Ice-Induced Vibrations of Vertical Structures
Vom Promotionsausschuss der Technischen Universität Hamburg zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades
Doktor-Ingenieurin (Dr.-Ing.)
genehmigte Dissertation
von Gesa Ziemer
aus Hamburg
2021
2. Gutachter: Prof. D. Sc. (Tech.) Sören Ehlers
Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 30.11.2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.15480/882.4018 ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6617-3658
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA.
❊✐"✲❡%%❡❣'❡ ❙❝❤✇✐♥❣✉♥❣❡♥ "'❡❧❧❡♥ ❡✐♥ ❡%❤❡❜❧✐❝❤❡" ❘✐"✐❦♦ ❢4% ❢❡"' ❣❡❣%4♥❞❡'❡✱ ✈❡%'✐❦❛❧❡
❖✛"❤♦%❡ ❙'%✉❦'✉%❡♥ ✐♥ ❇❡%❡✐❝❤❡♥ ♠✐' ▼❡❡%❡✐"✲❱♦%❦♦♠♠❡♥ ❞❛%✳ ❖❜✇♦❤❧ ♥❛❝❤ ❞❡♥ ❡%"'❡♥
❇❡♦❜❛❝❤'✉♥❣❡♥ "♦❧❝❤❡% ❙❝❤✇✐♥❣✉♥❣❡♥ ❞✐❡"❡♠ ❚❤❡♠❛ ❡✐♥✐❣❡ ❏❛❤%③❡❤♥'❡ ❧❛♥❣ ✉♠❢❛♥❣%❡✐✲
❝❤❡ ❋♦%"❝❤✉♥❣ ❣❡✇✐❞♠❡' ✇✉%❞❡✱ ❦♦♥♥'❡ ❞✐❡ ❋%❛❣❡ ♥❛❝❤ ❞❡♠ ③✉❣%✉♥❞❡ ❧✐❡❣❡♥❞❡♥ ▼❡❝❤❛✲
♥✐"♠✉" ❜✐"❤❡% ♥♦❝❤ ♥✐❝❤' ❛❜"❝❤❧✐❡D❡♥❞ ❣❡❦❧E%' ✇❡%❞❡♥✳ ❊" ❡①✐"'✐❡%❡♥ ♠❡❤%❡%❡ '❤❡♦%❡'✐"❝❤❡
▼♦❞❡❧❧❡✱ ❞✐❡ ③✉♠ ❚❡✐❧ ❣✉'❡ G❜❡%❡✐♥"'✐♠♠✉♥❣ ♠✐' ❇❡♦❜❛❝❤'✉♥❣❡♥ ③❡✐❣❡♥✳ ❉❡♥♥♦❝❤ ❦♦♥♥✲
'❡♥ ✐❤%❡ ♣❤②"✐❦❛❧✐"❝❤❡♥ ●%✉♥❞❧❛❣❡♥ ❜✐"❤❡% ♥✐❝❤' ✈❛❧✐❞✐❡%' ✇❡%❞❡♥✳
❆❦'✉❡❧❧❡ ❚❤❡♦%✐❡♥ ❜❡"❛❣❡♥✱ ❞❛"" ❞✐❡ ❊♥'✇✐❝❦❧✉♥❣ ❞❡% ❑♦♥'❛❦'✢E❝❤❡ ③✇✐"❝❤❡♥ ❊✐" ✉♥❞
❙'%✉❦'✉% ❡✐♥❡ ❡♥'"❝❤❡✐❞❡♥❞❡ ❘♦❧❧❡ ✐♥ ❞❡% ❊♥'"'❡❤✉♥❣ ❊✐"✲❡%%❡❣'❡% ❙❝❤✇✐♥❣✉♥❣❡♥ "♣✐❡❧'✳
❇✐"❤❡% ❦♦♥♥'❡ ❞✐❡ ❑♦♥'❛❦'✢E❝❤❡ ❥❡❞♦❝❤ ♥✐❝❤' ♠✐' ❛✉"%❡✐❝❤❡♥❞❡% ●❡♥❛✉✐❣❦❡✐' ❣❡♠❡""❡♥
✇❡%❞❡♥✳ ❉❛❤❡% ✇✉%❞❡♥ ❢4% ❞✐❡ ✈♦%❧✐❡❣❡♥❞❡ ❆%❜❡✐' ▼♦❞❡❧❧✈❡%"✉❝❤❡ ♠✐' ❡✐♥❡♠ ✢❡①✐❜❧❡♥
❆✉❢❜❛✉ ❞✉%❝❤❣❡❢4❤%'✱ ❜❡✐ ❞❡♥❡♥ ❢4% ✉♥'❡%"❝❤✐❡❞❧✐❝❤❡ ❙'%✉❦'✉%✲ ✉♥❞ ❊✐"♣❛%❛♠❡'❡% ❞✐❡
❧♦❦❛❧❡♥ ❉%4❝❦❡ "♦✇✐❡ ❞✐❡ ❑♦♥'❛❦'✢E❝❤❡ ③✇✐"❝❤❡♥ ❊✐" ✉♥❞ ❙'%✉❦'✉% ❡%♠✐''❡❧' ✇❡%❞❡♥
❦♦♥♥'❡♥✳ ❊✐♥❡ ❆♥❛❧②"❡ ❞❡% ❡%❤♦❜❡♥❡♥ ❉❛'❡♥ ③❡✐❣' ❡✐♥❡♥ ❦❧❛%❡♥ ❩✉"❛♠♠❡♥❤❛♥❣ ③✇✐✲
"❝❤❡♥ ❞❡% ❊♥'✇✐❝❦❧✉♥❣ ✈♦♥ ❧♦❦❛❧❡♠ ❱❡%"❛❣❡♥ "♦✇✐❡ ❞❡% ❑♦♥'❛❦'✢E❝❤❡ ✉♥❞ ❞❡% ❘❡❧❛'✐✈✲
❣❡"❝❤✇✐♥❞✐❣❦❡✐' ③✇✐"❝❤❡♥ ❊✐" ✉♥❞ ❙'%✉❦'✉%✳ ▼✐' ❞❡♥ ❣❡✇♦♥♥❡♥❡♥ ❊%❦❡♥♥'♥✐""❡♥ ✇✉%❞❡♥
❞✐❡ ❡①✐"'✐❡%❡♥❞❡♥ ❚❤❡♦%✐❡♥ ❞✐"❦✉'✐❡%'✳ ❇❛"✐❡%❡♥❞ ❞❛%❛✉❢ ✇✉%❞❡ ❡✐♥❡ ❱♦%❤❡%"❛❣❡♠❡'❤♦❞❡
❛❜❣❡❧❡✐'❡'✱ ♠✐' ❞❡%❡♥ ❍✐❧❢❡ ❞❡% ❦%✐'✐"❝❤❡ ●❡"❝❤✇✐♥❞✐❣❦❡✐'"❜❡%❡✐❝❤ ❢4% ❊✐"✲❡%%❡❣'❡ ❙❝❤✇✐♥✲
❣✉♥❣❡♥ ❞✐%❡❦' ❜❡%❡❝❤♥❡' ✇❡%❞❡♥ ❦❛♥♥✳
❆❜"❝❤❧✐❡D❡♥❞ ✇✉%❞❡ ❞✐❡ ❙❦❛❧✐❡%❜❛%❦❡✐' ✈♦♥ ❊✐"✲❡%%❡❣'❡♥ ❙❝❤✇✐♥❣✉♥❣❡♥ ❛♥❤❛♥❞ ❞❡% ❊%❣❡❜✲
♥✐""❡ ❞❡% ♣❤②"✐❦❛❧✐"❝❤❡♥ ❱❡%"✉❝❤❡ ✉♥❞ ❞❡% ❛❜❣❡❧❡✐'❡'❡♥ '❤❡♦%❡'✐"❝❤❡♥ ❩✉"❛♠♠❡♥❤E♥❣❡
❞✐"❦✉'✐❡%'✳ ❉❛ ❞❛" ✈❡%✇❡♥❞❡'❡ ▼♦❞❡❧❧❡✐" ❡%❤❡❜❧✐❝❤❡ ❊✐♥"❝❤%E♥❦✉♥❣❡♥ ✐♥ ❞❡% ❉❛%"'❡❧✲
❧✉♥❣ ✈♦♥ ❉%✉❝❦✈❡%"❛❣❡♥ ❛♥ ✈❡%'✐❦❛❧❡♥ ❙'%✉❦'✉%❡♥ ③❡✐❣'❡✱ ✉♠❢❛""' ❞✐❡"❡ ❆%❜❡✐' ❛✉❝❤ ❡%"'❡
❙❝❤%✐''❡ ③✉% ❊♥'✇✐❝❦❧✉♥❣ ❡✐♥❡% ♥❡✉❡♥ ❍❡%"'❡❧❧✉♥❣"✇❡✐"❡ ❢4% ▼♦❞❡❧❧❡✐"✱ ❞❛" ❉%✉❝❦✈❡%"❛❣❡♥
%❡❛❧✐"'✐"❝❤❡% ✐♠ ♣❤②"✐❦❛❧✐"❝❤❡♥ ▼♦❞❡❧❧✈❡%"✉❝❤ ❛❜❜✐❧❞❡♥ ❦❛♥♥✳
✸
■❝❡✲✐♥❞✉❝❡❞ ✈✐❜*❛,✐♦♥. ❛*❡ ❛ .❡*✐♦✉. *✐.❦ ❢♦* ✜①❡❞ ✈❡*,✐❝❛❧ ♦✛.❤♦*❡ .,*✉❝,✉*❡. ❧♦❝❛,❡❞ ✐♥
❛*❡❛. ✇✐,❤ .❡❛ ✐❝❡ ♦❝❝✉**❡♥❝❡✳ ❉❡.♣✐,❡ ❡①,❡♥.✐✈❡ *❡.❡❛*❝❤ ✐♥ ,❤❡ ❞❡❝❛❞❡. ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ,❤❡
✜*., ❢✉❧❧ .❝❛❧❡ ♦❜.❡*✈❛,✐♦♥✱ ,❤❡ ✉♥❞❡*❧②✐♥❣ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐.♠ ✐. .,✐❧❧ ♥♦, ❡♥,✐*❡❧② ✉♥❞❡*.,♦♦❞ ,♦
❞❛,❡✳ ❚❤❡♦*❡,✐❝❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧. ❡①✐., ✇❤✐❝❤ .❤♦✇ ❣♦♦❞ ❝♦♥.✐.,❡♥❝② ✇✐,❤ ♦❜.❡*✈❛,✐♦♥.❀ ❤♦✇❡✈❡*✱
,❤❡✐* ♣❤②.✐❝❛❧ ✈❛❧✐❞✐,② ❝♦✉❧❞ ♥♦, ❜❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉.✐✈❡❧② ♣*♦✈❡♥ ②❡,✳
❘❡❝❡♥, ,❤❡♦*✐❡. ❝♦♥.✐❞❡* ,❤❡ ❝♦♥,❛❝, ❛*❡❛ ❜❡,✇❡❡♥ .,*✉❝,✉*❡ ❛♥❞ ✐❝❡ ,♦ ♣❧❛② ❛ ❞❡❝✐.✐✈❡
*♦❧❡ ✐♥ ,❤❡ ♦❝❝✉**❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ✐❝❡✲✐♥❞✉❝❡❞ ❢*❡A✉❡♥❝② ❧♦❝❦✲✐♥ ✈✐❜*❛,✐♦♥.✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡*✱ ✐, ❤❛. ♥♦,
❜❡❡♥ ♣♦..✐❜❧❡ .♦ ❢❛* ,♦ ♠❡❛.✉*❡ ,❤❡ ❛❝,✉❛❧ ❝♦♥,❛❝, ❛*❡❛ ❞✉*✐♥❣ .✉❝❤ ✈✐❜*❛,✐♦♥. ❛, .✉✣✲
❝✐❡♥, .♣❛,✐❛❧ *❡.♦❧✉,✐♦♥✳ ❋♦* ,❤✐. ,❤❡.✐.✱ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐❝❡ ,❡.,. ✇✐,❤ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧✐❛♥, ♣❤②.✐❝❛❧ ,❡., .❡,✉♣ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❝♦♥❞✉❝,❡❞ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛❧❧♦✇❡❞ ♠❡❛.✉*❡♠❡♥, ♦❢ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❧♦❛❞. ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥,❛❝, ❛*❡❛
✇❤✐❧❡ ✈❛*②✐♥❣ .❡✈❡*❛❧ .,*✉❝,✉*❛❧ ❛♥❞ ✐❝❡ ♣❛*❛♠❡,❡*.✳ ❆♥❛❧②.✐. ♦❢ ,❤❡ ♠❡❛.✉*❡♠❡♥,. ❣✐✈❡.
