Munich Personal RePEc Archive
Landfills as anthropogenic landforms in urban environment from Neamţ county.
Mihai, Florin-Constantin and Apostol, Liviu and Ursu, Adrian and Ichim, Pavel
Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Department of Geography
2013
Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/61371/
MPRA Paper No. 61371, posted 18 Jan 2015 14:18 UTC
AES BI OFLUX
Ad va n ce s in En vir on m e n t a l Scie n ce s - I n t e r n a t ion a l Jou r n a l of t h e Bioflu x Socie t y
La n dfills a s a n t h r opoge n ic la n dfor m s in u r ba n e n v ir on m e n t fr om N e a m ţ cou n t y
Florin- C. Mihai, Liviu Apost ol, Adrian Ursu, Pavel I chim
“ Alex andru I oan Cuza “ Univ ersit y , Depart m ent of Geography, Iaşi, Rom ania.
Corresponding aut hor: F.- C. Mihai, m ihai. florin86@y ahoo. com
Abst r a ct. Landfills ar e t he m ost com m on and easiest m et hods t o dispose t he m u nicipal wast e in Rom ania and st ill pr evails in cur r ent wast e m anagem ent opt ions. This t ype of cr it ical infr ast r uct ur e was designed t o dispose ur ban wast e gener at ed over year s or even decades and ult im at ely led t o cr eat e new landfor m s in ur ban landscape. On t he ot her h and, t hese sit es ar e m aj or sour ces of com plex p ollut ion unfulfilling EU r egulat ions, being scheduled t o be closed. This paper aim s t o analyze landfills as ant hr opogenic landfor m s by applying GI S t echniques em phasizing t hem in a geogr aphical cont ext and not only in sit u. The locat ion of t hese sit es usually on alluvial plains of r iver s leading t o posit ive landfor m s t hat m ay change hydr ogeom or phology dynam ics or t o be exposed t o t he floods. The ot her side, t heir locat ion in hilly or m ount ainous r egions incr ease vulner abilit y t o ot her geom or phological pr ocess ( gully er osion, landslide) . Also, t he ext ension of hu m an set t lem ent s and land use is influenced by t he pr esence of such a sit e eit her it is closed. The im plicat ions of t hese land for m s ar e v ar ied and m ust be linked t o geogr aphical r ealit ies fr om ar ound. Thus, t he m apping of t hese ant hr opogenic landfor m s cont r ibut e t o a bet t er underst anding of t he syst em ic int er act ions fr om local envir onm ent . This appr oach m ay be an im por t ant t ool for EI A st udies, in t he pr ocess of r ehabilit at ion, post - m onit or ing and r eint egr at ion of t hese landfills.
Ke y W or ds: landfill, ant hr opogenic landfor m , ur ban ar eas, GI S t echniques.
I n t r odu ct ion. Lit erat ure revealed t he fact cit ies from v arious geographical regions are ex posed t o pollut ion due t o im proper w ast e disposal of m unicipal w ast e part icularly in dev eloping count ries ( Khaj uria et al 2010; Kum ar et al 2009; Taseli 2007; Chen 2010;
Tadesse et al 2008) . Wast e m anagem ent sy st em s hav e not received as m uch at t ent ion in t he cit y planning process as ot her sect ors lik e w at er or energy ( Zam an & Lehm ann 2011) . I n t his cont ex t , landfills are sources of com plex pollut ion in urban areas.
