWHQLQ+LVWRULVFKH.XOWXUZLVVHQ-

VFKDIWHQ3RVLWLRQHQ3UDNWLNHQXQG3HUVSHNWLYHQHGE\JAN KUSBER et al.,

%LHOHIHOGS

SALMI, HANNU, 1LQHWHHQWK&HQWXU\ (XURSH $ &XOWXUDO +LVWRU\ &DPEULGJH

6&277-2$1:*HQGHU$XVHIXOFDWHJRU\RIKLVWRULFDODQDO\VLVLQ$PHULFDQ +LVWRULFDO5HYLHZS

S^TOLLBERG-R^ILINGER, B^ARBARAHG:DVKHL‰W.XOWXUJHVFKLFKWHGHV3ROLWLVFK- HQ"%HUOLQ

T^ANNER, J^AKOB, +LVWRULVFKH$QWKURSRORJLH]XU(LQIKUXQJ+DPEXUJ TSCHOPP, SILVIA SERENAHG.XOWXUJHVFKLFKWH6WXWWJDUW

I^D.,(LQOHLWXQJ%HJULIIH.RQ]HSWHXQG3HUVSHNWLYHQGHU.XOWXUJHVFKLFKWHLQ .XOWXUJHVFKLFKWHHGE\ID.6WXWWJDUWS

I^D., 'LH 1HXH .XOWXUJHVFKLFKWH³HLQH =ZLVFKHQ%LODQ] LQ +LVWRULVFKH =HLW VFKULIWS

,':(%(5:2/)*$1*(-*UXQGIUDJHQGHU.XOWXUJHVFKLFKWH'DUPVWDGW :(+/(5 +$168/5,&+ .XUVEXFK GHU %HOLHELJNHLW 'DV ´.RPSHQGLXPµ GHU

´1HXHQ.XOWXUJHVFKLFKWHµLQI^D..RQÁLNWH]X%HJLQQGHV-DKUKXQGHUWV (VVD\V0QFKHQS

:,17(5/,1*$/2<6HG+LVWRULVFKH$QWKURSRORJLH6WXWWJDUW KWWSZZZKLVWRULVFKHNXOWXUZLVVHQVFKDIWHQXQLPDLQ]GH KWWSZZZKNI]XQLWULHUGH

KWWSZZZDEGQDFXNLVFK

to Cultural History in Scandinavia

A

E

7KLVDUWLFOHSUHVHQWVDQRUWKHUQSHUVSHFWLYHRQFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\WKDWRIWKH6FDQ- GLQDYLDQFRXQWULHV'HQPDUN6ZHGHQDQG1RUZD\:LWKLQWKHWZRGLVFLSOLQHV RIHWKQRORJ\DQGIRONORUHVWXGLHVWKHVHFRXQWULHVVKDUHDWUDGLWLRQLQFXOWXUDO KLVWRU\GDWLQJEDFNWRWKH^thFHQWXU\2QFHFORVHO\UHODWHGWRWKHSURMHFWVRI QDWLRQEXLOGLQJDQGWKHLGHDRIQDWLRQDOFXOWXUHWKHVHGLVFLSOLQHVKDYHVORZO\

