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miRNA-deletion mutants were screened for effects on protein degradation, which led to the identification of mir-70 and mir-239 as potential regulators of proteostasis

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Academic year: 2021

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Abstract i

Abstract

Eukaryotic cells provide two proteolytic systems to maintain protein homeostasis (proteostasis): The autophagy-lysosome pathway and the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). It is of utmost importance that the activity of ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is tightly controlled during conditions of proteotoxic stress, in which the cell faces increased amounts of misfolded proteins, which disturb vital cellular functions and eventually lead to neurodegenerative diseases. Despite a multitude of studies uncovering components of the basal machinery of both protein degradation pathways, the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in adjusting the activity and the communication of both ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis systems during proteotoxic stress has not been addressed thus far.

To uncover proteostasis-linked miRNAs, an RNA-sequencing approach using Caenorhabditis elegans as a multicellular organism was conducted. Worms were exposed to proteotoxic stress conditions challenging either proteolytic system.

Bioinformatic sequence analysis identified several regulated miRNAs. miRNA-deletion mutants were screened for effects on protein degradation, which led to the identification of mir-70 and mir-239 as potential regulators of proteostasis.

The deletion mutant mir-70(n4109) showed mild defects in autophagy and increased amounts of insoluble protein aggregates. Moreover, mir-70(n4109) was short-lived and had an extended generation time. By mass spectrometry analysis, metr-1 and cbs-1 were identified to be potential targets of mir-70, linking cysteine and methionine metabolism to proteolysis. mir-239 was upregulated under all tested proteostasis- challenging conditions and the lifespan of mir-239(nDf62) deletion mutants was reduced.

Interestingly, mir-239 overexpression in the whole organism was not sufficient to rescue the short lifespan of mir-239(nDf62), pointing to the need of a tight spatial-temporal regulation of mir-239 expression.

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Zusammenfassung ii

Zusammenfassung

Ekuaryoten besitzen zwei zelluläre proteolytische Systeme, die fehlgefaltete Proteine abbauen, das Autophagie-Lysosom-System (Autophagie) und das Ubiquitin-Proteasom- System (UPS). Die Regulation beider Systeme ist von größter Bedeutung, vor allem während Stressbedingungen, in denen vermehrt fehlgefaltete Proteine akkumulieren, die schließlich auch zu der Entwicklung neurodegenerativer Krankheiten führen können.

Trotz zahlreicher Studien, welche zur Entschlüsselung der Komponenten beider Systeme führten, wurde die Rolle von mikro-RNAs (miRNAs) in diesem Zusammenhang noch nicht ausreichend erforscht.

Um Proteostasis-assoziierte miRNAs zu identifizieren, wurde ein RNA- Sequenzierungs-Screen in Caenorhabditis elegans durchgeführt. Würmer wurden verschiedenen proteotoxischen Bedingungen ausgesetzt, die die Aktivität beider proteolytischen Systeme regulierten. Bioinformatische Analysen der Sequenzierungsergebnisse identifizierten zahlreiche regulierte miRNAs. miRNA- Deletionsmutanten wurden auf Proteinabbaudefekte überprüft und mir-70 und mir-239 konnten als potenzielle Regulatoren der Proteolyse identifiziert werden.

Die Deletionsmutante mir-70(n4109) zeigte milde Defekte in Autophagie und wies eine vermehrte Akkumulation von Proteinaggregaten auf. Zusätzlich war mir-70(n4109) kurzlebig und verzögert in der Entwicklung. Massenspektrometrische Analysen des Proteoms zeigten, dass metr-1 und cbs-1 potenzielle Targets von mir-70 sind und stellen somit eine Verbindung des Cystein- und Methioninmetabolismus mit Proteolyse her.

Transkriptionslevel von mir-239 waren in allen getesteten Bedingungen erhöht und die mir-239(nDf62) Deletionsmutante zeigte eine kürzere Lebensspanne. Rettungsversuche mit einem mir-239 Transgen konnten diese Kurzlebigkeit nicht retten, was auf die Notwendigkeit einer streng kontrollierten raumzeitlichen Regulation von mir-239 hinweist.

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