Furt herm ore, part ial access of urban populat ion t o w ast e collect ion services or im proper dist ribut ion of w ast e m anagem ent facilit ies cont ribut e t o t he illegal dum ping ( Mihai et al 2011; Mihai et al 2012a; I chinose & Yam am ot o 2011; Roj as & Zam brano 2008) . The regulat ions on m unicipal w ast e m anagem ent sy st em s aim t o div ert t he w ast e from landfilling by support ing t he new concept of w ast e hierarchy . Wast e prev ent ion is on t he t op of t his hierarchy and landfilling is t he last opt ion but t he realit y is ex act ly t he opposit e on t he field. Wast e prev ent ion is scarcely im plem ent ed or absent in m ost EU m em bers ( Salhofer et al 2008; Gent il et al 2011) and landfilling st ill prev ails ( Manzzat i &
Zoboli 2008) despit e of v arious t echnical solut ions ( Pires et al 2011) . Socio- econom ic disparit ies across EU- 27 reflect different opt ions adopt ed bet w een Nort hern- Sout hern and/ or West ern- East ern count ries ( Mihai & Apost ol 2012) . Wast e m anagem ent is a com plex sect or because it inv olv es legislat iv e (law s, rules, guidelines on m anagem ent , responsibilit ies and com pet ences) , environm ent al ( resources use and t heir opt im al m anagem ent ) , econom ic ( reuse, disposal and t ariff) and urban planning aspect s ( Bam ont i et al 2011) . New m odels are proposed t o help decision m ak ers of a m unicipalit y t o est ablish an int egrat ed w ast e m anagem ent syst em for urban areas ( Cost i et al 2004;
Guariso et al 2009) . Rom ania, as all new m em bers, has difficult y t o pass from a t radit ional w ast e m anagem ent sy st em based on landfiling t o a sust ainable and int egrat ed sy st em . Nat ional, regional and local w ast e m anagem ent plant s est ablish a schedule ( 2005- 2017) for closure of all non- com pliant landfills, t hese sit es being replaced wit h
regional sanit ary landfills ( 1- 2 for each count y ) and t ransfer st at ions ( w hich m ay hav e sort ing and com post ing facilit ies). Old sit es were operat ional since 1960 w it h no proper infrast ruct ure t o prot ect t he local environm ent . Pollut ion from landfills increases closer t o cit ies or surrounding rural areas.
Landfill, beside a t oxic pot ent ial source, is an ordinary ant hropic landform lik e irrigat ion channels, dam s, prot ect iv e em bankm ent s, quarries, t unnels, roads or agricult ural t erraces w hich can dist urb t he dy nam ic equilibrium of geosyst em ( Ursu et al 2011) . This paper aim s t o out line t he t errit orial and env ironm ent al im plicat ions of t hese crit ical infrast ruct ure as ant hropogenic landform at local scale using GI S t echniques.
M a t e r ial an d M e th od. Env ironm ent al im pact assessm ent st udies and risk assessm ent s should not ignore t he t em poral and spat ial v ariat ions of v arious landfill charact erist ics ( But t el al 2008) and it m ust be ex am ined in a geographical cont ex t ( Mihai 2012) . New approaches or assessm ent t ools are used in landfill st udies such as rem ot e sensing ( Son et al 2011) or spat ial analy sis wit h GI S t echniques ( Sum at hi et al 2008; Zam orano et al 2008; Leao et al 2004) . The paper perfom ed a GI S analy sis for t hree non- com pliant urban landfills from Neamţ Count y . These sit es are locat ed in v arious geographical cont ex t as follow s: Rom an ( corridor v alley of Moldov a riv er), Bicaz ( m ount ain region in t he proxim it y of Bist riţa riv er) , Târgu Neamţ (hill region) . Met hodology of m apping product s inv olv ed t he use of digit al dat aset s such as SRTM ( Shut t le Radar Topography Mission) , t opographic surv ey for Rom an landfill (CJ Neamţ) ort hophot oplans ( 2005) and 1: 25000 t opographic m ap of Rom ania in Gauss-Kruger proj ect ion. For processing and query ing of t hese spat ial dat a it has been used TNTMips soft w are 7. 0. Achiev em ent of digit al m aps concerning on t he one hand t he land use in t he proxim it y of t hese sit es and on t he ot her hand t he digit al elev at ion m odel for Rom an landfill w as obt ained t hrough onscreen v ect orizat ion m et hod of lev el curv es and linear int erpolat ion using t he GI S soft . I n order t o ex am ine t he direct influences of a non- com pliant landfill sit e t o surroundings it used t hree buffers zones such as 250/ 500/ 1000 m . Spat ial im plicat ions of a landfill sit e m ay be significant in t he radius of 0. 5 k m or m oderat e unt il 1 k m and low er for ov er 1 k m . The paper also analy sis one t he one hand t he am ount s of w ast e disposed in t hese sit es during 2004- 2010 and on t he ot her side t he disadv ant ages of t he t radit ional w ast e m anagem ent sy st em s from t his period.