EHHQ WUDQVIRUPHG LQWR PRGHUQ FXOWXUDO KLVWRU\ 6LQFH 3HWHU %XUNH FRLQHG WKH WHUP´WKHGLVFRYHU\RIWKHSHRSOHµLQKLVQRZFODVVLFVWXG\QXPHURXVZRUNV KDYHSURYLGHGGHWDLOHGNQRZOHGJHRQKRZWKLVGLVFRYHU\ZDVFORVHO\UHODWHGWR WKHSURFHVVHVRIPRGHUQLVDWLRQ¹%XUNHάVSHUVSHFWLYHVKDYHEHHQHODERUDWHGRQ DQGFULWLFLVHGLQDÁRRGRIVWXGLHVGLVFXVVLQJWKHUROHRIIRONFXOWXUHLQQDWLRQ EXLOGLQJLQ(XURSHDQGHOVHZKHUH2QHLVVXHRIPDMRUWKHRUHWLFDOSHUWLQHQFHKDV EHHQKRZWKLVGLVFRYHU\RIDGRPHVWLFYHUVLRQRIWKHQREOHVDYDJH³WKH(XUR- SHDQSHDVDQW³LQÁXHQFHGUHÁH[LYHWKLQNLQJRQFXOWXUH,QWKHVDPHZD\DVZH VHHLQWKHHQFRXQWHUZLWKWKH´H[RWLFµFXOWXUHRIRWKHUFRQWLQHQWVWKHUHDOLVDWLRQ WKDWJURXSVRISHRSOHLQ(XURSHZHUHLQSRVVHVVLRQRIFXOWXUDOIRUPVDQGH[SUHV- VLRQVZKLFKZHUHODUJHO\XQNQRZQWRWKHHOLWHIXHOOHGGLVFXVVLRQVRQFXOWXUHDQG cultural value per se7KHGLVFRYHU\RIWKHSHRSOHDQGWKHVXEVHTXHQWXVHRIIRON FXOWXUHLQQDWLRQEXLOGLQJDVZHOODVWKHVLJQLÀFDQFHJLYHQWRVXFKSURMHFWVLQ WKHEURDGHUPRGHUQLVDWLRQSURFHVVHVLVDUDWKHUJHQHUDOSKHQRPHQRQ:LWKLQ WKHJHQHUDOIUDPHVZHÀQGPDQ\DQGFRQVLGHUDEOHORFDOYDULDWLRQVZLWKUHVSHFW WRWKHLPSDFWRIIRONFXOWXUHRQQDWLRQDOFXOWXUHDQGLWVSROLWLFDOSHUWLQHQFHDV ZHOODVWKHGXUDWLRQDQGDFDGHPLFLPSDFWRIWKHLQWHUHVWLQWKHFXOWXUDOIRUPVRI RUGLQDU\SHRSOH

1 B^URKE

,Q6FDQGLQDYLDWKH´GLVFRYHU\RIWKHSHRSOHµZDVQRWPHUHO\DVKRUWOLYHG romantic affair of the late ^thDQGWKHHDUO\^thFHQWXULHV7KHDZDNHQHGLQWHU- HVWDOVROHGWRPRUHVHULRXVDQGORQJODVWLQJUHODWLRQVKLSV,Q'HQPDUN6ZHGHQ DQG1RUZD\WKHDUFKLYHVDQGFROOHFWLRQVWKDWIROORZHGIURPWKHLQLWLDOGLVFRYHU\

VXUYLYHGWKHÀUVWVWDJHVRIDQWLTXDULDQLVPURPDQWLFSKLORORJ\DQGDUGHQWQD- WLRQEXLOGLQJ2XWRIWKLVLQLWLDOHQWKXVLDVPJUHZWKHWZRDFDGHPLFGLVFLSOLQHV (XURSHDQHWKQRORJ\DQGIRONORUHVWXGLHV'XULQJWKH20^thFHQWXU\WKH\JUDGXDOO\

OLEHUDWHGWKHPVHOYHVIURPWKHLUURPDQWLFDQGQDWLRQDOLVWLFIRXQGDWLRQVDQGKDYH EHHQWKHEDVLVIRUDQHZLQWHUHVWLQGHYHORSLQJFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\DVDPRGHUQGLV- FLSOLQHGXULQJWKHODVWWZRRUWKUHHGHFDGHV

