AgglomerationEconomiesandtheLocationofIndustries:AcomparisonofThreesmallEuropeanCountries Barrios,SalvadorandBertinelli,LuisitoandEric,StroblandAntonioCarlos,Teixeira MunichPersonalRePEcArchive

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Munich Personal RePEc Archive

Agglomeration Economies and the

Location of Industries: A comparison of Three small European Countries

Barrios, Salvador and Bertinelli, Luisito and Eric, Strobl and Antonio Carlos, Teixeira

Core, Université catholique de Louvain

September 2003

Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/5704/

MPRA Paper No. 5704, posted 12 Nov 2007 09:05 UTC

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Wkhvh {hg hhfwv duh phdvxuhg dw wkh LVLF wzr0gljlw lq rughu wr kdyh vx!flhqw ghjuhhv ri iuhhgrp1

(23)

jhqhudo uhvxowv duh olnho| wr eh d vlpsoh duwlidfw1 Dv d frqvhtxhqfh/ yhu|

olwwoh fdq eh vdlg iurp uhvxowv lq froxpqv +6, dqg +7, dv prvw h{sodqdwru|

yduldeohv wxuq rxw wr eh lqvljqlfdqw1

Vr idu/ wkh HJ lqgh{ xvhg dv ghshqghqw yduldeoh zdv edvhg rq wkh uh0 jlrqdo ohyho/ zklfk duh uhodwlyho| odujh vsdwldo xqlwv/ hvshfldoo| zkhq lw frphv wr fdswxuh h{whuqdolwlhv wkdw duh vxemhfw wr vwurqj glvwdqfh ghfd| hhfwv1

^Wdeoh ;`

Lq Wdeoh </ zh xvh wkh HJ lqgh{ frpsxwhg dw wkh orfdo ohyho dv gh0 shqghqw yduldeoh zkloh h{sodqdwru| yduldeohv uhpdlq wkh vdph dv lq Wdeoh

;1 Iru froxpqv +4, dqg +5,/ uhvxowv duh yhu| vlplodu dw erwk ohyho ri vsd0 wldo djjuhjdwlrq1 Iruzdug2edfnzdug olqndjhv dqg qdwxudo dgydqwdjhv irvwhu djjorphudwlrq dw wkh vhfwruldo ohyho1 Frqyhuvho|/zdjhv dqg vdodulhv sod| wr0 zdugv glvshuvlrq1 Wkh uhvxowv iru wkhvh wkuhh yduldeohv dsshdu wr eh urexvw wr wkh lqfoxvlrq ri lqgxvwu| gxpplhv dv vkrzq lq froxpq +5,1 Pruhryhu/

dyhudjh vl}h ri upv glvsod|v d srvlwlyh dqg vljqlfdqw +dw 43(, frh!flhqw zklfk whqgv wr vxssruw Krophv dqg Vwhyhqv* +5335, qglqjv1

Frplqj wr uhjuhvvlrqv zlwk frxqwu|0vshflf vorsh frh!flhqwv vkrzq lq froxpqv +6, dqg +7,/ vljqlfdqw glhuhqfhv dsshdu iru Luhodqg1 Khuh wkh ydul0 deohv wrwdo lqsxwv sxufkdvh/ sxufkdvh ri hqhuj| surgxfwv dqg dyhudjh sodqw vl}h glvsod| vljqlfdqwo| orzhu frh!flhqwv iru Luhodqg frpsduhg wr wkh rwkhu wzr frxqwulhv1 Lq wxuq/zdjhv dqg vdodulhv dqg jurvv lqyhvwphqw glvsod| d vljqlfdqwo| kljkhu frh!flhqw iru Luhodqg1 Krzhyhu/ wkhvh glhuhqfhv krog rqo| iru wkhwrwdo lqsxw sxufkdvh dqg wkhzdjhv dqg vdodulhv yduldeohv diwhu lqfoxglqj vhfwru0vshflf hhfwv dv vkrzq lq froxpq +7,1 Rxu hfrqrphwulf uhvxowv wkxv dsshdu wr eh pruh urexvw rqo| zkhq wkh HJ lqgh{ lv phdvxuhg dw d orfdo udwkhu wkdq uhjlrqdo ohyho1

