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Socio-Demographic Changes in Japan and Germany and Cross-Cultural Comparisons of the Value of Children

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First publ. in: Socio-Cultural Transformation in the 21st Century? Risks and Challenges of Social Changes / ed. by Shigekazu Kusune ...

Kanazawa: Electric Publ. Co., 2007, pp. 243-265

Konstanzer Online-Publikations-System (KOPS) URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-opus-80782

URL: http://kops.ub.uni-konstanz.de/volltexte/2009/8078/

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