Re su lt s a n d D iscu ssion. I m proper m anagem ent of w ast es can lead t o serious healt h t hreat s as a result of fires, ex plosions, and cont am inat ion of air, soil, and w at er ( Dem irbas 2011) . Non- com pliant landfills in t he prox im ity of urban areas such as Rom an, Târgu Neamţ and Bicaz led t o com plex pollut ion. Tradit ional w ast e m anagem ent sy st em s from Rom anian cit ies is st ill based on m ix ed w ast e collect ion and landfilling. This opt ions prev ail in all cit ies from Neamţ count y during 2004- 2010 ( Table 1) ; only Piat ra Neamţ had a slight decrease of landfilling in last y ears due t o im plem ent at ion of an int egrat ed w ast e m anagem ent sy st em s support ed by I SPA funds. This sy st em since 2007 prov ides separat e collect ion ( paper/ cardboard, PET/ plast ics, biodegradable fract ions) sort ing and com post ing facilit ies, crushing plant s ( const ruct ion and dem olit ion w ast es) and sanit ary landfill. Also t here are t w o collect ion point s ( Darmăneşt i and Mărăţei neighborhoods) w here WEEE, bulky w ast e and hazardous m unicipal w ast e could be collect ed.
Table 1 Share of landfilling in urban w ast e m anagem ent sy st em s
Landfilling ( % ) 2004 2007 2010
Piat ra Neamţ 99. 96 88. 74 88. 22
Rom an 99. 91 99. 915 99. 77
Târgu Neamţ 100 100 100
Bicaz 100 100 100
Roznov 100 100 100
On t he cont rary , Roznov cit y had no w ast e m anagem ent services during 2004- 2010, w ast e generat ed being im properly disposed in open dum ps. St art ing wit h 2011 t he cit y w as cov ered by separat e collect ion and t ransfer st at ion has been const ruct ed t hrough PHARE- CES 2005 program m e. The EU acquis im poses t he closure of t hese non- com pliant landfills, deadlines st ipulat ed in HG no. 349/ 2005, deadlines being 2010 f or Bicaz landfill and July 2012 for Rom an and Târgu Neamţ. Also dum psit es ( < 1ha) from sm all cit ies such as Roznov should be closed and rehabilit at ed ( com pact ed and soil cov ered) unt il 16 July 2009 as sam e for rural areas ( Mihai et al 2012b) .
Rom a n la n dfill. The sit e is locat ed on floodplain of Moldov a riv er, in t he sout h- w est of t he Rom an cit y near t o Siret confluence. I t is t he largest landfill from t his st udy ( 5 ha) , design capacit y is 900000 m3 built in 1980 being operat ional for 32 y ears. The lack of w at erproofing sy st em and short dist ance from landfill sit e t o Moldov a riv er ( < 10 m ) fav ored riv er pollut ion. Also, high hy drost at ic level m ay facilit at ed t he leachat e infilt rat ion int o groundw at er. Leachat e infilt rat ion int o groundw at er can affect s t he aquifers t hat supply t he near households w it h drinking w at er from w ells. This dum psit e is m ost v ulnerable t o flooding from st udy area due t o geographical locat ion in a lowland area in t he prox im it y of t w o m aj or rivers such as Moldova and Siret . Such large landfills dev elop a specific ecosy st em ( m icroflora, m icrofauna, crow s, flies, m osquit oes, rodent s, dogs, et c. ) due t o high share of biodegradable w ast e from t ot al am ount s of m unicipal w ast e disposed. This ecological niche can affect t he balance of ecosy st em from surrounding areas part icularly for agricult ural lands. Also, a landfill sit e fav ors t he spread of pat hogenic agent s t hreat ening liv est ock and/ or hum an healt h. Most ex posed t o t his risk are m em bers of inform al sect or w hich collect m et als and ot hers recy clables from landfill t o sell t hem t o recy cling com panies. Buffers areas ( diam et er of 250/ 500 and 1000 m et ers) rev ealed t he fact t hat built - up areas are also ex posed t o pollut ion due t o prox im it y of t his im proper sit e, as it is show n in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Land use in t he proxim it y of Rom an landfill.