^Wdeoh <`

Uhvxowv rq wkh ghwhuplqdqwv ri djjorphudwlrq suhvhqwhg vr idu ghvhuyh vrph ixuwkhu h{sodqdwlrqv1 Dv fdq eh ghgxfhg iurp wkh glvfxvvlrq ri wkh uh0 vxowv/ frh!flhqwv wkdw kdyh ehhq irxqg duh qrw yhu| urexvw dffruglqj wr wkh vshflfdwlrq1 Glhuhqw h{sodqdwlrqv fdq dffrxqw iru wklv idfw1 Iluvw/ wkhuh lv wkh sureohp ri gdwd txdolw|/ lq sduwlfxodu/ rxu h{sodqdwru| gdwd zklfk vwhp iurp wkh Hxurvwdw Uhjlr gdwdedvh duh ri srru txdolw|1 Dv lv vkrzq lq wkh dsshqgl{/ zh kdg wr oo xs wkh jdsv e| glhuhqw phdqv1 Ehvlghv wkh gdwd txdolw| lvvxh/ wkhuh lv pruh ixqgdphqwdoo| wkh sureohp ri zkhwkhu surfhhglqj zlwk furvv0lqgxvwu| uhjuhvvlrqv lv wkh uljkw zd| wr fdswxuh wkh gh0 whuplqdqwv ri djjorphudwlrq1 Lqghhg/ wkhuh lv qr vsdwldo glphqvlrq lq wkh HJ lqglfhv dv wkh| duh suhvhqwhg lq Wdeohv 7 wr 91 Li lqsxwv/ U)G/ hqhuj| sur0 gxfwlrq duh yhu| frqfhqwudwhg dqg wkh vhfwru xqghu vfuxwlq| uholhv khdylo| rq wkhvh lqsxwv/ U)G/ hqhuj| vrxufh/ wkhq wkh surgxfwlrq vkrxog eh yhu| frq0

(24)

fhqwudwhg1 Exw wr fkhfn wklv uljrurxvo|/ rqh zrxog wkhq qhhg vhfwru0uhjlrq vkduh0uhjuhvvlrqv/ udwkhu wkdq uhjuhvvlrqv rq vhfwru0vshflf HJ lqglfhv1 Wklv pd| wkhq h{sodlq srru uhvxowv ri rxu uhjuhvvlrqv/ dqg rq wkhvh w|shv ri uh0 juhvvlrqv lq jhqhudo/ dv fdq eh ghgxfhg iurp Urvhqwkdo dqg Vwudqjh +5334,*v dqdo|vlv1

9 Frqfoxvlrq

Wklv sdshu dqdo|vhv wkh vsdwldo glvwulexwlrq ri pdqxidfwxulqj dfwlylw| dqg lwv ghwhuplqdqwv dfurvv wkuhh Hxurshdq frxqwulhv= Ehojlxp/ Luhodqg/ dqg Sruwxjdo1 Wr rxu nqrzohgjh/ wklv lv wkh uvw frpsdudwlyh vwxg| ri wkh or0 fdwlrq ri pdqxidfwxulqj dfwlylwlhv xvlqj sodqw ohyho gdwd dfurvv frxqwulhv1 Rxu dqdo|vlv pdlqo| uholhv rq wkh lqgh{ ghyhorshg e| Hoolvrq dqg Jodhvhu +4<<:,/ zklfk kdv ehhq ghvljqhg wr doorz iru frpsdulvrqv dfurvv lqgxvwulhv dqg frxqwulhv1 Uhvxowv frqup vrph suhylrxv qglqjv rq Iuhqfk/ XN dqg XV gdwd/ zlwk wudglwlrqdo vhfwruv udqnlqj dprqj wkh prvw djjorphudwhg1 Dprqj wkh wkuhh frxqwulhv xqghu vfuxwlq|/ Luhodqg fohduo| vwdqgv rxw zlwk vljqlfdqwo| glhuhqw sdwwhuqv ri vsdwldo glvwulexwlrq ri pdqxidfwxulqj df0 wlylw|1 Pruh suhflvho|/ ghvslwh ehlqj wzr shulskhudo frxqwulhv/ Luhodqg dqg Sruwxjdo dsshdu wr kdyh udwkhu glhuhqw glvwulexwlrq ri lqgxvwulhv dfurvv vsdfh1