✐♥.✐❣❤, ✐♥,♦ ,❤❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❢❛✐❧✉*❡ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥,❛❝, ❛*❡❛ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥, ♦♥ *❡❧❛,✐✈❡ ✈❡✲
❧♦❝✐,② ❜❡,✇❡❡♥ ✐❝❡ ❛♥❞ .,*✉❝,✉*❡✳ ❲✐,❤ ,❤✐. ♥♦✈❡❧ ✐♥.✐❣❤,✱ ❡①✐.,✐♥❣ ,❤❡♦*✐❡. ❛*❡ ❡✈❛❧✉❛,❡❞
❛♥❞ ❞✐.❝✉..❡❞✳ ❆ ♣*❡❞✐❝,✐♦♥ ♠❡,❤♦❞ ✐. ❢♦*♠✉❧❛,❡❞ ,♦ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛,❡ ❝*✐,✐❝❛❧ ✈❡❧♦❝✐,✐❡. ❢♦* ,❤❡
♦❝❝✉**❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❢*❡A✉❡♥❝② ❧♦❝❦✲✐♥ ✈✐❜*❛,✐♦♥.✳
❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ,❤❡ ❡①♣❡*✐♠❡♥,❛❧ ❞❛,❛ ❜❛.❡ ✐. ✉.❡❞ ,♦ ❞✐.❝✉.. ,❤❡ .❝❛❧❛❜✐❧✐,② ♦❢ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ✐❝❡✲
.,*✉❝,✉*❡ ✐♥,❡*❛❝,✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ,❤❡ ❧✐♠✐,❛,✐♦♥. ♦❢ .❛❧✐♥❡ ❝♦❧✉♠♥❛* ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐❝❡ ✇✐,❤ *❡.♣❡❝, ,♦
*❡♣*❡.❡♥,❛,✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝*✉.❤✐♥❣ ❢❛✐❧✉*❡ ❛❣❛✐♥., ✈❡*,✐❝❛❧ .,*✉❝,✉*❡.✳ ❆♥ ❛❧,❡*♥❛,✐✈❡ ✐❝❡ ♣*❡♣❛✲
*❛,✐♦♥ ♣*♦❝❡❞✉*❡ ✐. .✉❣❣❡.,❡❞ ❛♥❞ ,❡.,❡❞✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦♥.,✐,✉,❡. ❛ .♦✉♥❞ ❜❛.✐. ❢♦* ❢✉*,❤❡*
❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥,✳
✹
❋✐"#$ ♦❢ ❛❧❧✱ ■ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ $♦ $❤❛♥❦ ♠② #✉♣❡"✈✐#♦" 6"♦❢✳ ◆♦"❜❡"$ ❍♦✛♠❛♥♥ ❢♦" ❤✐# #✉♣♣♦"$
❛♥❞ ❡♥❝♦✉"❛❣❡♠❡♥$✳ ❚❤❛♥❦# $♦ 6"♦❢✳ ❙@"❡♥ ❊❤❧❡"# ❢♦" #✉♣♣♦"$✐♥❣ ♠❡ ❛# #❡❝♦♥❞ ❡①❛♠✲
✐♥❡"✱ ❛♥❞ $♦ 6"♦❢✳ ❍✉❜❡" ❢♦" ❝❤❛✐"✐♥❣ $❤❡ ❝♦♠♠✐$$❡❡✳
■ ✇♦✉❧❞ ♥♦$ ❤❛✈❡ #$❛"$❡❞ $❤✐# ♣"♦❥❡❝$ ✇✐$❤♦✉$ $❤❡ ♠♦$✐✈❛$✐♦♥ ■ "❡❝❡✐✈❡❞ ❢"♦♠ 6❡$❡"
❏♦❝❤♠❛♥♥✱ ❢♦"♠❡" ❍❡❛❞ ♦❢ ❆"❝$✐❝ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ❉❡♣❛"$♠❡♥$ ❛$ ❍❙❱❆✱ ✇❤♦ #✉♣♣♦"$❡❞ ♠❡
✇✐$❤ ❤✐# ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡✱ ❢"✉✐$❢✉❧ ❞✐#❝✉##✐♦♥#✱ ❛♥❞ $"✉#$ ✐♥ ♠② #❦✐❧❧#✳
❚❤❛♥❦# ❛❧#♦ $♦ ❛❧❧ ♦$❤❡" ❝♦❧❧❡❛❣✉❡# ❢"♦♠ ❆"❝$✐❝ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② #❡❝$✐♦♥ ❛$ ❍❙❱❆ ✇❤♦ #❤❛"❡❞
$❤❡✐" ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❛♥❞ ✇❡"❡ ❛❧✇❛②# ♦♣❡♥ ❢♦" ❞✐#❝✉##✐♦♥#✳ ❙✐♥❝❡"❡ ❣"❛$✐$✉❞❡ $♦ $❤❡ ✇❤♦❧❡
✐❝❡ $❛♥❦ ❝"❡✇ ❢♦" ♣"♦❢❡##✐♦♥❛❧ ❡①❡❝✉$✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝♦✉♥$❧❡## $❡#$# ✇✐$❤ ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣✐♥❣ #❡$✉♣# ✲ ②♦✉
❞✐❞ ❛ ❣"❡❛$ ❥♦❜✦ ❚❤❛♥❦# $♦ ❍❙❱❆✬# ❈❆❉ ❉❡#✐❣♥❡"# ▼❛"❝ ❲❛❧❦❡♥❤♦"#$ ❛♥❞ ❡#♣❡❝✐❛❧❧②
▼✐❝❤❛❡❧ ◆❡✉♠❡✐❡" ❢♦" "❡❛❧✐③❛$✐♦♥ ♦❢ $❤❡ #❡$✉♣ ❞❡#✐❣♥✳ ❚❤❛♥❦# $♦ ❆♥❞② ❲✐$$ ❢♦" "❛"❡ ❜✉$
❛❧✇❛②# ❡♥❥♦②❛❜❧❡ ❋"✐❞❛②# ❛$ $❤❡ ♦✣❝❡✳
❚❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ $❡#$ ❡①❡❝✉$✐♦♥ ✇♦✉❧❞ ♥♦$ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ♣♦##✐❜❧❡ ✇✐$❤♦✉$ $❤❡ ✜♥❛♥❝✐❛❧ #✉♣♣♦"$
❢"♦♠ ❙❆▼❈♦❚ ❛♥❞ $❤❡ ■❱❖❙ ♣"♦❥❡❝$✳ ❙♣❡❝✐❛❧ $❤❛♥❦# $♦ ❛❧❧ ✐♥❞✉#$"② ❛♥❞ ❛❝❛❞❡♠✐❛
♣❛"$♥❡"#✿ ◆❚◆❯✱ ❚❯ ❉❡❧❢$✱ ❚♦$❛❧ ❊✫6 ◆♦"❣❡ ❆❙✱ ❙❤❡❧❧ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ◆♦"✇❛② ❆❙✱ ▼✉❧$✐✲
❝♦♥#✉❧$ ❆❙✱ ❉◆❱ ●▲✱ ❊♥❣✐❡ ❆❙✱ ❛♥❞ ❑✈❛❡"♥❡" ❆❙✳ ❊#♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ❍❛②♦ ❍❡♥❞"✐❦#❡✱ ❚♦"♦❞❞
◆♦"❞✱ ❘♦❜❡"$ ❇"✐❞❣❡# ❛♥❞ ❑❛❥ ❘✐#❦❛ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❛ "❡❛❧ #✉♣♣♦"$ ✇✐$❤ ✐♥$❡"❡#$✐♥❣ ❞✐#❝✉#✲
#✐♦♥# ❛♥❞ ♣"♦❞✉❝$✐✈❡ #✉❣❣❡#$✐♦♥# ❞✉"✐♥❣ $❤❡ $❡#$ ❝❛♠♣❛✐❣♥#✳
❚❤❡ ❞❛$❛ ❛♥❛❧②#✐# ❤❛# ❜❡❡♥ ♣❛"$❧② ✜♥❛♥❝❡❞ ❜② $❤❡ ♣"♦❥❡❝$ ❈♦6❙■❙ ❢✉♥❞❡❞ ❜② $❤❡ ❋❡❞❡"❛❧
▼✐♥✐#$"② ❢♦" ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ❆✛❛✐"# ❛♥❞ ❊♥❡"❣② ✭❇▼❲✐✱ 6"♦❥❡❝$ ❖✸❙❳✹✵✽❆✮✳
❙❡✈❡"❛❧ ❜❛❝❤❡❧♦" ❛♥❞ ♠❛#$❡" #$✉❞❡♥$# ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❤❡❧♣✐♥❣ ♦✉$ ✇✐$❤ $❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ $❡#$#✳
❚❤❛♥❦# ✐♥ ♣❛"$✐❝✉❧❛" $♦ ❏♦♥❛# ❇❡❝❤$❤♦❧❞✱ ❈❧❡♠❡♥# ❉❡✉$#❝❤✱ ❈♦❞② ❖✇❡♥ ❛♥❞ ❋"❛♥③✐#❦❛
▼a❧❧❡" ❢♦" $❤❡✐" ❤❡❧♣❢✉❧ ✇♦"❦✱ ❛♥❞ ❢♦" #❤❛"✐♥❣ ♠② ❡♥$❤✉#✐❛#♠ ❛❜♦✉$ #$"✉❝$✉"❡# $❤❛$ #$❛"$
#❤❛❦✐♥❣ ✐♥ $❤❡ ❜❛#✐♥✳ ❚❤❛♥❦# $♦ ♠② ❝♦❧❧❡❛❣✉❡# 6❤✐❧✐♣ ❍✐♥#❡ ❛♥❞ ❚✐♠♦ ❙$❛♥❣❡ ❢♦" ♣"♦✲
❢❡##✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♥$✐♥✉❛$✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♠② ♣"♦❥❡❝$# ✇❤❡♥ ■ ✇❛# ♦♥ ❧❡❛✈❡✳
❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ♠② ❢❛♠✐❧②✿ ❚❤❛♥❦# $♦ ♠② ♣❛"❡♥$# ▼❛✐❦❡ ❛♥❞ ●❡"❞ ❖♥❦❡♥ ❢♦" $❤❡✐" ✉♥✇❛✈❡"✐♥❣
#✉♣♣♦"$✱ ❛♥❞ ❢♦" ♣"♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ $❤❡ ❜❛#✐# ■ ♥❡❡❞❡❞ $♦ ❣"♦✇ ✉♣ $♦ $❤❡ ♣❡"#♦♥ ■ ❛♠ $♦❞❛②✳ ▼②
❤✉#❜❛♥❞ ❚✐♠ ❢♦" ❜❡✐♥❣ ♠② #❛❢❡ ❤❛"❜♦✉"✱ ♥♦ ♠❛$$❡" ✇❤❛$ $❤✐# ❧✐❢❡ ♠✐❣❤$ ❜"✐♥❣✳ ■ ✇♦✉❧❞
♥♦$ ❤❛✈❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡❞ $♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡$❡ $❤✐# $❤❡#✐# ✇✐$❤♦✉$ ❤✐# ✉♥❧✐♠✐$❡❞ #✉♣♣♦"$✳
■ ❛♠ ❜❧❡##❡❞ ✇✐$❤ $✇♦ ❛❞♦"❛❜❧❡ #♦♥# ✇❤♦ ♠❛❦❡ ♠② ❧✐❢❡ #♦ ♠✉❝❤ ❜"✐❣❤$❡"✳ ❙❡❡✐♥❣ $❤❡
✇♦"❧❞ $❤"♦✉❣❤ $❤❡✐" ❡②❡# ♣✉$# $❤✐♥❣# ✐♥$♦ $❤❡ "✐❣❤$ ♣❡"#♣❡❝$✐✈❡✳ ❚❛♣✐♦ ❛♥❞ ▼✐❦♦ ✲ ✇♦"❞#
❝❛♥♥♦$ ❡①♣"❡## ❤♦✇ ♠✉❝❤ ■ ❧♦✈❡ ②♦✉✱ ❛♥❞ ❤♦✇ ❣"❛$❡❢✉❧ ■ ❛♠ ❢♦" $❤❡ ❧♦✈❡ ②♦✉ "❡$✉"♥✳
✺
❈♦♥#❡♥#%
✶✳ ■♥$%♦❞✉❝$✐♦♥ ✶✼
✷✳ ❙$❛$❡ ♦❢ $❤❡ ❛%$ ✲ ■❝❡ ❛❝$✐♦♥3 ♦♥ ✜①❡❞ ♦✛3❤♦%❡ 3$%✉❝$✉%❡3 ✶✾
✷✳✶✳ ■❝❡ ❢❛✐❧✉+❡ ♠♦❞❡/ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾
✷✳✷✳ ❈+✉/❤✐♥❣ +❡❣✐♠❡/ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵
✷✳✷✳✶✳ ■♥6❡+♠✐66❡♥6 ❝+✉/❤✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵
✷✳✷✳✷✳ ❋+❡8✉❡♥❝② ❧♦❝❦✲✐♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶
✷✳✷✳✸✳ ❈♦♥6✐♥✉♦✉/ ❜+✐66❧❡ ❝+✉/❤✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷
✷✳✸✳ ■❝❡✲✐♥❞✉❝❡❞ ✈✐❜+❛6✐♦♥/ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸
✷✳✸✳✶✳ ❉❡✜♥✐6✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❢+❡8✉❡♥❝② ❧♦❝❦✲✐♥ ✭❋▲■✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸
✷✳✸✳✷✳ ❋✉❧❧ /❝❛❧❡ ❞❛6❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺
✷✳✸✳✸✳ ▼♦❞❡❧ /❝❛❧❡ ❞❛6❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺
✷✳✸✳✹✳ ❚❤❡♦+✐❡/ ♦♥ 6❤❡ ♣❤②/✐❝❛❧ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐/♠ ♦❢ ❋▲■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽
✷✳✸✳✺✳ J+❡❞✐❝6✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❢+❡8✉❡♥❝② ❧♦❝❦✲✐♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵
✷✳✹✳ ❈♦♥❝❧✉/✐♦♥ ✲ ❈✉++❡♥6 ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❣❛♣/ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵
✸✳ ❊①♣❡%✐♠❡♥$❛❧ ✐♥✈❡3$✐❣❛$✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐❝❡✲✐♥❞✉❝❡❞ ✈✐❜%❛$✐♦♥3 ✸✷
✸✳✶✳ ❉❡/✐❣♥ ♦❢ ❡①♣❡+✐♠❡♥6/ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷
✸✳✶✳✶✳ ❚❡/6 ❢❛❝✐❧✐6② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸
✸✳✶✳✷✳ ▼♦❞❡❧ ✐❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹
✸✳✶✳✸✳ ❚❡/6 /❡6✉♣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺
✸✳✶✳✹✳ ❚❡/6 ♣+♦❝❡❞✉+❡ ❛♥❞ 6❡/6 ♠❛6+✐① ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾
✸✳✷✳ ▼❛✐♥ 6❡/6 ♦❜/❡+✈❛6✐♦♥/ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷
✸✳✸✳ ❉❛6❛ ♣♦/6✲♣+♦❝❡//✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺
✸✳✸✳✶✳ ▲♦❛❞ /❝❛❧❡ ❞❛6❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺
✸✳✸✳✷✳ J+❡//✉+❡ /❡♥/♦+ ❞❛6❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺
✹✳ ❆♥❛❧②3✐3 ♦❢ ❡①♣❡%✐♠❡♥$❛❧ ❞❛$❛ ✺✶
✹✳✶✳ ❈♦♠♣❛+❛6✐✈❡ ✐♥✈❡/6✐❣❛6✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝+✉/❤✐♥❣ +❡❣✐♠❡/ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶
✹✳✶✳✶✳ ■❞❡♥6✐✜❝❛6✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❢+❡8✉❡♥❝② ❧♦❝❦✲✐♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶
✹✳✶✳✷✳ ❈❤❛+❛❝6❡+✐/6✐❝/ ♦❢ ❞✐✛❡+❡♥6 ❝+✉/❤✐♥❣ 6②♣❡/ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺
✹✳✶✳✸✳ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥6 ♦❢ ❝♦♥6❛❝6 ❛+❡❛ ❛♥❞ ❧♦❝❛❧ ♣+❡//✉+❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵
✹✳✶✳✹✳ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥6 ♦❢ ❤✐❣❤ ♣+❡//✉+❡ ③♦♥❡/ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹
✹✳✷✳ ❈❤❛+❛❝6❡+✐③❛6✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❢+❡8✉❡♥❝② ❧♦❝❦✲✐♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾
✹✳✷✳✶✳ ❆//❡//♠❡♥6 ♦❢ ❋▲■ ❝+✐6❡+✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵
✹✳✷✳✷✳ J❤❛/❡/ ❡♥❛❜❧✐♥❣ 6❤❡ ❧♦❝❦✲✐♥ ❝②❝❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶
✹✳✸✳ ❉✐/❝✉//✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼
✹✳✸✳✶✳ ❈♦♠♣❛+✐/♦♥ 6♦ ❢✉❧❧ /❝❛❧❡ ❞❛6❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽
✹✳✸✳✷✳ ❈♦♠♣❛+✐/♦♥ ♦❢ +❡/✉❧6/ 6♦ ❝✉++❡♥6 6❤❡♦+✐❡/ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵
✺✳ D%❡❞✐❝$✐♦♥ ♠❡$❤♦❞ ❢♦% ❝%✐$✐❝❛❧ ✈❡❧♦❝✐$✐❡3 ❢♦% ♦❝❝✉%%❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❢%❡E✉❡♥❝② ❧♦❝❦✲✐♥ ✽✷
✺✳✶✳ J+❡❞✐❝6✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❛♥❞ ❛♥❛❧②6✐❝❛❧ ❢♦+♠✉❧❛6✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷
✻
✺✳✷✳ ❈❤♦✐❝❡ ♦❢ ✐♥♣✉- ♣❛/❛♠❡-❡/1 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹
✺✳✸✳ ❱❛❧✐❞❛-✐♦♥ ♦❢ -❤❡ ♣/❡❞✐❝-✐♦♥ ❢♦/♠✉❧❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽
✺✳✹✳ ❉✐1❝✉11✐♦♥ ♦❢ -❤❡ ♣/❡❞✐❝-✐♦♥ ♠❡-❤♦❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾
✻✳ ❙❝❛❧✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❝+✉-❤✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ✐❝❡✲✐♥❞✉❝❡❞ ✈✐❜+❛4✐♦♥- ✐♥ ♠♦❞❡❧ 4❡-4- ✾✸
✻✳✶✳ ❙❝❛❧✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❝/✉1❤✐♥❣ ✐♥-❡/❛❝-✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❋▲■ ✐♥ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸
✻✳✷✳ ❘❡♣/❡1❡♥-❛-✐♦♥ ♦❢ 1❡❛ ✐❝❡ ❝/✉1❤✐♥❣ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉/ ✐♥ ❧❛❜♦/❛-♦/② -❡1-1 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾
✻✳✷✳✶✳ ▲✐♠✐-❛-✐♦♥1 ♦❢ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾
✻✳✷✳✷✳ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥- ♦❢ ✐♠♣/♦✈❡❞ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐❝❡ ❢♦/ ❝/✉1❤✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾
✻✳✷✳✸✳ ❊①♣❡/✐♠❡♥-❛❧ ✈❛❧✐❞❛-✐♦♥ ♦❢ ■❈▼■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷
✼✳ ❈♦♥❝❧✉-✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♦✉4❧♦♦❦ ✶✵✼
❘❡❢❡+❡♥❝❡- ✶✶✵
❆✳ ❉❡4❛✐❧- ♦♥ ❝♦♥❞✉❝4❡❞ ♠♦❞❡❧ 4❡-4- ✶✶✾
❆✳✶✳ ❉❡-❡/♠✐♥❛-✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣❤②1✐❝❛❧ ♣❛/❛♠❡-❡/1 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✾
❆✳✷✳ ❉❡-❛✐❧1 ❢♦/ ❛❧❧ ❝♦♥❞✉❝-❡❞ -❡1- 1❡/✐❡1 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✼
❇✳ ❚❛❝4✐❧❡ -❡♥-♦+ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛4✐♦♥ ✐♥ ✐❝❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ 4❡-4- ✶✹✷
❈✳ ❋✉+4❤❡+ ❛♥❛❧②-✐- +❡-✉❧4- ✶✺✵
❈✳✶✳ ❉❡-❛✐❧1 ♦❢ ❝♦♠♣❛/❛-✐✈❡ ✐♥✈❡1-✐❣❛-✐♦♥ ♦❢ ■❈✱ ❋▲■ ❛♥❞ ❈❈ ❡✈❡♥-1 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺✵
❈✳✷✳ ❆❞❞✐-✐♦♥❛❧ ✐♥❢♦/♠❛-✐♦♥ ♦♥ ◆❙● ❧✐❣❤-❤♦✉1❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻✼
❈✳✸✳ ❋✉/-❤❡/ ✈❛❧✐❞❛-✐♦♥ ❝❛1❡1 ❢♦/ ♣/♦♣♦1❡❞ ♣/❡❞✐❝-✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻✽
✼
▲✐"# ♦❢ ❋✐❣✉)❡"
✶✳ ■❧❧✉%&'❛&✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝'✉%❤✐♥❣ ❛❣❛✐♥%& ✈❡'&✐❝❛❧ %&'✉❝&✉'❡% ❛♥❞ ❜❡♥❞✐♥❣ ❢❛✐❧✉'❡ ♦♥
%❧♦♣✐♥❣ %&'✉❝&✉'❡% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵
✷✳ ■❧❧✉%&'❛&✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝'✉%❤✐♥❣ ♠♦❞❡% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶
✸✳ ■❧❧✉%&'❛&✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝♦♥&❛❝& ❞✉'✐♥❣ ❝♦♥&✐♥✉♦✉% ❜'✐&&❧❡ ❝'✉%❤✐♥❣ ✇✐&❤ ❢♦'♠❛&✐♦♥
♦❢ ❤✐❣❤ ♣'❡%%✉'❡ ③♦♥❡% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷
✹✳ <❤♦&♦❣'❛♣❤ ♦❢ ◆♦'%&'>♠%❣'✉♥❞ ▲✐❣❤&❤♦✉%❡ ✇✐&❤ '✉❜❜❧❡ ❛❝❝✉♠✉❧❛&✐♦♥ ❛❢✲
&❡' ❝'✉%❤✐♥❣ ❢❛✐❧✉'❡ ♦❢ ❞'✐❢&✐♥❣ ❧❡✈❡❧ ✐❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻
✺✳ ❙❝❤❡♠❛&✐❝ ✐❧❧✉%&'❛&✐♦♥ ♦❢ &❤❡ ▼❛&❧♦❝❦ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽
✻✳ ❋♦'❝✐♥❣ ❢✉♥❝&✐♦♥ %✉❣❣❡%&❡❞ ❜② ❝✉''❡♥& ■❙❖ ❣✉✐❞❡❧✐♥❡% &♦ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛&❡ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝
✐❝❡ ❛❝&✐♦♥% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶
✼✳ ❙❦❡&❝❤ ♦❢ ♣❤②%✐❝❛❧ &❡%& %❡&✉♣ ❞❡%✐❣♥❡❞ ❢♦' <❤❛%❡ ✶✱ ♣'♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❜② ❍❙❱❆✬%
❈❆❉ ♦✣❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸
✽✳ ■❧❧✉%&'❛&✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❍❙❱❆✬% ▲❛'❣❡ ■❝❡ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❇❛%✐♥ ▲■▼❇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹
✾✳ ❱❡'&✐❝❛❧ &❤✐♥ %❡❝&✐♦♥% ♦❢ ❍❙❱❆✬% %&❛♥❞❛'❞ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺
✶✵✳ ❙❦❡&❝❤ ♦❢ &❤❡ &❡%& %❡&✉♣ ❞❡%✐❣♥❡❞ ❢♦' <❤❛%❡ ✷ ❛♥❞ ✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻
✶✶✳ <❤♦&♦❣'❛♣❤% ♦❢ &❤❡ %❡&✉♣ ✐♥%&❛❧❧❡❞ ✐♥ &❤❡ ♠♦♦♥♣♦♦❧ ♦❢ &❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❝❛''✐❛❣❡
%❡'✈✐♥❣ &❤❡ ▲■▼❇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼
✶✷✳ ❋❋❚ ♦❢ '❡%♣♦♥%❡ &✐♠❡ ❤✐%&♦'② ♦❜&❛✐♥❡❞ ❢'♦♠ ♣❧✉❝❦✐♥❣ &❡%& ✸✷✵✵✶✱ ❛♥❞
❧♦❛❞✲❞❡✢❡❝&✐♦♥ ❝✉'✈❡ ❢'♦♠ ♣✉❧❧♦✉& &❡%& ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼
✶✸✳ <❤♦&♦❣'❛♣❤% ♦❢ ❙❡♥%♦' ▲ ✭&②♣❡ ✺✷✻✵✮ ❛♥❞ %❡♥%♦' ❉ ✭&②♣❡ ✺✶✵✶✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽
✶✹✳ ❲❛&❡'❧✐♥❡ %❡❝&✐♦♥% ♦❢ &❡%&❡❞ ♠♦❞❡❧% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾
✶✺✳ ❚✐♠❡ ❤✐%&♦'✐❡% ♦❢ &♦&❛❧ ❧♦❛❞ ♠❡❛%✉'❡❞ ✐♥ ①✲❞✐'❡❝&✐♦♥✱ ❝♦''❡%♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ ❛❝❝❡❧✲
❡'❛&✐♦♥ ♦❢ &❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❛♥❞ %&❡♣♣❡❞ ✈❡❧♦❝✐&② ♣'♦✜❧❡ ♦❢ ❘✉♥ ✷✶✵✷✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶
✶✻✳ ✺✵✵ ♠♠ ❞✐❛♠❡&❡' ❝②❧✐♥❞❡' ♣'✐♦' &♦ &❡%&❀ ❙❡'✐❡% ✷✶✵✵✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷
✶✼✳ ✶✷✵ ♠♠ %✐❞❡✲✜'%& ✐♥❞❡♥&❡' %❡❡♥ ❢'♦♠ ❛❜♦✈❡ ❛♥❞ ❜❡❧♦✇ ✇❛&❡'✱ ❘✉♥ ✸✶✵✸✵ ✳ ✹✷
✶✽✳ ❚✐♠❡ ❤✐%&♦'② ♦❢ '❡❣✐%&❡'❡❞ ❧♦❛❞ ✐♥ x✲❞✐'❡❝&✐♦♥ ❞✉'✐♥❣ ■❈✱ ❋▲■ ❛♥❞ ❈❈✱ ❛❧❧
✇✐&❤ %✉♣❡'✐♠♣♦%❡❞ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ✢❡①✉'❛❧ ❢❛✐❧✉'❡ ✭❘✉♥ ✷✶✵✶✵✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸
✶✾✳ ❚✐♠❡ ❤✐%&♦'② ♦❢ '❡❣✐%&❡'❡❞ ❧♦❛❞ ✐♥x✲❞✐'❡❝&✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❝♦''❡%♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ ❞❡✢❡❝&✐♦♥
♦❢ &❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❞✉'✐♥❣ ✐♥&❡'♠✐&&❡♥& ❝'✉%❤✐♥❣❀ ❢'♦♠ ❘✉♥ ✷✺✵✶✵ %❤♦✇♥ ✐♥ ❋✐❣✳
✶✺ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹
✷✵✳ ❚✐♠❡ ❤✐%&♦'② ♦❢ '❡❣✐%&❡'❡❞ ❧♦❛❞ ✐♥x✲❞✐'❡❝&✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❝♦''❡%♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ ❞❡✢❡❝&✐♦♥
♦❢ &❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❞✉'✐♥❣ ❢'❡^✉❡♥❝② ❧♦❝❦✲✐♥❀ ❢'♦♠ ❘✉♥ ✷✺✵✶✵ %❤♦✇♥ ✐♥ ❋✐❣✳ ✶✺ ✹✹
✷✶✳ ❚✐♠❡ ❤✐%&♦'② ♦❢ '❡❣✐%&❡'❡❞ ❧♦❛❞ ✐♥x✲❞✐'❡❝&✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❝♦''❡%♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ ❞❡✢❡❝&✐♦♥
♦❢ &❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❞✉'✐♥❣ ❝♦♥&✐♥✉♦✉% ❝'✉%❤✐♥❣❀ ❢'♦♠ ❘✉♥ ✷✺✵✶✵ %❤♦✇♥ ✐♥ ❋✐❣✳ ✶✺ ✹✹
✷✷✳ ❈♦♠♣❛'✐%♦♥ ♦❢ ❉❆❈ ❛♥❞ ❚❆❈ ♠❡❛%✉'❡♠❡♥& ❞✉'✐♥❣ ❋▲■✱ ✐♥❞✐❝❛&✐♥❣ ❛'&❡✲
❢❛❝&% ❢'♦♠ ✐♥❡'&✐❛ ❧♦❛❞% '❡❣✐%&❡'❡❞ ❜② &❤❡ ✻✲❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥&✲%❝❛❧❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻
✷✸✳ ▼❛①✐♠✉♠ '❛✇ ♣'❡%%✉'❡ ♦♥ ❡❛❝❤ %❡♥%❡❧ ❞✉'✐♥❣ ❘✉♥ ✷✺✵✶✵ ✭✢❛& ✐♥❞❡♥&❡'✱
%✐❞❡✲✜'%&✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼
✷✹✳ <♦✇❡' ❙♣❡❝&'❛❧ ❉❡♥%✐&② ✭<❙❉✮ ♦❢ '❛✇ ❛♥❞ ♥♦✐%❡✲❛&&❡♥✉❛&❡❞ ❚❆❈ ❞❛&❛ ✳ ✳ ✹✽
✷✺✳ ❚✐♠❡ ❤✐%&♦'✐❡% ♦❢ '❛✇ ❛♥❞ ♥♦✐%❡✲❛&&❡♥✉❛&❡❞ ❚❆❈ ❞❛&❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽
✷✻✳ ❊①❡♠♣❧❛'② &✐♠❡ ❤✐%&♦'✐❡% ❛♥❞ ❝♦''❡%♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ ❤✐%&♦❣'❛♠% ❢♦' ❡✈❡♥&% ♠❡❛✲
%✉'❡❞ ✇✐&❤ ✶✾ ♠♠✴% ❛♥❞ ✺ ♠♠✴% ✐❝❡ ❞'✐❢& %♣❡❡❞ ✭❋❧❛& ✐♥❞❡♥&❡'✱ ❘✉♥ ✷✺✵✶✵✮ ✹✾
✽
✷✼✳ ❈❛❧✐❜(❛)✐♦♥ ❢❛❝)♦(. ❢♦( ❞✐✛❡(❡♥) )❡.)❡❞ ✐❝❡ ❞(✐❢) .♣❡❡❞. ✭❘✉♥ ✷✺✵✶✵✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵
✷✽✳ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡. ♦❢ ✐❞❡♥)✐✜❡❞ ❧♦❝❦✲✐♥ ❡✈❡♥). ✐♥ ❘✉♥ ✷✺✵✶✵ ❛♥❞ ✷✺✵✶✶✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸
✷✾✳ ❙♥❛♣.❤♦) ♦❢ ✈✐❞❡♦ )❛❦❡♥ ❞✉(✐♥❣ ❘✉♥ ✷✸✵✷✵ ✇✐)❤ ✐♥❞✐❝❛)✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝✐(❝✉♠✲
❢❡(❡♥)✐❛❧ ❝(❛❝❦ (❡.✉❧)✐♥❣ ❢(♦♠ ✢❡①✉(❛❧ ❞❡❢♦(♠❛)✐♦♥ ♦❢ )❤❡ ✐❝❡ .❤❡❡) ❛♥❞
❝♦((❡.♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ ❧♦❛❞ )✐♠❡ ❤✐.)♦(② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺
✸✵✳ ◆♦(♠❛❧✐③❡❞ ❧♦❛❞ ❛♥❞ (❡.♣♦♥.❡ )✐♠❡ .❡(✐❡. ♦❢ ■❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽
✸✶✳ ◆♦(♠❛❧✐③❡❞ ❧♦❛❞ ❛♥❞ (❡.♣♦♥.❡ )✐♠❡ .❡(✐❡. ♦❢ ❋▲■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽
✸✷✳ ◆♦(♠❛❧✐③❡❞ ❧♦❛❞ ❛♥❞ (❡.♣♦♥.❡ )✐♠❡ .❡(✐❡. ♦❢ ❈❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽
✸✸✳ ❈♦♠♣❛(✐.♦♥ ♦❢ ❋▲■ (❡.♣♦♥.❡ )♦ .✐♥❡ ❢✉♥❝)✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾
✸✹✳ ▲♦❛❞ ❛♥❞ (❡.♣♦♥.❡ .♣❡❝)(❛ ❢♦( .❡❧❡❝)❡❞ ❡✈❡♥). (❡♣(❡.❡♥)❛)✐✈❡ ❢♦( ■❈✱ ❋▲■
❛♥❞ ❈❈ ✭❘✉♥ ✸✷✵✸✵✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾
✸✺✳ ❉❡❧❛② (❡♣(❡.❡♥)❛)✐♦♥ ♦❢ ■❈✱ ❋▲■ ❛♥❞ ❈❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵
✸✻✳ ❊①❡♠♣❧❛(② )✐♠❡ .❡(✐❡. ♦❢ ■❈✱ ❋▲■ ❛♥❞ ❈❈❀ ❛❧❧ )❛❦❡♥ ❢(♦♠ ❘✉♥ ✸✷✵✸✵✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶
✸✼✳ ◆♦(♠❛❧✐③❡❞ ❝♦♥)❛❝) ❛(❡❛ ❛♥❞ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ✐❝❡ ❧♦❛❞ ✐♥ ✐❝❡ ❞(✐❢) ❞✐(❡❝)✐♦♥ ❢♦( ■❈✱
❋▲■✱ ❛♥❞ ❈❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸
✸✽✳ ❙♥❛♣.❤♦). ❢(♦♠ )❛❝)✐❧❡ ♠❡❛.✉(❡♠❡♥). ❞✉(✐♥❣ ■❈✱ ❋▲■ ❛♥❞ ❈❈ ✐♥ ❘✉♥ ✸✷✵✸✵ ✻✸
✸✾✳ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥) ♦❢ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❧♦❛❞✱ ❝♦♥)❛❝) ❛(❡❛ ❛♥❞ ♠❡❛♥ ♣(❡..✉(❡ ❞✉(✐♥❣ ✐♥✲
)❡(♠✐))❡♥) ❝(✉.❤✐♥❣ ✭❘✉♥ ✸✷✵✸✵✱ ✈❂✺ ♠♠✴.✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺
✹✵✳ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥) ♦❢ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❧♦❛❞✱ ❝♦♥)❛❝) ❛(❡❛ ❛♥❞ ♠❡❛♥ ♣(❡..✉(❡ ❞✉(✐♥❣ ❢(❡✲
V✉❡♥❝② ❧♦❝❦✲✐♥ ✭❘✉♥ ✸✷✵✸✵✱ ✈❂✺✺ ♠♠✴.✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺
✹✶✳ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥) ♦❢ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❧♦❛❞✱ ❝♦♥)❛❝) ❛(❡❛ ❛♥❞ ♠❡❛♥ ♣(❡..✉(❡ ❞✉(✐♥❣ ❝♦♥✲
)✐♥✉♦✉. ❝(✉.❤✐♥❣ ✭❘✉♥ ✸✷✵✸✵✱ ✈❂✶✺✵ ♠♠✴.✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺
✹✷✳ ❈♦♥)❛❝) ❛(❡❛ ✈❛(✐❛)✐♦♥ ❢♦( ❛❧❧ )❡.)❡❞ ✐❝❡ ❞(✐❢) .♣❡❡❞. ✐♥ ❘✉♥ ✸✷✵✸✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻
✹✸✳ ■❧❧✉.)(❛)✐♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♣❡(❝❡♥)❛❣❡ ♦❢ )❤❡ ❛❝)✐✈❡ ❛(❡❛ ❝❛((✐❡. ✇❤✐❝❤ ❢(❛❝)✐♦♥ ♦❢
)❤❡ )♦)❛❧ ❧♦❛❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼
✹✹✳ ❘❛)✐♦ ♦❢ ❛❝)✉❛❧ ❝♦♥)❛❝) ✇✐❞)❤ ❝♦✈❡(❡❞ ✇✐)❤ ❍X❩ ✐♥ ❜✉✐❧❞✲✉♣ ❛♥❞ ❢❛✐❧✉(❡
❞✉(✐♥❣ ■❈ ✭)♦♣✮✱ ❋▲■ ✭❝❡♥)❡(✮ ❛♥❞ ❈❈ ✭❜♦))♦♠✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽
✹✺✳ ❊①❡♠♣❧❛(② )(❡♥❞ ♦❢ ❢(❡V✉❡♥❝② (❛)✐♦ ❛. ❢(❛❝)✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♥❛)✉(❛❧ ❢(❡V✉❡♥❝② ✭✇✐)❤✲
♦✉) ♣(❡.❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ✐❝❡✮ ✈.✳ ❝②❧✐♥❞❡( ❞✐❛♠❡)❡( ❛♥❞ ♦❢ ♦.❝✐❧❧❛)✐♦♥ ❢(❡V✉❡♥❝② ♦✈❡(
✐❝❡ ❞(✐❢) .♣❡❡❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷
✹✻✳ ❱❛❧✉❡. ❢♦( β✲(❛)✐♦✳ ▲❡❢)✿ ❤✐.)♦❣(❛♠ ❢♦( ❛❧❧ ❋▲■ ❡✈❡♥).❀ (✐❣❤)✿ ❱❛❧✉❡. ❢♦(
❡❛❝❤ ✈❡❧♦❝✐)② )❡.)❡❞ ✐♥ ❘✉♥ ✷✻✵✷✵✳ ❇❧✉❡ ❧✐♥❡. ✐♥❞✐❝❛)❡ ❜♦✉♥❞❛(✐❡. ♦❢ ✵✳✾
❛♥❞ ✶✳✹✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷
✹✼✳ ❍✐.)♦❣(❛♠ ♣❧♦). ❢♦( ❉❆❋ ❛♥❞ γ✲(❛)✐♦ ❞✐.)(✐❜✉)✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷
✹✽✳ ❙♣❡❝)(♦❣(❛♠ ♦❢ ❧♦❛❞ ❛♥❞ (❡.♣♦♥.❡ ♠❡❛.✉(❡❞ ❞✉(✐♥❣ ❘✉♥ ✷✻✵✷✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸
✹✾✳ ❉❆❋✱γ ❛♥❞ β ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛)❡❞ ❢♦( ❛❧❧ )❡.)❡❞ ✈❡❧♦❝✐)✐❡. ✐♥ ❘✉♥ ✸✶✵✸✵ ❛♥❞ ✸✷✵✸✵ ✼✸
✺✵✳ ❋♦(❝❡ ✈.✳ (❡❧❛)✐✈❡ ✈❡❧♦❝✐)② ❢♦( )❤(❡❡ ❝♦♥.❡❝✉)✐✈❡ ❝②❝❧❡. ♦❢ ❋▲■ ✭❘✉♥ ✷✻✵✷✵✮ ✼✺
✺✶✳ ❋♦(❝❡ ✈.✳ (❡❧❛)✐✈❡ ✈❡❧♦❝✐)② ❢♦( ❞✐✛❡(❡♥) ✐❝❡ ❞(✐❢) .♣❡❡❞. ✐♥ ❋▲■ ❛♥❞ ❈❈
✭❘✉♥ ✷✻✵✷✵✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺
✺✷✳ ▲♦❝❛❧ V✉❛❧✐)❛)✐✈❡ ♣(❡..✉(❡ ❛) .)❛() ♦❢ ❜✉✐❧❞✲✉♣ ✭)♦♣✮✱ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ ❜✉✐❧❞✲✉♣ ✭❝❡♥✲
)❡(✮ ❛♥❞ ❞✉(✐♥❣ ❝(✉.❤✐♥❣ ♣❤❛.❡ ✭❜♦))♦♠✮ ♠❡❛.✉(❡❞ ♦♥ ❙❡♥.♦( ❉ ✐♥ ❘✉♥
✸✷✵✸✵✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻
✺✸✳ ❍✐.)♦❣(❛♠ ♦❢ ♠✐♥✐♠✉♠ (❡❧❛)✐✈❡ ✈❡❧♦❝✐)② ❜❡)✇❡❡♥ ✐❝❡ ❛♥❞ .)(✉❝)✉(❡ ❞✉(✐♥❣
❋▲■ ♦.❝✐❧❧❛)✐♦♥. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼
✾
✺✹✳ ■❞❡♥'✐✜❡❞ ♣❡❛❦- ❞✉/✐♥❣ ❧♦❝❦✲✐♥ ❡✈❡♥'✱ -❤♦✇✐♥❣ ♥✉♠❜❡/ ♦❢ -❡♥-♦/ ❝♦❧✉♠♥-
♣❛/'✐❝✐♣❛'✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❜✉✐❧❞✲✉♣ ❛♥❞ ❝♦❧❧❛♣-❡ ❢♦/ ❡❛❝❤ ❝②❝❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽
✺✺✳ ◆♦/♠❛❧✐③❡❞ ✐❝❡ ❧♦❛❞✱ -'/✉❝'✉/❡ ❞❡✢❡❝'✐♦♥ ❛' ✇❛'❡/ ❧❡✈❡❧ ❛♥❞ /❡❧❛'✐✈❡ ✈❡✲
❧♦❝✐'② ❜❡'✇❡❡♥ -'/✉❝'✉/❡ ❛♥❞ ✐❝❡✱ ♠❡❛-✉/❡❞ ❛' ◆❙● ❧✐❣❤'❤♦✉-❡ ❛♥❞ ❞✉/✐♥❣
■❱❖❙ ❝❛♠♣❛✐❣♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾
✺✻✳ ●❧♦❜❛❧ ❧♦❛❞✱ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❧♦❛❞- ❛♥❞ ◆❙●✲❝♦♠♣❛/❛❜❧❡ ❧♦❛❝❛❧ ❧♦❛❞- ❞✉/✐♥❣ ♦♥❡
❝②❝❧❡ ♦❢ ❋▲■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵
✺✼✳ ❙✐♠♣❧✐✜❡❞ ❧♦❛❞ ❛♥❞ /❡-♣♦♥-❡ '✐♠❡ ❤✐-'♦/② ❢♦/ ♠❛'❤❡♠❛'✐❝❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷
✺✽✳ ❈❛❧❝✉❧❛'❡❞ η ✈❛❧✉❡- ❢♦/ ❛❧❧ ♦❜-❡/✈❡❞ ❋▲■ ❡✈❡♥'- ♦❢ '❤❡ ❞❛'❛ -❡' ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺
✺✾✳ ❈❛❧❝✉❧❛'❡❞ α ❢❛❝'♦/- ❢♦/ ❛❧❧ ❡✈❛❧✉❛❜❧❡ '❡-'-✱ ♣❧♦''❡❞ ❛❣❛✐♥-' ❛-♣❡❝' /❛'✐♦
D/h✐❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻
✻✵✳ ❱✐-✉❛❧✐③❛'✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐❞❡♥'✐✜❡❞ ❝/✐'✐❝❛❧ ✈❡❧♦❝✐'② /❛♥❣❡- ❢♦/ ❞✐✛❡/❡♥' ✐❝❡ ❝♦♥❞✐✲
'✐♦♥- ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥-'❛♥' -'/✉❝'✉/❡ ♣❛/❛♠❡'❡/-✱ ❜❛-❡❞ ♦♥ '❤❡ ♣/❡❞✐❝'✐♦♥ ❢♦/♠✉❧❛-✳ ✽✼
✻✶✳ O/❡❞✐❝'❡❞ ❛♥❞ ♠❡❛-✉/❡❞ ❝/✐'✐❝❛❧ ✈❡❧♦❝✐'✐❡- ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽
✻✷✳ ❈♦♠♣❛/✐-♦♥ ♦❢ ♣/❡❞✐❝'❡❞ ✈❡❧♦❝✐'✐❡- ❢♦/ ❋▲■ ♦❝❝✉//❡♥❝❡ ❜❛-❡❞ ♦♥ ♥✉♠❡/✐❝❛❧
♠♦❞❡❧ ❛♥❞ ♣/♦♣♦-❡❞ ♣/❡❞✐❝'✐♦♥ ♠❡'❤♦❞ ✇✐'❤ ❡①♣❡/✐♠❡♥'❛❧ ♦❜-❡/✈❛'✐♦♥- ✳ ✾✶
✻✸✳ ❚/❡♥❞ ♦❢ ❝/✐'✐❝❛❧ ✈❡❧♦❝✐'✐❡- ❢♦/ ❋▲■ ♦❝❝✉//❡♥❝❡ ♦✈❡/ /❡❢❡/❡♥❝❡ ✈❡❧♦❝✐'② ♦❜✲
'❛✐♥❡❞ ❢/♦♠ -❝❛❧❡❞ ♠♦❞❡❧ '❡-'- ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽
✻✹✳ ❈/✉-❤✐♥❣ ♦❢ -❡❛ ✐❝❡ ❛❣❛✐♥-' ◆❙● ❧✐❣❤'❤♦✉-❡ ❛♥❞ ❝/✉-❤✐♥❣ ♦❢ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐❝❡
❛❣❛✐♥-' ❛ ❝②❧✐♥❞/✐❝❛❧ -'/✉❝'✉/❡ ✇✐'❤ -✐♠✐❧❛/ ❛-♣❡❝' /❛'✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵
✻✺✳ ❲❛✈❡- ✐♥ '❤❡ ❜❛-✐♥ ❞✉/✐♥❣ ❲❈O ❛♥❞ /❡-✉❧'✐♥❣ ✐❝❡ -❤❡❡' /❡❛❞② ❢♦/ '❡-'✐♥❣ ✶✵✷
✻✻✳ ❱❡/'✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❤♦/✐③♦♥'❛❧ '❤✐♥ -❡❝'✐♦♥- ♦❢ ■❈▼■ ❣/♦✇♥ ❢♦/ ❙❡/✐❡- ✷✼✵✵✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷
✻✼✳ O❤♦'♦❣/❛♣❤- ❢/♦♠ ❘✉♥ ✷✼✵✷✵ ❛♥❞ ❘✉♥ ✷✹✵✶✵ ✇✐'❤ ✐♥❞✐❝❛'✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝/✉-❤❡❞
✐❝❡ ❛♥❞ ✢♦♦❞❡❞ ❛❡/✐❛❧- ♦♥ '❤❡ ✐❝❡ -❤❡❡' ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸
✻✽✳ ❊①❡♠♣❧❛/② /❛✇ '❛❝'✐❧❡ ♠❡❛-✉/❡♠❡♥'- -❤♦✇✐♥❣ ❝♦♥'❛❝' ❛♥❞ ❝♦//❡-♣♦♥❞✐♥❣
♣/❡--✉/❡ ❞✐-'/✐❜✉'✐♦♥ ❞✉/✐♥❣ ❝/✉-❤✐♥❣ ✐♥ ■❈▼■ ❛♥❞ ▼■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹
✻✾✳ ❊①❡♠♣❧❛/② '✐♠❡ -❡/✐❡- ♦❢ ❝♦♥'✐♥✉♦✉- ❝/✉-❤✐♥❣ ✐♥ ■❈▼■ ❛♥❞ ▼■ ✇✐'❤ ❝♦/✲
/❡-♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ ❧♦❛❞ -♣❡❝'/❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺
✼✵✳ ❍✐-'♦❣/❛♠ ❢♦/ η /❛'✐♦ ✐♥ ▼■ ❛♥❞ ■❈▼■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺
✼✶✳ ❈❛♥'✐❧❡✈❡/ ❜❡❛♠- ♣/❡♣❛/❡❞ ❢♦/ ✢❡①✉/❛❧ -'/❡♥❣'❤ '❡-'✱ ❛♥❞ ✐❧❧✉-'/❛'✐♦♥ ♦❢
'❤❡ ✢❡①✉/❛❧ -'/❡♥❣'❤ ♠❡❛-✉/❡♠❡♥' -❡'✉♣✳ ❋/♦♠ ❍❙❱❆ /❡♣♦/' '❡♠♣❧❛'❡✳ ✳ ✶✷✵
✼✷✳ ❯♥✐❛①✐❛❧ ❝♦♠♣/❡--✐♦♥ '❡-'✐♥❣ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡ ❛- ✉-❡❞ ❛' ❍❙❱❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✶
✼✸✳ ❉❡♥-✐'② ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛'✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥'❛'✐♦♥ -❤❡❡' ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✷
✼✹✳ ❉❡✈✐❝❡ ❢♦/ ♣❧❛'❡ ❞❡✢❡❝'✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ '✐♠❡ ❤✐-'♦/② ♦❢ ❨♦✉♥❣✬- ♠♦❞✉❧✉- ♠❡❛-✉/❡✲
♠❡♥'✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✸
✼✺✳ O❤♦'♦❣/❛♣❤- ♦❢ '❤❡ ❢/✐❝'✐♦♥ '❡-' ❛♣♣❛/❛'✉- ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✹
✼✻✳ ❚✐♠❡ ❤✐-'♦/✐❡- ♦❢ ❧♦❛❞ ❛♥❞ /❡-♣♦♥-❡ ❞✉/✐♥❣ ♣✉❧❧♦✉' ❛♥❞ /❡❧❡❛-❡ '❡-' ✭❖❲
'❡-' ✸✵✵✵✷✱ ❈♦♥✜❣✉/❛'✐♦♥ ❈✶✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✺
✼✼✳ ■❧❧✉-'/❛'✐♦♥ ♦❢ '♦♦ ❧♦✇✱ '♦♦ ❤✐❣❤ ❛♥❞ ♣/♦♣❡/ -❡♥-✐'✐✈✐'② -❡''✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✺
✼✽✳ ❙❡♥-♦/ ✺✶✵✶ ✉♥❞❡/ ✉♥✐❢♦/♠ ♣/❡--✉/❡✱ ❜❡❢♦/❡ ❛♥❞ ❛❢'❡/ ❡_✉✐❧✐❜/❛'✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✻
✼✾✳ ■♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ '❛❝'✐❧❡ -❡♥-♦/ ❝❛❧✐❜/❛'✐♦♥ ❢❛❝'♦/- ❢♦/ ❡❛❝❤ '❡-'❡❞ ✈❡❧♦❝✐'② ♣❡/
'❡-' /✉♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✾
✽✵✳ ▲♦❝❛❧ ❧♦❛❞ ♠❡❛-✉/❡♠❡♥' ♦♥ ❙❡♥-♦/ ▲ ❛♥❞ -✉♣❡/✲♣♦-✐'✐♦♥❡❞ ❙❡♥-♦/ ❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✾
✶✵
✽✶✳ ❍✐%&♦❣)❛♠ ♣❧♦&% ✐♥❞✐❝❛&✐♥❣ ❞✐%&)✐❜✉&✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❧♦❝❛❧ ♣)❡%%✉)❡% ✐♥ ■❈✱ ❋▲■ ❛♥❞
❈❈ ✭❘✉♥ ✸✷✵✸✵❀ ✈❂✺ ♠♠✴%✱ ✺✺ ♠♠✴% ❛♥❞ ✶✺✵ ♠♠✴%✱ )❡%♣❡❝&✐✈❡❧②✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻✻
✽✷✳ ◆✉♠❜❡)✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❛))❛♥❣❡♠❡♥& ♦❢ )❡❛❧ ❛♥❞ ✈✐)&✉❛❧ ♣❛♥❡❧% ❛& ◆❙● ❧✐❣❤&❤♦✉%❡
✇❛&❡)❧✐♥❡ ❝)♦%%✲%❡❝&✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻✽
✶✶
▲✐"# ♦❢ ❚❛❜❧❡"
✶✳ ▼♦❞❡❧ '❡('( ('✉❞②✐♥❣ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ✐❝❡✲('2✉❝'✉2❡ ✐♥'❡2❛❝'✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❝❤2♦♥♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧
♦2❞❡2 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼
✷✳ ❉❡'❛✐❧( ♦❢ ❍❙❱❆✬( ▲■▼❇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹
✸✳ ❉❡'❛✐❧( ♦❢ ✉'✐❧✐③❡❞ '❛❝'✐❧❡ (❡♥(♦2( ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽
✹✳ ❇❛(✐❝ '❡(' ❝❛(❡( ✇✐'❤ ♠❡❛♥ ♥❛'✉2❛❧ ❢2❡E✉❡♥❝② ❛♥❞ ('✐✛♥❡((✱ ♣❧✉( '❤❡✐2 ('❛♥❞❛2❞ ❞❡✈✐❛'✐♦♥ ❜❡'✇❡❡♥ '❤❡ ❞✐✛❡2❡♥' '❡(' (❡'✉♣( ✐♥ ❜2❛❝❦❡'( ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾
✺✳ ❙❤♦2' '❡(' ♠❛'2✐① ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵
✻✳ ❱❡❧♦❝✐'✐❡( ❢♦2 ■❈✱ ❋▲■✱ ❈❈ ❜❛(❡❞ ♦♥ ❋▲■ ✐❞❡♥'✐✜❝❛'✐♦♥ ✭♥♦ '2❛♥(✐'✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡(✮ ✺✹
✼✳ ■❞❡♥'✐✜❡❞ ❢❛✐❧✉2❡ ♠♦❞❡( ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ ✐❝❡ ❞2✐❢' (♣❡❡❞ ❢♦2 ❞✐✛❡2❡♥' ('2✉❝✲
'✉2❛❧ ❛♥❞ ✐❝❡ ♣❛2❛♠❡'❡2( ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻
✽✳ ❈♦♠♣❛2✐(♦♥ ♦❢ ♠❡❛♥ ❧♦❛❞ 2❛'✐♦( ❜❡'✇❡❡♥ ❞✐✛❡2❡♥' ❝2✉(❤✐♥❣ '②♣❡( ✇✐'❤✐♥
'❤❡ (❛♠❡ '❡(' 2✉♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶
✾✳ ❋2❛❝'✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝♦♥'❛❝' ✇✐❞'❤ ✐♥ (✐♠✉❧'❛♥❡♦✉( ❜✉✐❧❞✲✉♣ ❞✉2✐♥❣ ❋▲■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾
✶✵✳ ❆✈❡2❛❣❡ ♣❡❛❦ ❤❡✐❣❤' ♦❢ ❤✐❣❤ ♣2❡((✉2❡ ③♦♥❡( ✐♥ ❋▲■ ❛♥❞ ❈❈ ❡✈❡♥'( ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵
✶✶✳ ❈♦♠♣❛2✐(♦♥ ♦❢ ♣2❡❞✐❝'❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❛❝'✉❛❧ ❝2✐'✐❝❛❧ ✈❡❧♦❝✐'✐❡( ❢♦2 ❛❞❞✐'✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛'❛
(❡'✱ ❜❛(❡❞ ♦♥ ❞✐✛❡2❡♥' ❛((✉♠♣'✐♦♥( ❢♦2 ♠❡❛♥ ❝2✉(❤✐♥❣ ❧♦❛❞✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾
✶✷✳ ❈♦♠♣❛2✐(♦♥ ♦❢ ♣2❡❞✐❝'❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❛❝'✉❛❧ ❝2✐'✐❝❛❧ ✈❡❧♦❝✐'✐❡( ❢2♦♠ ❙❚❘■❈❊ ❞❛'❛ ✾✵
✶✸✳ ❙❝❛❧❡ ❢❛❝'♦2( ❢♦2 (❡❧❡❝'❡❞ ♣2♦♣❡2'✐❡( ❜❛(❡❞ ♦♥ ❋2♦✉❞❡ ❛♥❞ ❈❛✉❝❤② (✐♠✐❧❛2✐'② ✾✹
✶✹✳ Y2♦♣♦(❡❞ (❝❛❧❡ ❢❛❝'♦2( ❢♦2 (❡❧❡❝'❡❞ ♣2♦♣❡2'✐❡( ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻
✶✺✳ v ❡❢ ❛♥❞ v❋▲■ ❢♦2 ♠♦❞❡❧ '❡('( ✇✐'❤ ❝②❧✐♥❞2✐❝❛❧ ('2✉❝'✉2❡( (❝❛❧❡❞ ❛❝❝♦2❞✐♥❣
'♦ ❋2♦✉❞❡ ❛♥❞ ❈❛✉❝❤② ❛♥❞ ♣2♦♣♦(❡❞ (❝❛❧✐♥❣ (❝❤❡♠❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼
✶✻✳ ❈♦♠♣❛2✐(♦♥ ♦❢ ♠❛✐♥ ✐❝❡ ♣2♦♣❡2'✐❡( ✐♥ ▼■ ✭❙❡2✐❡( ✷✹✵✵✵✮ ❛♥❞ ■❈▼■ ✭❙❡2✐❡(
✷✼✵✵✵✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻
✶✼✳ ❈♦♠♣❛2✐(♦♥ ♦❢ ❞✐✛❡2❡♥' '❛❝'✐❧❡ (❡♥(♦2 ❝♦✈❡2 (♦❧✉'✐♦♥( ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✹
✶✽✳ ❊①❡♠♣❧❛2② ❝❛❧✐❜2❛'✐♦♥ 2❡(✉❧'( ❢♦2 ❡❛❝❤ ✈❡❧♦❝✐'② '❡('❡❞ ✐♥ ❘✉♥ ✷✺✵✶✵ ✭✢❛'
✐♥❞❡♥'❡2✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✼
✶✾✳ ❙✉♠♠❛2② ♦❢ '❛❝'✐❧❡ (❡♥(♦2 ❝❛❧✐❜2❛'✐♦♥ ❢❛❝'♦2( ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✽
✷✵✳ ❘❛'✐♦ ❛♥❞ ❛❜(♦❧✉'❡ ✈❛❧✉❡( ❢♦2 ♥♦♠✐♥❛❧✱ ❛❝'✉❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ♣2❡((✉2❡ ✐♥
❘✉♥ ✸✷✵✸✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻✺
✷✶✳ ❘❛'✐♦ ♦❢ ♥♦♠✐♥❛❧✱ ❛❝'✉❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ♣2❡((✉2❡( ✐♥ ■❈ ❛♥❞ ❋▲■ ❝♦♠♣❛2❡❞
'♦ ❈❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻✺
✷✷✳ ❈2✉(❤✐♥❣ ❧♦❛❞ ❧❡✈❡❧ ❛♥❞ ❧♦❛❞ ♠❛❣♥✐✜❝❛'✐♦♥ ❢❛❝'♦2 ♦❜'❛✐♥❡❞ ❢2♦♠ ❙❚❘■❈❊
♠❡❛(✉2❡♠❡♥'( ♦❢ ❋▲■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻✼
✷✸✳ Y2❡❞✐❝'❡❞ ❛♥❞ ♦❜(❡2✈❡❞ ✈❡❧♦❝✐'✐❡( ❧❡❛❞✐♥❣ '♦ ❋▲■ ✐♥ ♠♦❞❡❧ '❡('( ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✵
✷✹✳ ❱❛❧✐❞❛'✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣2❡❞✐❝'✐♦♥ ❢♦2♠✉❧❛ ❛❣❛✐♥(' ❢✉❧❧ (❝❛❧❡ ❋▲■ ❡✈❡♥'❀ ❝♦♠♣❛2✐(♦♥
'♦ ❡('✐♠❛'❡( ❣✐✈❡♥ ✐♥ ❬✷✺❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✵
✶✷
▲❛"✐♥ ◆♦"❛"✐♦♥
a ❡①♣♦♥❡♥% ❢♦' ❛)♣❡❝% '❛%✐♦
A ❝♦♥%❛❝% ❛'❡❛
c ❞❛♠♣✐♥❣ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥%
CQ ❝♦❧✉♠♥ 2✉❛♥%✐%②
CW ❝♦❧✉♠♥ ✇✐❞%❤
D ❝②❧✐♥❞❡' ❞✐❛♠❡%❡'
D/h ❛)♣❡❝% '❛%✐♦
E ❨♦✉♥❣✬) ♠♦❞✉❧✉)
Eq ◗✉❛❧✐%❛%✐✈❡ ❡❧❛)%✐❝ ♠♦❞✉❧✉) f❧♦❛❞ ❞♦♠✐♥❛♥% ❢'❡2✉❡♥❝② ♦❢ ✐❝❡ ❧♦❛❞
fn ♥❛%✉'❛❧ ❢'❡2✉❡♥❝②
F ❣❡♥❡'❛❧ ✐❝❡ ❧♦❛❞
F❈❈ ♠❡❛♥ ❝'✉)❤✐♥❣ ❧♦❛❞
F❉❆❈ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ✐❝❡ ❧♦❛❞ ✐♥ ✐❝❡ ❞'✐❢% ❞✐'❡❝%✐♦♥ ♠❡❛)✉'❡❞ ✇✐%❤ ❉❆❈ )②)%❡♠
F✐❝❡ ✐❝❡ ❧♦❛❞ ❛❝%✐♥❣ ✐♥ ✐❝❡ ❞'✐❢% ❞✐'❡❝%✐♦♥
F✐♥❡+,✐❛ ✐♥❡'%✐❛ ❢♦'❝❡)
Fs )❛♠♣❧✐♥❣ '❛%❡
F❚❆❈ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ✐❝❡ ❧♦❛❞ ✐♥ ✐❝❡ ❞'✐❢% ❞✐'❡❝%✐♦♥ ♠❡❛)✉'❡❞ ✇✐%❤ ❚❆❈ )②)%❡♠
F✈✐/❝ ✈✐)❝♦✉) ❢♦'❝❡)
F✻❝♦♠♣ ❧♦❛❞ ♠❡❛)✉'❡❞ ♦♥ ✻✲❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥% )❝❛❧❡
g ❛❝❝❡❧❡'❛%✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❣'❛✈✐%② h✱ h✐❝❡ ✐❝❡ %❤✐❝❦♥❡))
k )%✐✛♥❡))
L '❡❢❡'❡♥❝❡ ❧❡♥❣%❤
l ❡✈❡♥% ❧❡♥❣%❤
m ♦)❝✐❧❧❛%✐♥❣ ♠❛))
N ♥✉♠❜❡' ♦❢ )❛♠♣❧❡) ♦' ❡✈❡♥%)
p ❧♦❝❛❧ ✐❝❡ ♣'❡))✉'❡
p❛❝, ❛❝%✉❛❧ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ♣'❡))✉'❡
p♠❛① ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ❧♦❝❛❧ ♣'❡))✉'❡
p♥♦♠ ♥♦♠✐♥❛❧ ♣'❡))✉'❡
RQ '♦✇ 2✉❛♥%✐%②
RW '♦✇ ✇✐❞%❤
R2 ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥% ♦❢ ❞❡%❡'♠✐♥❛%✐♦♥
t %✐♠❡
T ♣❡'✐♦❞ ♦❢ ♦)❝✐❧❧❛%✐♦♥
u )%'✉❝%✉'❡ ❞✐)♣❧❛❝❡♠❡♥%
u❈❈ ♠❡❛♥ ❞❡✢❡❝%✐♦♥ '❡)✉❧%✐♥❣ ❢'♦♠ )%❛%✐❝ ♠❡❛♥ ❝'✉)❤✐♥❣ ❧♦❛❞
u/,❛, ❞❡✢❡❝%✐♦♥ ❝♦''❡)♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ %♦ ❛ )%❛%✐❝ ❧♦❛❞
v✐❝❡ ✐❝❡ ❞'✐❢% )♣❡❡❞
v♦/❝ ♦)❝✐❧❧❛%✐♦♥ ✈❡❧♦❝✐%② v+❡❢ '❡❢❡'❡♥❝❡ ✈❡❧♦❝✐%②
v■ ❧♦✇❡' %'❛♥)✐%✐♦♥❛❧ ✈❡❧♦❝✐%② v■■ ✉♣♣❡' %'❛♥)✐%✐♦♥❛❧ ✈❡❧♦❝✐%②
W ♣'♦❥❡❝%❡❞ ✇✐❞%❤
x, y, z ❛①❡) ♦❢ %❛♥❦ ❝♦♦'❞✐♥❛%❡ )②)%❡♠
✶✹
β %❛#✐♦ ♦❢ ♦&❝✐❧❧❛#✐♦♥ ❛♠♣❧✐#✉❞❡ ❛♥❞ ✐❝❡ ❞%✐❢# &♣❡❡❞
γ ♣❛%❛♠❡#❡% ❢♦% &#❡❛❞✐♥❡&& ♦❢ %❡&♣♦♥&❡ ❞✉%✐♥❣ ❋▲■
η ❧♦❛❞ ♠❛❣♥✐✜❝❛#✐♦♥ ❢❛❝#♦%
λ ❣❡♥❡%❛❧ &❝❛❧❡ ❢❛❝#♦%
µ ❢%✐❝#✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥#
ξ ❞❛♠♣✐♥❣ %❛#✐♦ ❛& ❢%❛❝#✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝%✐#✐❝❛❧ ❞❛♠♣✐♥❣
ρ ✐❝❡ ❞❡♥&✐#②
σc ❝♦♠♣%❡&&✐✈❡ &#%❡♥❣#❤
σf ✢❡①✉%❛❧ &#%❡♥❣#❤
σSSSE ✐❝❡ ♣❡❛❦ &#%❡&& ❞✉%✐♥❣ ❋▲■
τ ❞❡❧❛② ❢♦% ♣❤❛&❡ &♣❛❝❡ %❡❝♦♥&#%✉❝#✐♦♥
χ α✲%❛#✐♦
ω ♦&❝✐❧❧❛#✐♦♥ ❢%❡>✉❡♥❝②
✶✺
❈❤ ❈❛✉❝❤② ♥✉♠❜❡(
❉❆❈ ❞✐❣✐$❛❧✲❛♥❛❧♦❣✉❡✲❝♦♥✈❡($❡(✱ (❡❢❡((✐♥❣ $♦ ❝♦♥✈❡♥$✐♦♥❛❧ ♠❡❛'✉(✐♥❣ '②'$❡♠
❉❆❋ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ❛♠♣❧✐✜❝❛$✐♦♥ ❢❛❝$♦(
❉▼❋ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ♠❛❣♥✐✜❝❛$✐♦♥ ❢❛❝$♦(
❋▲■ ❢(❡>✉❡♥❝② ❧♦❝❦✲✐♥
❋■❘ ✜♥✐$❡ ✐♠♣✉❧'❡ (❡'♣♦♥'❡ ✭✜❧$❡(✮
❋( ❋(♦✉❞❡ ♥✉♠❜❡(
❍D❩ ❤✐❣❤ ♣(❡''✉(❡ ③♦♥❡
❍❙❱❆ ❍❛♠❜✉(❣✐'❝❤❡ ❙❝❤✐✛❜❛✉✲❱❡('✉❝❤'❛♥'$❛❧$ ✭❍❛♠❜✉(❣ '❤✐♣ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❜❛'✐♥✮
■❈ ✐♥$❡(♠✐$$❡♥$ ❝(✉'❤✐♥❣
■❈▼■ ✐♠♣(♦✈❡❞ ❝(✉'❤✐♥❣ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐❝❡
■❚❚❈ ■♥$❡(♥❛$✐♦♥❛❧ ❚♦✇✐♥❣ ❚❛♥❦ ❈♦♥❢❡(❡♥❝❡
■❙❖ ■♥$❡(♥❛$✐♦♥❛❧ ❙$❛♥❞❛(❞✐③❛$✐♦♥ ❖(❣❛♥✐'❛$✐♦♥
■❱❖❙ ❘❡'❡❛(❝❤ D(♦❥❡❝$ ■❝❡✲✐♥❞✉❝❡❞ ✈✐❜(❛$✐♦♥' ♦❢ ❖✛'❤♦(❡ ❙$(✉❝$✉(❡'