Biodegradable w ast e prev ails and t he biogas is accum ulat ing inside t he landfill. Poorly - com pact ed w ast e fav ors t he ox y gen penet rat ion and spont aneous com bust ion m ay occur releasing t oxic gases, dust and soot w hich cov er t he surrounding area.
Landfill em issions carried by wind ( dom inant direct ion Nort h- Sout h) m ay be deposit ed on arable land in t he proxim it y of cit y and also for Cot u Vam eş v illage. The t oxic pot ent ial is higher part icularly for v arious crops from gardens inside t he buffer area ( 1 k m ) . Prot ect ed area from ecological net w ork of Nat ura 2000 such as Lunca Siret ului Mij lociu ( ROSPA0072) is in prox im it y of t his sit e. This open sit e could be also a t ox ic food source for cert ain prot ect ed species w hich crosses t his area. During operat ional period of t his old sit e a new landform t ak es shape in local landscape ( Figure 2) .
Figure 2. Modelling of Rom an landfill as ant hropogenic landform ( 3D) .
This ant hropogenic landform is bet t er highlight ed in lowlands such as floodplain of Moldov a river. These landform s m odified t he balance of t he old and nat ural ecosyst em im posing v arious changes at local scale. Frequent ly such landfills are best ex am ples for st udying hum an influences on urban env ironm ent .
Bica z la n dfill. The cit y is sit uat ed in east ern Carpat hian Mont ains at t he confluence of Bicaz and Bistriţa riv ers in t he proxim it y of I zv oru Munt elui lak e. The landfill is locat ed in t he nort h of t he cit y , district Dodeni, on Bistriţa riv er t errace (left side) dow st ream t he dam as show n in Figure 3.
This sit e is t he sm allest from st udy area ( 2 ha) , design capacit y for 450000 m3, built in 1962 being operat ional for 47 y ears. Geographical barriers of t his m ount ain region did not provide m any opt ions for t he locat ion of such sit e. This locat ion does not com ply t he m inim um dist ance from resident ial buildings ( at least 1 k m ) being t o close one t he one hand t o t he block s of Dodeni dist rict from right side and on t he ot her hand t o som e households from left side of Bist riţa riv er.
Air current s channeled on Bist rița v alley ( Nort h t o Sout h) led, during operat ional period of t his sit e, t o t ransport at ion em issions ( such as C02 , SOx, CH4, dust ) from landfill sit e t o t he cit y . Ot hers clim at ic fact ors such as a higher rainfall in t his m ount ain region and also snow m elt ing in early spring led t o a surplus of w at er t hat crossed t he landfill generat ing a great er quant it ies of leachate that could reach into Bistriţa riv er. Regarding t he v ulnerabilit y t o t he floods, t he I zv oru Munt elui dam on Bist rița riv er is int ended t o m it igat e t hese nat ural hazards in upst ream , so only a st rong flood on I zv orul Munt elui st ream m ay affect t his sit e. I n order t o m inim ize t he geom orphological processes such as landslides or gully erosion, t he slope t errace of Bist riţa riv er near t he dum psit e w as afforested. Although Ceahlău National Park limits are more than 1 k m aw ay from t his sit e, buffer region ( forest areas) is recent ly included in t he Nat ure 2000 net w ork as SPA and SCI sit e according t o Birds and Habit at s Direct iv es. Closure of t his landfill cont ribut e
on t he one hand t o im prov em ent of urban env ironm ent and on t he ot her hand t o local biodiv ersit y prot ect ion.
Figure 3. Land use in t he proxim it y of Bicaz landfill.