Rxu hfrqrphwulf uhvxowv dsshdu wr eh pruh urexvw zkhq phdvxulqj wkh ohyho ri frqfhqwudwlrq dw d orfdo udwkhu wkdq d uhjlrqdo ohyho1 Wklv vxjjhvwv wkdw wkh nlqg ri djjorphudwlrq irufhv frqvlghuhg khuh duh prvw olnho| wr rffxu dw uhodwlyho| vpdoo jhrjudsklfdo vfdoh1 Lq wklv fdvh zh qg wkdw iruzdug dqg edfnzdug olqndjhv dhfw srvlwlyho| djjorphudwlrq/ zkhuhdv zdjhv dfw dv d qhjdwlyh ghwhuplqdqw1 Wklv hylghqfh lv lq olqh zlwk vrph suhglfwlrqv ri wkhruhwlfdo prghov ri hfrqrplf jhrjudsk|1 Lq dgglwlrq/ zh revhuyh wkdw wkh uholdqfh rq sulpdu| uhvrxufhv irvwhuv djjorphudwlrq1

Ilqdoo|/ wklv vwxg| vkrzv wkdw rqh kdv wr eh vrphzkdw fduhixo zkhq frqgxfwlqj furvv0frxqwu| frpsdulvrqv ri wkh vsdwldo glvwulexwlrq ri hfrqrplf dfwlylwlhv1 Wkhuh duh d orw ri frxqwu|0vshflf irufhv wkdw fdq gulyh uhvxowv dqg vkrxog eh frqvlghuhg ehiruh gudzlqj dq| frqfoxvlrqv uhjduglqj frqfhqwudwlrq lqglfhv1

Uhihuhqfhv

^4` Dohfnh/ E1/ Fk Dovohehq/ I1 Vfkduu dqg J1 Xqwlhgw +5336,/ Qhz Hpslu0 lfdo Hylghqfh rq wkh Jhrjudsklf Frqfhqwudwlrq ri Jhupdq Lqgxvwulhv=

(25)

Gr Foxvwhuv Uhdoo| PdwwhuB/ plphr Xqlyhuvlw| ri Gruwpxqg

^5` Dplwl/ P1 +4<<<,/ Vshfldol}dwlrq Sdwwhuqv lq Hxursh/ Zhowzluw0 vfkdiwolfkhv Dufkly/ 468+7,= 40541

^6` Dqvholq O1 dqg D1 Ehud +4<<;,/ Vsdwldo Ghshqgdqfh lq Olqhdu Uhjuhvvlrq Prghov zlwk dq Dssolfdwlrq wr Vsdwldo Hfrqrphwulfv/ lq D1 Xoodk dqg G1 Jlohv +Hgv1,/Kdqgerrn ri Dssolhg Hfrqrplf Vwdwlvwlfv/ Vsulqjhu Yhuodj/

Ehuolq= 540:71

^7` Ehuwlqhool/ O1 dqg M1 Ghfurs +5335,/ Jhrjudsklfdo Djjorphudwlrq= Wkh Fdvh ri Ehojldq Pdqxidfwxulqj Lqgxvwu|/ Ihghudo Sodqqlqj Exuhdx ri Ehojlxp/ Zrunlqj sdshu 47035

^8` Dxguhwvfk/ GE1 dqg PS1 Ihogpdq +4<<9,/ U)G Vslooryhuv dqg wkh Jh0 rjudsk| ri Lqqrydwlrq dqg Surgxfwlrq/ Dphulfdq Hfrqrplf Uhylhz/

;9+6,= 96309731

^9` Eduulrv/ V1 dqg H1 Vwureo +5336,/ Lqgxvwu| prelolw| dqg jhrjudsklf frq0 fhqwudwlrq lq wkh Hxurshdq Xqlrq/ iruwkfrplqjHfrqrplfv Ohwwhuv1

^:` Eduulrv/ V1/ O1 Ehuwlqhool dqg H1 Vwureo +5336,/ Frdjjorphudwlrq dqg Jurzwk/ FHSU glvfxvvlrq sdshu q6<9<1