Discovery of the people in Scandinavia—19^th century 3ROLWLFDOFRQWH[WVZHUHLPSRUWDQWUHDVRQVIRUWKHGLVFRYHU\RIWKHSHRSOHKDY- LQJVXFKDQLPSDFWLQ6FDQGLQDYLDEXWWKHLPSOLFDWLRQVZHUHQRWWKHVDPHLQDOO WKUHHFRXQWULHV$WWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKH^thFHQWXU\ERWK'HQPDUNDQG6ZHGHQ IDFHGWKHIXWXUHDVGUDPDWLFDOO\GLPLQLVKHGVWDWHVZLWKUHGXFHGSROLWLFDOLQÁX- HQFH7UDGLWLRQDOULYDOVERWKVWDWHVKDGEHHQLQÁXHQWLDO(XURSHDQSRZHUVGXULQJ the 16^thDQG17^thFHQWXULHV%RWKPRQDUFKLHVZHUHDOVRPXOWLHWKQLFDQGPXOWL OLQJXDO'HQPDUNLQFOXGHG,FHODQGWKH)DURH,VODQGV1RUZD\DQGWKHGXFKLHV RI6OHVYLJDQG+ROVWHLQ7R6ZHGHQEHORQJHG)LQODQGDQGGXULQJWKHSHULRGRI WKHHPSLUHDOVRVRPHSRVVHVVLRQVLQWKH%DOWLFUHJLRQ6FDQLDORQJ D'DQLVKSRVVHVVLRQEHFDPHSDUWRI6ZHGHQLQ+RZHYHUERWKFRXQWULHV JUDGXDOO\ORVWLQÁXHQFHDQGDGRSWHGDSSUR[LPDWHO\WKHLUFXUUHQWVL]HV6ZHGHQ VXIIHUHGDGHFLVLYHEORZZLWKWKHORVVRI)LQODQGLQ'HQPDUNZDVPDV- VLYHO\UHGXFHGE\WKHORVVRI1RUZD\ZKLFKJDLQHGQDWLRQDOLQGHSHQGHQFHDIWHU WKH 1DSROHRQLF ZDUV$IWHU VRPH PRQWKV RI IUHHGRP LQ WKH VXPPHU RI 1RUZD\ ZDV IRUFHG LQWR D XQLRQ ZLWK 6ZHGHQ EXW DOORZHG WR NHHS LWV QHZO\

FRPSRVHG &RQVWLWXWLRQ DQG WKH UHFRJQLWLRQ DV D VWDWH ,Q WKH V 'HQPDUN VXIIHUHGDQRWKHUEORZZLWKWKHORVVRIWKHGXFKLHVRI6OHVYLJDQG+ROVWHLQWR

*HUPDQ\

+HQFHWKHWKUHHFRXQWULHVKDGGLIIHUHQWUHDVRQVIRUHPEUDFLQJWKHHQWKXVLDVP IRUIRONFXOWXUHZKLFKEHFDPHVRSRSXODUDOORYHU(XURSH'HQPDUNDQG6ZHGHQ WXUQHGWRIRONFXOWXUHDVSDUWRIWKHSURFHVVRIFRPSHQVDWLQJIRUWKHORVVRIH[WHU- QDOSROLWLFDOSRZHUWKURXJKWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIDPRUHDFXWHVHQVHRILQWHUQDOQD- WLRQDOXQLW\:KHQWKHROGFRQJORPHUDWHPRQDUFKLHVZHUHWREHUHSODFHGE\QHZ QDWLRQVWDWHVDFRPPRQQDWLRQDOFXOWXUHZDVQHHGHGDQGIRONFXOWXUHEHFDPHDQ LPSRUWDQWHOHPHQWLQWKLVFRQVWUXFWLRQZRUN,Q1RUZD\ZKLOHWKHVLWXDWLRQZDV

GLIIHUHQWWKHLQWHUHVWLQIRONFXOWXUHZDVMXVWDVVWURQJ:LWKWKHIUHVKO\JDLQHG SROLWLFDOLQGHSHQGHQFHLWZDVLPSRUWDQWWRGHPRQVWUDWHWKHOHJLWLPDF\RIWKHQHZ VWDWHDQGIRONFXOWXUHVHUYHGWKLVHQG,WJDYHWKHLPSUHVVLRQRIGHPRQVWUDWLQJ DFRQWLQXLW\VSDQQLQJIURPWKHPLGGOHDJHVWRWKHSUHVHQW7KLVLPSOLHGIRFXV- LQJRQWKHSHULRGZKHQ1RUZD\ZDVWKHVWURQJHURIWKH6FDQGLQDYLDQVWDWHVDQG UHLJQHGRYHUODUJHSRVVHVVLRQVLQWKH1RUWK6HDUHJLRQ3RVWXODWLQJFORVHFRQQHF- WLRQVEHWZHHQSUHVHQWGD\IRONFXOWXUHDQGWKDWRIWKH0LGGOH$JHV³LQFOXGLQJ WKH1RUVHVDJDOLWHUDWXUH³ZDVDZD\RIFODLPLQJDFXOWXUDOFRQWLQXLW\RINorwe- gianessWKURXJKSHULRGVZKHQQRVWDWHKDGH[LVWHG0RUHRYHUIRONFXOWXUHZDV WKRXJKWWRGHPRQVWUDWHWKHH[LVWHQFHRIDFXOWXUHPHQWDOLW\DQGODQJXDJHFOHDUO\