▲■▼❇ ❧❛(❣❡ ✐❝❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❜❛'✐♥ ❛$ ❍❙❱❆
▲❖▲❊■❋ ❘❡'❡❛(❝❤ ♣(♦❥❡❝$ ❱❛❧✐❞❛$✐♦♥ ♦❢ ▲♦✇ ❧❡✈❡❧ ■❝❡ ❋♦(❝❡' ♦♥ ❖✛'❤♦(❡ ❙$(✉❝$✉(❡'
▲❱❉❚ ❧✐♥❡❛( ✈❛(✐❛❜❧❡ ❞✐✛❡(❡♥$✐❛❧ $(❛♥'❢♦(♠❡(
▼■ '$❛♥❞❛(❞ ❍❙❱❆ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐❝❡
◆❙● ◆♦('$(R♠'❣(✉♥❞ ❧✐❣❤$❤♦✉'❡
D❙❉ ♣♦✇❡( '♣❡❝$(❛❧ ❞❡♥'✐$②
❙❈D '$✐❧❧ ❝♦♦❧✐♥❣ ♣❤❛'❡
❙❉❖❋ '✐♥❣❧❡ ❞❡❣(❡❡ ♦❢ ❢(❡❡❞♦♠
❙❚❘■❈❊ ❘❡'❡❛(❝❤ ♣(♦❥❡❝$ ❙$(✉❝$✉(❡' ✐♥ ■❝❡
❚❆❈ $❛❝$✐❧❡✱ (❡❢❡((✐♥❣ $♦ $❛❝$✐❧❡ ♠❡❛'✉(❡♠❡♥$ '②'$❡♠
❲❈D ✇❛✈❡ ❝♦♦❧✐♥❣ ♣❤❛'❡
✶✻
■❝❡✲✐♥❞✉❝❡❞ ✈✐❜*❛,✐♦♥.✱ ♣❛*,✐❝✉❧❛*❧② ,❤♦.❡ ❡①❝✐,✐♥❣ ❛ .,*✉❝,✉*❡ ✐♥ *❡.♦♥❛♥❝❡✱ ❛*❡ ❛ ♠❛❥♦*
,❤*❡❛, ,♦ ✜①❡❞ ♦✛.❤♦*❡ .,*✉❝,✉*❡. ❡①♣♦.❡❞ ,♦ ❞*✐❢,✐♥❣ .❡❛ ✐❝❡✳ ❙❛❢❡✱ ②❡, ❝♦.,✲❡✣❝✐❡♥,
❞❡.✐❣♥. ❛*❡ *❡>✉✐*❡❞ ,♦ ✉,✐❧✐③❡ ♦✛.❤♦*❡ ❛*❡❛.✱ ❢♦* ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ,♦ ❡①♣❛♥❞ ✉.❡ ♦❢ *❡♥❡✇❛❜❧❡
❡♥❡*❣② *❡.♦✉*❝❡. ❜② ❜✉✐❧❞✐♥❣ ♦✛.❤♦*❡ ✇✐♥❞ ❢❛*♠. ✐♥ ❛*❡❛. ✇✐,❤ ♣♦,❡♥,✐❛❧ ✐❝❡ ♦❝❝✉**❡♥❝❡✳
❍♦✇❡✈❡*✱ ,❤❡ ❞❡.✐❣♥ ♣*♦❝❡.. ✐. ,♦ ❞❛,❡ ✐♠♣❡❞❡❞ ❜② ✉♥❝❡*,❛✐♥,✐❡. ❛❜♦✉, ,❤❡ ♦❝❝✉**❡♥❝❡
❛♥❞ ♠❛❣♥✐,✉❞❡ ♦❢ ✐❝❡✲✐♥❞✉❝❡❞ *❡.♦♥❛♥, ✈✐❜*❛,✐♦♥.✱ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❢*❡>✉❡♥❝② ❧♦❝❦✲✐♥ ✭❋▲■✮✳ ❋▲■
♣*✐♠❛*✐❧② ♦❝❝✉*. ♦♥ ✈❡*,✐❝❛❧ .,*✉❝,✉*❡.✱ ❜❡❝❛✉.❡ ✐, ✐. ❛ .♣❡❝✐❛❧ ,②♣❡ ♦❢ ❝*✉.❤✐♥❣ ❢❛✐❧✉*❡✳
❚❤❡ ❝✉**❡♥, ■❙❖ ❣✉✐❞❡❧✐♥❡ ❢♦* ❞❡.✐❣♥ ♦❢ ❆*❝,✐❝ ♦✛.❤♦*❡ .,*✉❝,✉*❡. ✭■❙❖ ✶✾✾✵✻✿✷✵✶✾✱ ❬✸✵❪✮
.,❛,❡.✿
❋!❡#✉❡♥❝② ❧♦❝❦✲✐♥ ❝❛♥ ❝❛✉.❡ !❡.♦♥❛♥/ ❧♦❛❞✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❝❛♥ ❝♦♥/!✐❜✉/❡ .✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥/❧② /♦ ❢❛/✐❣✉❡
❛❝❝✉♠✉❧❛/✐♦♥ ✐♥ ./!✉❝/✉!❡.✳ ❚❤✐. ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ❧♦❛❞✐♥❣ ./❛❣❡ ❝❛♥ ❝❛✉.❡ ❧♦✇✲❝②❝❧❡ ❢❛/✐❣✉❡ ✐♥
./❡❡❧ ❛♥❞ ❝❛♥ ❛❧.♦ ❝❛✉.❡ ❧✐#✉❡❢❛❝/✐♦♥ ✐♥ /❤❡ .♦✐❧ ❢♦✉♥❞❛/✐♦♥✳ ❱✐❜!❛/✐♦♥. ❝❛♥ ❛❧.♦ ❛✛❡❝/
/♦♣.✐❞❡ ./!✉❝/✉!❡.✱ .✉❝❤ ❛. ✢❛!❡ ❜♦♦♠.✳
❉❡.♣✐,❡ ,❤❡ ✐♥❞✐.♣✉,❛❜❧❡ *❡❧❡✈❛♥❝❡ ❢♦* ♦✛.❤♦*❡ .,*✉❝,✉*❡ ❞❡.✐❣♥✱ ,❤❡ ✉♥❞❡*❧②✐♥❣ ♣❤②.✲
✐❝❛❧ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐.♠ ♦❢ ❧♦❝❦✲✐♥ ❤❛. ♥♦, ❜❡❡♥ ❢✉❧❧② ❞❡❝✐♣❤❡*❡❞✳ ❈✉**❡♥, *❡.❡❛*❝❤ ✐♥❞✐❝❛,❡. ,❤❛, ,❤❡ ❦❡② ,♦ ,❤❡ ❧♦❝❦✲✐♥ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐.♠ ❧✐❡. ✐♥ ,❤❡ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❝♦♥,❛❝, ❛*❡❛ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥,❛❝, ♣*❡..✉*❡
❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥, ❬✷✸✱ ✺✻✱ ✻✵✱ ✻✸❪✳ ❚❤✐. ❤②♣♦,❤❡.✐. ❞❡♠❛♥❞. ❢♦* ❢✉❧❧ .❝❛❧❡ ♦* ❧❛❜♦*❛,♦*② ,❡.,
❝❛♠♣❛✐❣♥. ✉,✐❧✐③✐♥❣ ❧♦❝❛❧ ♣*❡..✉*❡ ♠❛♣♣✐♥❣ ,❡❝❤♥✐>✉❡.✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡*✱ ❢✉❧❧ .❝❛❧❡ ❞❛,❛ ✐. *❛*❡✱
❛♥❞ ❞❛,❛ ❢*♦♠ ❧❛❜♦*❛,♦*② ,❡.,. ❤❛. ,♦ ❜❡ ,*❡❛,❡❞ ❝❛✉,✐♦✉.❧② ✇❤❡♥ ♦❜.❡*✈❛,✐♦♥. ❢*♦♠
,❤❡ ❜❛.✐♥ .❤❛❧❧ ❜❡ ,*❛♥.❢❡**❡❞ ,♦ ❢✉❧❧ .❝❛❧❡ ❜❡❝❛✉.❡ ♦❢ ❝♦♥.✐❞❡*❛❜❧❡ ✉♥❝❡*,❛✐♥,✐❡.✿ ■. ,❤❡
♣*♦❝❡.. ✐♥ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐❝❡ ,❤❡ .❛♠❡ ❛. ✐♥ ♥❛,✉*❡❄ ❆ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥,❛❧ ✐..✉❡ ✇✐,❤ .,✉❞②✐♥❣ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝
✐❝❡✲.,*✉❝,✉*❡ ✐♥,❡*❛❝,✐♦♥ ✐♥ ,❤❡ ❧❛❜♦*❛,♦*② ✐. ,❤❡ ♥❛,✉*❡ ♦❢ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐❝❡ ❛♥❞ ,❤❡
.,❛,❡✲♦❢✲,❤❡✲❛*, .❝❛❧✐♥❣ ❛♣♣*♦❛❝❤❡. ❢♦* ✐❝❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ,❡.,.✳ ❲❤✐❧❡ ✐❝❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ,❡.,. ❛*❡ ✈❛❧✐✲
❞❛,❡❞ ✇❡❧❧ ❢♦* ❝❡*,❛✐♥ ,❡., ,②♣❡. ❞♦♠✐♥❛,❡❞ ❜② ✢❡①✉*❛❧ ❢❛✐❧✉*❡✱ ,❤❡✐* ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛❜✐❧✐,② ,♦ ,❡.,.
✇✐,❤ ❝*✉.❤✐♥❣ ❢❛✐❧✉*❡ ❤❛. ♦❢,❡♥ ❜❡❡♥ >✉❡.,✐♦♥❡❞✳ ❋♦* ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ Y❛❧♠❡* ❛♥❞ ❉❡♠♣.❡② ❬✻✺❪
❝❧❛✐♠ ,❤❛, ,❡.,. ✐♥ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐❝❡✱ ❝✉.,♦♠❛*✐❧② ✉.✐♥❣ ❋*♦✉❞❡ .❝❛❧✐♥❣ ❧❛✇ ❛❞❛♣,❡❞
❢*♦♠ ♦♣❡♥ ✇❛,❡* ,❡.,.✱ ✇✐❧❧ ♥♦, ❞❡❧✐✈❡* ❝♦**❡❝, *❡.✉❧,. ❢♦* ,❤❡ ❝*✉.❤✐♥❣ *❡❣✐♠❡✳ ❚❤❡②
❛*❣✉❡ ,❤❛, ,❤❡ ♣*♦❝❡❞✉*❡. ✇❡❛❦❡♥✐♥❣ ,❤❡ ✐❝❡✱ *❡>✉✐*❡❞ ,♦ ♠❛✐♥,❛✐♥ ❋*♦✉❞❡ ❛♥❞ ❈❛✉❝❤② .✐♠✐❧❛*✐,② ❬✽✽❪✱ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ,❤❡ ✐❝❡ ♠❛,❡*✐❛❧ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉* ✐♥ ✉♥*❡❛❧✐.,✐❝✱ ♥♦♥✲.❝❛❧❛❜❧❡ ♠❛♥♥❡*✳
❍❡♥❝❡✱ ✐, ♥❡❡❞. ,♦ ❜❡ ❛..❡..❡❞ ✇❤❡,❤❡* ,❤❡ ✐♥,❡*❛❝,✐♦♥ .❡❡♥ ✐♥ ,❤❡ ✐❝❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❜❛.✐♥ ✐. ,❤❡
.❛♠❡ ❛. ,❤❛, ♦❝❝✉**✐♥❣ ❜❡,✇❡❡♥ ❛ ❢✉❧❧ .❝❛❧❡ ❜♦,,♦♠✲✜①❡❞ ♦✛.❤♦*❡ .,*✉❝,✉*❡ ❛♥❞ .❡❛ ✐❝❡✳
❍♦✇❡✈❡*✱ ❧❛❜♦*❛,♦*② ,❡.,. ❛*❡ ❛ ✈❛❧✉❛❜❧❡ ,♦♦❧ ,♦ .,✉❞② ❧♦❝❦✲✐♥ ✈✐❜*❛,✐♦♥. ✉♥❞❡* ✇❡❧❧✲
❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❝♦♥❞✐,✐♦♥.✱ ❛♥❞ ❛*❡ ✐♥❡✈✐,❛❜❧❡ ,♦ ✐♥❝*❡❛.❡ ♦✉* ✉♥❞❡*.,❛♥❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ ,❤❡ ✐♥,❡*❛❝,✐♦♥
❛. ❧♦♥❣ ❛. ♥♦ ❢✉❧❧② ✈❛❧✐❞❛,❡❞ ,❤❡♦*❡,✐❝❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧. ❡①✐.,✳
❚♦ ✜❧❧ ,❤❡ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❣❛♣✱ ❧♦❝❦✲✐♥ ✐. ✐♥✈❡.,✐❣❛,❡❞ ❢♦* ,❤❡ .,✉❞② ❛, ❤❛♥❞ ✐♥ ❛ ✉♥✐>✉❡
♠♦❞❡❧ ,❡., ❝❛♠♣❛✐❣♥ ✇✐,❤ ❝♦♠♣*❡❤❡♥.✐✈❡ ♣❛*❛♠❡,❡* ✈❛*✐❛,✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ✇✐,❤ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛,✐♦♥ ♦❢
❛ ♣*❡..✉*❡ ♠❛♣♣✐♥❣ ,❡❝❤♥✐>✉❡ ,♦ ❣❡, ✐♥.✐❣❤, ✐♥,♦ ❝♦♥,❛❝, ❛*❡❛ ❛♥❞ ♣*❡..✉*❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥,
❛, ♠♦❞❡❧ .❝❛❧❡✱ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐❝❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❞❛,❛ ❤❛. ❜❡❡♥ ❣❛,❤❡*❡❞ ✇✐,❤✐♥ ,❤❡ ■❱❖❙ *❡.❡❛*❝❤
♣*♦❥❡❝, ❬✶✵✸❪✳
✶✼