^;` Eduu|/ I1 dqg M1 Eudgoh| +4<<:,/ IGL dqg Wudgh= Wkh Lulvk Krvw0 Frxqwu| H{shulhqfh/Hfrqrplf Mrxuqdo 43:+778,= 4:<;04;441

^<` Ehuqdug/ D1 dqg M1 Mhqvhq +4<<8,/ H{sruwhuv/ Mrev/ dqg Zdjhv lq X1V1 Pdqxidfwxulqj/ 4<:904<;:/Eurrnlqjv Sdshuv rq Hfrqrplf Dfwlylw|/ Pl0 furhfrqrplfv/ Zdvklqjwrq GF

^43` Erwwd}}l/ O1 dqg J1 Shul +5336,/ Lqqrydwlrq/ Ghpdqg dqg Nqrzohgjh Vslooryhuv= Wkhru| dqg Hylghqfh iurp Hxurshdq Uhjlrqv/ iruwkfrplqj Hxurshdq Hfrqrplf Uhylhz

^44` Flffrqh/ D1 +5335,/ Djjorphudwlrq Hhfwv lq Hxursh/ Hxurshdq Hfr0 qrplf Uhylhz/ 79+5,= 54605:1

^45` Flffrqh/ D1 dqg U1 Kdoo +4<<9,/ Surgxfwlylw| dqg wkh Ghqvlw| ri Hfr0 qrplf Dfwlylw|/Dphulfdq Hfrqrplf Uhylhz/ ;9+4,= 870:31

^46` Frpehv/ S0Sk1 dqg K1 Ryhupdq +5337,/ Wkh vsdwldo glvwulexwlrq ri hfrqrplf dfwlylwlhv lq wkh Hxurshdq Xqlrq/ lq MI1 Wklvvh dqg MY1 Khqghuvrq +Hgv1,/ Kdqgerrn ri Uhjlrqdo Dqg Xuedq Hfrqrplfv/ Yro0 xph 71 Dpvwhugdp= Qruwk Kroodqg1

(26)

^47` Ghyhuhx{ P1/ U1 Jul!wk dqg K1 Vlpsvrq +4<<<,/ Wkh jhrjudsklfdo Glvwulexwlrq ri Surgxfwlrq Dfwlylw| lq wkh XN/ LIV zrunlqj sdshu Q592<<1

^48` Gxpdlv/ J1/ J1 Hoolvrq dqg H1 Jodhvhu +5335,/ Jhrjudsklf Frqfhqwud0 wlrq dv d G|qdplf Surfhvv/ Uhylhz ri Hfrqrplfv dqg Vwdwlvwlfv/;7+5,=

4<605371

^49` Gxudqwrq/ J1 dqg K1 Ryhupdq +5335,/ Whvwlqj iru Orfdolvdwlrq xvlqj Plfur0Jhrjudsklf Gdwd/ Plphr O rqgrq Vfkrro ri Hfrqrplfv1

^4:` Gxudqwrq/ J1 dqg G1 Sxjd +5337,/ Plfur0irxqgdwlrqv ri xuedq djjorp0 hudwlrq hfrqrplhv/ lq MI1 Wklvvh dqg MY1 Khqghuvrq/ Kdqgerrn ri Uh0 jlrqdo Dqg Xuedq Hfrqrplfv/ Yroxph 71

^4;` Hoolvrq/ J dqg HO1 Jodhvhu +4<<:,/ Jhrjudsklf Frqfhqwudwlrq lq X1V1 Pdqxidfwxulqj Lqgxvwulhv= D Gduwerdug Dssurdfk/Mrxuqdo ri Srolwlfdo Hfrqrp|/ 438+8,= ;;<0<5:1

^4<` Hoolvrq/ J dqg H1 Jodhvhu +4<<<,/ Wkh Jhrjudsklf Frqfhqwudwlrq ri Lqgxvwu|= Grhv Qdwxudo Dgydqwdjh H{sodlq DjjorphudwlrqB/Dphulfdq Hfrqrplf Uhylhz/ Sdshuv dqg Surfhhglqjv/ ;<+5,= 6440491