GLIIHUHQWIURPWKH'DQLVKDQGVSHFLÀFDOO\1RUZHJLDQ

$VDJHQHUDOSKHQRPHQRQWKHHDUO\LQWHUHVWLQIRONFXOWXUHPDLQO\FRQFHQ- WUDWHGRQRUDOIRONORUHPRUHSDUWLFXODUO\RQSRHWU\DQGIDLU\WDOHV,Q6ZHGHQ WKH ÀUVW FROOHFWLRQ RI IRON EDOODGV ZDV SXEOLVKHG LQ E\ *HLMHU DQG

$I]HOLXVZKLOHLQ'HQPDUN6YHQG*UXQGWYLJSXEOLVKHGDQH[WHQVLYHFROOHFWLRQ RI PHGLHYDO EDOODGV LQ WKH V² 7KH ZRUN RI WKH *HUPDQ *ULPP EURWKHUV KDGJUHDWLQÁXHQFHRQFROOHFWRUVRIOHJHQGVDQGIDLU\WDOHVLQ6FDQGLQDYLD,Q 1RUZD\$QGUHDV)D\HSXEOLVKHGDERRNRIOHJHQGVLQDIWHUDQHDUO\YLVLW WR*HUPDQ\3&KU$VEM¡UQVHQDQG-¡UJHQ0RHάVFROOHFWLRQRIIDLU\WDOHVIURP RQZDUGVDOVRGUHZKHDYLO\RQ*ULPPDQGHDUQHGWKHLUZDUPSUDLVH)RU WKHVHFRQGHGLWLRQRIWKHERRNDSSHDULQJLQ0RHZURWHDQLQWURGXFWLRQ WKDWLVJHQHUDOO\FRQVLGHUHGWREHWKHÀUVWVFLHQWLÀFWH[WRQ1RUZHJLDQIRONWDOHV 2QHRIWKHPDLQDLPVZDVWRSRLQWRXWWKHGLVWLQFWLYHQDWLRQDOIHDWXUHVRIWKH QDUUDWLYHV7KHZRUNRIWKH1RUZHJLDQFROOHFWRUVZDVLQWXUQDQLQVSLUDWLRQWR WKH6ZHGH2ORI+\OWpQ&DYDOOLXVLQKLVZRUNRQOHJHQGVDQGEHOLHIVGXULQJWKH V DQG ΫV DQG WR WKH 'DQH (YDOG7DQJ &KULVWHQVHQ ZKR SXEOLVKHG KLV WDOHVDQGOHJHQGVLQWKHV

7KHVHPHQZHUHDUFKLYHEXLOGHUVZKRODLGWKHJURXQGIRUFROOHFWLRQVWKDWVWLOO H[LVWWRGD\VXFKDVWKH'DQLVKFROOHFWLRQRIIRONORUHDWWKH1DWLRQDO/LEUDU\LQ

&RSHQKDJHQDQGWKH1RUZHJLDQ)RONORUH$UFKLYHVDWWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI2VOR'XU- LQJWKHODVWGHFDGHVRIWKH^thFHQWXU\IRONORUHVWXGLHVJUHZLQWRDQXQLYHUVLW\

GLVFLSOLQH6YHQG*UXQGWYLJZDVQRWRQO\DFROOHFWRURIEDOODGVEXWDOVREHFDPH WKHÀUVW'DQLVKSURIHVVRULQIRONORUHVWXGLHV0ROWHQ0RHVRQRIWKHFROOHFWRU -¡UJHQ0RHEHFDPHWKHÀUVWSURIHVVRUDVZHOODVWKHKHLUWRKLVIDWKHU·VJUHDWFRO- OHFWLRQZKLFKZDVEHTXHDWKHGWRWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI2VORXSRQKLVGHDWKLQ

