Coastal Areas of South America

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The Occurrence of Phycotoxins in Coastal Areas of South America

Bernd Krock¹, Urban Tillmann¹, Nicole Trefault², Gustavo A. Lovrich³, C. Marcela Borel⁴

1 Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany.

E-Mail: bernd.krock@awi.de

2 Universidad Mayor, Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Instituto de Biotecnología, Camino a la Pirámide 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago de Chile

3 Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC-CONICET), Houssay 200, Ushuaia - Tierra del Fuego, Argentina

4 Instituto Geológico del Sur (CONICET-UNS), San Juan 670, Bahía Blanca, Argentina

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1. Study areas

March 2009 Hespérides

Nov/Dec 2010 Abate Molina

March/April 2012 Puerto Deseado

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0 10 20 30 40 50

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

DTX-1 (pg/l)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

DA (ng/l)

0 0,5 1 1,5 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

GYM (pg/l)

0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

AZA-1 (pg/l)

AZA-1 GYM

DA DTX-1 n.d.

Water pumping, 25 – 100 µm size fraction, only lipophilic toxins and domoic acid

Trefault N., Krock B., Delherbe N., Cembella A.D., Vásquez M., 2011. Toxicon 58, 389-397.

2. The Hespérides Expedition Mar 2009

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0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

AZA-1 (pg/l)

AZA-1 GYM

DA DTX-1 n.d.

Álvarez G., Uribe E., Ávalos P., Mariño C., Blanco J., 2010. First identification of azaspiracid and spirolides in Mesodesma donacium and Mulinia edulis from

Northern Chile. Toxicon 55, 638-641.

López-Rivera A., O'Callaghan K., Moriarty M., O'Driscoll D., Hamilton B., Lehane M., James K.J., Furey A.,

2010. First evidence of azaspiracids (AZAs): A family of lipophilic polyether marine toxins in scallops

(Argopecten purpuratus) and mussels (Mytilus

chilensis) collected in two regions of Chile. Toxicon 55, 692-701.

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0 20 40 60 80

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

PTX-11 (pg/l)

0 30 60 90 120 150

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

PTX-2sa (pg/l)

0 200 400 600 800 1000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

PTX-2 (pg/l) n.d.

PTX

Water pumping, 25 – 100 µm size fraction, only lipophilic toxins and domoic acid

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n.d.

PTX

0 20 40 60 80

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

PTX-11 (pg/l)

0 200 400 600 800 1000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

PTX-2 (pg/l)

0 10 20 30 40 50

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

DTX-1 (pg/l)

Different Dinophysis species in Chilean coastal waters

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3. The Abate Molina Expedition Nov/Dec 2010

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3. The Abate Molina Expedition 2010

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

1 3 4 6 7 13 52 21 27 59 42 49 36 43 25 55 51

DA DTX-2 PTX-2 PTX-11 SPX-1

Station number

Toxin amount [ng/NT]

Station number

0 1 10 100 1000

1 3 4 6 7 13 52 21 27 59 42 49 36 43 25 55 51

DA DTX-2 PTX-2 PTX-11 SPX-1

DTX-1 found in Nov/Dec 2009

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4. The Puerto Deseado Expedition Mar/Apr 2012

San Jorge Gulf

Station number

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The overlay of nutrient-rich, cold Beagle-Magellan water with warm, nutrient-depleted shelf water results in a high primary production

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Enormous dinoflagellate bloom dominated by non-toxic

Ceratium spp.

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

C39B S40 C43 C44 C45 C43N P45B I46 I47

DA PTX YTX PSP

Station number

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0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

2 5 10 11 13 14 16 17 C35 C36 C37 C39B C43 C43N C44 C45 I1 I2 I3 I4 I9 I13 I15 I22 I46 I47 P45B S38 S40

STX NEO GTX2/3 GTX 1/4 B1 C1/C2

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

H5 H7

STX NEO GTX2/3 GTX1/4 B1 C1/C2

PSP toxin profiles of two Alexandrium tamarense isolates from

Station C43

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H N

N N

H H N

N H2

H

O H O H O

H₂N

H O S O₃ H

N S O

O

H N

N N

H H N

N H₂ H

O H O H O

H₂N

H O S O ₃

H₂N O

H H₂O

GTX3 C2

N

N N

H H N

NH₂ H

OH OH O

H₂N HO

H O

H₂N O

S O

O O

GTX4

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AZAs are present in Chilean coastal waters, but have not been detected in Argentinean Shelf waters

PTXs occur throughout South American waters with a relatively regular

distribution; PTX-11 could only be detected in Pacific but not in Atlantic waters In the Chilean southern Patagonian Fjords DTX-1 and DTX-2 were

detetced, but no OA; in the years 2009/2010 DTX-1 and -2 were separated geographically and temporally

The San Jorge Gulf is characterized by cold, nutrient rich Beagle-Magellan water overlayed by warmer nutrient depleted shelf water; this situation

causes high density dinoflagellate blooms including toxic species.

C1/C2 and GTX1/4 are converted to GTX2/3 abiotically within 3 months under elevated ambient temperatures

5. Conclusions

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Nicole Trefault Gustavo Lovrich Urban Tillmann

Marcela Borel

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Funding:

2010: Proyecto CONA C16F 10-13 (Chile)

2009: Fondef MR07I-1005, Fondecyt 1080075 and LinkGlobal (PUC-CSIC) (Chile)

This work was partly financed by the HGF Programme in Earth and Environment under the research initiative

PACES of the Alfred-Wegener Institute (Germany)

2012: MINCyT-BMBF (AL/11/03-ARG 11/021) (Argentina & Germany)

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Coastal Areas of South America

The Occurrence of Phycotoxins in Coastal Areas of South America

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