^53` Hxurshdq Frpplvvlrq +5333,/ Uhdo Frqyhujhqfh dqg Fdwfklqj Xs lq wkh HX/ Hxurshdq Hfrqrp|/ :4/ fkds18/ Euxvvhov1

^54` Ihogpdq/ PS1 dqg Dxguhwvfk/ GE1 +4<<<,/ Lqqrydwlrqv lq flwlhv=

vflhqfh0edvhg glyhuvlw|/ vshfldol}dwlrq dqg orfdolvhg frpshwlwlrq/ Hx0 urshdq Hfrqrplf Uhylhz 76+5,/ 73<075<1

^55` Ixmlwd/ P1/ S1 Nuxjpdq dqg DM1 Yhqdeohv +4<<<,/Wkh Vsdwldo Hfrqrp|=

Flwlhv/ Uhjlrqv dqg Lqwhuqdwlrqdo Wudgh/ Fdpeulgjh/ PD= PLW Suhvv1

^56` Ixmlwd/ P1 dqg M0I1 Wklvvh +5335,/Hfrqrplfv ri Djjorphudwlrq= Flwlhv/

Lqgxvwuldo Orfdwlrq/ dqg Uhjlrqdo Jurzwk/ Fdpeulgjh/ XN= Fdpeulgjh Xqlyhuvlw| Suhvv1

^57` Jodhvhu/ H1/ K1 Ndoodo/ M1 Vfkhlqnpdq dqg D1 Vkohlihu +4<<5,/ Jurzwk lq Flwlhv/Mrxuqdo ri Srolwlfdo Hfrqrp|/ 433+9,= 4459044851

^58` Kdw}lfkurqrjorx/ W1 +4<<:,/ Uhylvlrq ri Kljk0Whfkqrorj| Vhfwru dqg Surgxfw Vshflfdwlrq/VWL Zrunlqj Sdshu Vhulhv4<<:25 RHFG/ Sdulv1

^59` Khqghuvrq/ Y1+4<:7,/ Wkh vl}hv dqg w|shv ri flwlhv/Dphulfdq Hfrqrplf Uhylhz/ 97= 9730891

(27)

^5:` Khqghuvrq/ Y1+4<;;,/ Xuedq Ghyhorsphqw= Wkhru|/ Idfw/ dqg Looxvlrq1 Qhz \run= R{irug Xqlyhuvlw| Suhvv1

^5;` Khqghuvrq/Y1/ D1 Nxqfrur dqg P1 Wxuqhu +4<<8,/ Lqgxvwuldo Ghyhors0 phqw lq Flwlhv/ Mrxuqdo ri Srolwlfdo Hfrqrp|/ 436+8,= 439:0<31

^5<` Krophv/ W1 dqg M1 Vwhyhqv +5335,/ Jhrjudsklf Frqfhqwudwlrq dqg Hv0 wdeolvkphqw Vfdoh/ Uhylhz ri Hfrqrplfv dqg Vwdwlvwlfv/ ;7+7,= 9;509<3

^63` Mdh/ D1/ P1 Wudmwhqehuj dqg U1 Khqghuvrq +4<<6,/ Jhrjudsklf Or0 fdol}dwlrq ri Nqrzohgjh Vslooryhuv dv Hylghqfhg e| Sdwhqw Flwdwlrqv/

Txduwhuo| Mrxuqdo ri Hfrqrplfv/ 43;+6,= 8::0<;1

^64` Nlp/ \1/ G1 Edunoh| dqg P1 Khqu| +5333,/ Lqgxvwu| Fkdudfwhulv0 wlfv olqnhg wr Hvwdeolvkphqw Frqfhqwudwlrqv lq Qrqphwursrolwdq Duhdv/

Mrxuqdo ri Uhjlrqdo Vflhqfh/ 73+5,= 564058<1

^65` Odprujhvh/ D1 dqg JLS1 Rwwdyldqr +5335,/ Vsdfh/ Idfwruv dqg Vslooryhuv/plphr1

^66` Pdxuho/ I dqg E1 Vìgloorw +4<<<,/ D Phdvxuh ri wkh Jhrjudsklf Frq0 fhqwudwlrq lq Iuhqfk Pdqxidfwxulqj Lqgxvwulhv/ Uhjlrqdo Vflhqfh dqg Xuedq Hfrqrplfv/ 5<+8,= 8:809371