2 S^TRÖMBÄCKHWDO

Open-Air Museums and early research

7KH DFWLYLWLHV SUHVHQWHG VR IDU ZRXOG KDYH EHHQ SDUW RI WKH KLVWRU\ RI SKLORO- RJ\DQGQRWRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LIRWKHUHOHPHQWVVXFKDVDQLQWHUHVWLQPDWHULDO IRONFXOWXUHDQGWKHVRFLDOOLIHRIWKHFRPPRQSHRSOHKDGQRWEHHQLQFOXGHG 7KLVLQWHUHVWZDVH[SUHVVHGLQSDUWWKURXJKWKHRSHQDLUPXVHXPVDQGLQSDUW WKURXJKVRPHLPSRUWDQWUHVHDUFKZRUNV7KHÀUVWRSHQDLUPXVHXPLQ6FDQGLQD- YLDZDVHVWDEOLVKHGDW6NDQVHQLQ6WRFNKROP6ZHGHQLQDVDQH[WHQVLRQ RIWKH1RUGLF0XVHXPDFROOHFWLRQGDWLQJEDFNWR7KHPDQEHKLQGWKH SURMHFWZDV$UWKXU+D]HOLXVDQDYLGFROOHFWRURIIRONDUWDQGDQWLTXLWLHVIURP ERWK6ZHGHQDQG1RUZD\KHQFHWKHQDPHThe Nordic Museum)URPWKHYHU\

EHJLQQLQJ6NDQVHQEHFDPHUHQRZQHGIRUQRWPHUHO\H[KLELWLQJROGEXLOGLQJV EXWDOVRVKRZLQJUHDOLVWLFLQWHULRUVDQGGRPHVWLFVFHQHV³LQLWLDOO\SRSXODWHGE\

PDQQHTXLQVEXWTXLWHVRRQUHSODFHGE\UHDOSHRSOHDQGOLYLQJDQLPDOV³ 2QO\WKUHH\HDUVODWHULQ1RUVN)RONHPXVHXPRSHQHGLQ2VOR1RU- ZD\7KHPXVHXPZDVODLGRXWDVDSDUNRQWKHSHQLQVXODRI%\JG¡\,WVRULJLQ ZDVDVPDOOFROOHFWLRQRISHDVDQWάVKRXVHVDQGDVWDYHFKXUFKEHORQJLQJWR.LQJ Oscar II.

$Q LPSRUWDQW PRWLYDWLRQ EHKLQG WKH HVWDEOLVKPHQW RI WKH PXVHXP ZDV WR VWRS+D]HOLXVIURPH[SRUWLQJ1RUZHJLDQREMHFWVWR6ZHGHQ$PRUHSRVLWLYH DVVHVVPHQWRIWKLVULYDOU\ZLOOQRWHWKDWSRSXODUPDWHULDOFXOWXUHZDVEHFRPLQJ DKLJKO\YDOXDEOHSDUWRIQDWLRQDOKLVWRU\DWWKLVWLPHZRUWK\RIFDUHDQGSUHVHU- YDWLRQ7KHOHDGLQJLGHRORJXHEHKLQGWKHPXVHXPLQ2VORZDVWKHSURIHVVRULQ IRONORUHVWXGLHV0ROWNH0RH,QKLVLQDXJXUDOVSHHFKKHGHFODUHGWKDW

´7KHDLPRIWKLVFROOHFWLRQLVWRJLYHWKH1RUZHJLDQSHRSOHDSLFWXUHRIWKH OLIHWKDWZDVOLYHGLQ1RUZD\GRZQWKURXJKWKHFHQWXULHVRXUIDWKHUVάZD\V RI EXLOGLQJ KRXVHV WKHLU IXUQLWXUH WKHLU WRROV DQG XWHQVLOV WKHLU GUHVV LQ VKRUWWKHHQWLUHHQYLURQPHQWLQZKLFKWKH\PRYHGDQGOLYHGDQGRIZKLFKWKH PHPRU\QRZLVJUDGXDOO\IDGLQJµ⁴

0RHFRQVLGHUHGLWVHOIHYLGHQWWKDWNQRZLQJPDWHULDOIRONFXOWXUHPHDQWNQRZ- LQJQDWLRQDOKLVWRU\-XGJLQJE\WKHVXFFHVVRIWKHPXVHXPPDQ\DJUHHGZLWK KLP)URPWKHVDQGZHOOLQWRWKH20^thFHQWXU\RSHQDLUPXVHXPVVSUDQJXS DURXQGWKHFRXQWU\FRQFHLYHGDVH[SUHVVLRQVRIFXOWXUDOLGHQWLW\$QHZZDYH RIQDWLRQDOHQWKXVLDVPVZHSWRYHUWKHFRXQWU\IURPZKHQWKHXQLRQZLWK 3 H^ILLSTRÖM, 2006.

4 A^ALLELODJWUDQVODWHGKHUH