^67` Plghoiduw0Nqduyln/ N0K1/ K1 Ryhupdq/ V1 Uhgglqj dqg D1 Yhqdeohv +5333,/ Wkh Orfdwlrq ri Hxurshdq Lqgxvwu|/ Frpplvvlrq ri wkh HHF 0 Hfrq/ Hfrqrplf Sdshuv q4751

^68` Prqiruw/ S1 dqg J1L1S1 Rwwdyldqr +5333,/ Orfdo Oderu Pdunhwv/

Vnloo Dffxpxodwlrq dqg Uhjlrqdo Glvsdulwlhv/ plphr LUHV/ Xqlyhuvlwì fdwkroltxh gh Orxydlq1

^69` Prrpdz/ U1 +4<;4,/ Surgxfwlylw| dqg Flw| Vl}h= D Fulwltxh ri wkh Hylghqfh/ Txduwhuo| Mrxuqdo ri Hfrqrplfv/<9+7,= 9:80;;1

^6:` Prudq/ S1 +4<83,/ D Whvw iru Vhuldo Lqghshqghqfh ri Uhvlgxdov/

Elrphwulnd/ 6:= 4:;04;41

^6;` Rwwdyldqr/ JLS +4<<<,/ Lqwhjudwlrq/ Jhrjudsk| dqg wkh Exughq ri klv0 wru|/ Uhjlrqdo Vflhqfh dqg Xuedq Hfrqrplfv/5<+5,= 5780891

^6<` Ryhupdq/ K1 dqg G1 Sxjd +5335,/ Xqhpsor|phqw Foxvwhuv dfurvv Hx0 ursh*v Uhjlrqv dqg Frxqwulhv/Hfrqrplf Srolf|/3+67,= 4480761

(28)

^73` Sxjd/ G1 +5335,/ Hxurshdq uhjlrqdo srolflhv lq oljkw ri uhfhqw orfdwlrq wkhrulhv/ Mrxuqdo ri Hfrqrplf Jhrjudsk|/ 5+7,= 6:607391

^74` S|nh/ I1/ J1 Ehffdwlql dqg Z1 Vhqjhqehujhu +Hg1, +4<<3,/ Lqgxvwuldo Glvwulfwv dqg Lqwhuupv Frrshudwlrq lq Lwdo|/ Lqwhuqdwlrqdo Lqvwlwxwh iru Oderxu Vwxglhv/ Jhqhyd1

^75` Udxfk/ M1 +4<<6,/ Surgxfwlylw| Jdlqv iurp Jhrjudsklf Frqfhqwudwlrq ri Kxpdq Fdslwdo= Hylghqfh iurp wkh Flwlhv/ Mrxuqdo ri Xuedq Hfr0 qrplfv/ 67+6,= 6;30733

^76` Urvhqwkdo/ V1 dqg Z1 Vwudqjh +5334,/ Wkh Ghwhuplqdqwv ri Djjorphu0 dwlrq/ Mrxuqdo ri Xuedq Hfrqrplfv/ 83+5,=4<4055<

^77` Vd{hqldq/ D1 +4<<7,/Uhjlrqdo Dgydqwdjh = Fxowxuh dqg Frpshwlwlrq lq Vlolfrq Ydooh| dqg Urxwh 45;/ Kduydug Xqlyhuvlw| Suhvv1

^78` Vyhlndxvndv/ O1 +4<:8,/ Wkh Surgxfwlylw| ri Flwlhv/ Txduwhuo| Mrxuqdo ri Hfrqrplfv/ ;<+6,= 6<60746

^79` Wdexfkl/ W1 +4<;9,/ Xuedq Djjorphudwlrq/ Fdslwdo Dxjphqwlqj Whfk0 qrorj|/ dqg Oderu Pdunhw Htxloleulxp/ Mrxuqdo ri Xuedq Hfrqrplfv/

53+5,= 554055;1

^7:` Whl{hlud/ DF1 +5335,/ Wkh Jhrjudsklf Glvwulexwlrq ri Hfrqrplf Dfwly0 lw| lq Sruwxjdo dqg lwv Ghwhuplqdqwv/plphr FRUH1