Tâ r gu N e a mţ lan dfill. The sit e is locat ed in a hilly region bet ween t w o localit ies, Târgu Neamţ cit y and Oglinzi village from Răuceşt i com m une in a less populat ed area. Alt hough dist ance from t he last households of Târgu Neamţ cit y is below 1 km , t he locat ion of t his sit e is a bet t er choice t han t he ot her t w o cases because t he cit y is less ex posed. Built - up area of cit y ( households) is not included in t he buffer area of 500 m or cov ers a sm all area in buffer of 1 Km ( Figure 4) . Also, no indust rial facilit ies are locat ed in t he prox im it y of t his landfill but t here is a nat ional road w hich connect s t he Neamţ County t o Suceav a County (Fălt iceni cit y ) . Furt herm ore, t he sit e is locat ed on a land w it h no agricult ural use ( past ure) and it is not ex posed t o floods of m aj or riv ers such as Moldov a ( Rom an) or Bistriţa ( Bicaz) . How ev er, t he landfill ex t ended on a t orrent v alley ( NW) t hat during t he int ense rains fav ored t ransport at ion of leachat e t o Slat ina st ream . Also, t his sit e is locat ed at a dist ance of 1- 1. 5 k m from limits of Vânăt ori Nat ural Park and t o Oglinzi resort .
Dem ographic different iat ions bet w een t hese cit ies are reflect ed in t he am ount s of m unicipal w ast e disposed on t hese sit es. Howev er, it is a const ant t rend of w ast e disposed in Târgu Neamț and Bicaz landfills unlike Rom an cit y w here are significant oscillat ions during 2004- 2010 as it show n in Figure 5. Maj or decrease in t he period 2007- 2010 can not be at t ribut ed t o reducing landfilling in t he cont ex t of poor recy cling facilit ies but rat her of a progressiv e im prov em ent of t he dat a w hich are ordinary overest im at ed by w ast e operat ors ( dat a for 2010 is probably t he closest t o realit y ). Because t he landfills operat ors hav e no w eighing sy st em , t he dat a for t hese sit es are v olum et ric est im at ed ( m3) t hen conv ert ed t o t onnes t ak ing int o account t he household w ast e densit y ( 300- 350 k g/ m3 for Rom ania) . Wast e operat ors report t hese dat a t o local ( count y ) env ironm ent al prot ect ion agency . This procedure is im proving y ear by y ear due t o EU regulat ions on w ast e st at ict ics.
Bet t er k now ledge of com plet e MSW cy cle dy nam ics could allow t o reach t he w ast e m anagem ent goals t hat are at present st ill far from being achiev ed in m any EU count ries ( Bianchini et al 2011) . Reliable dat a it is an im port ant t ool in w ast e m anagem ent
planning and it m ust be relat ed t o geographical condit ions of st udy area ( Chow dhury 2009; Passarini et al 2011; Keser et al 2012) . Direct iv e 99/ 31/ EC required EU Mem bers t o creat e st rat egic plans for t he reduct ion of biodegradable MSW previously going t o landfills and defined t he t arget s for biodegradable w ast e landfill disposal ( Magrinho et al 2006) . This fract ion has an im port ant share in m unicipal w ast e com posit ion in Rom ania an also for Neamţ Count y ov er 50% . Wast e disposal in t hese non- com pliant landfills w as done by sim ply st acking wit hout any sort or neut ralizat ion, including biodegradable w ast e.
Figure 4. Land use in t he proxim it y of Târgu Neamţ landfill.
Figure 5. Est im at ed am ount s of m unicipal w ast e disposed in non- com pliant landfills.
Const ruct ion and dem olit ion w ast e w ere used for m aint enance of t he access road inside t he landfill sit e and as coat ing lay er of w ast e. Met hane accum ulat ion led t o spont aneous com bust ion of solid w ast e ( e. g. Rom an cit y landfill) . Furt herm ore, t hese sit es hav e no facilit y for leachat e t reat m ent pollut ing t he hy drographic net w ork ( Figure 6) . Locat ion of t hese sit es in t he prox im it y of m aj or riv ers such as Moldov a ( Rom an cit y landfill) and Bist riţa ( Bicaz cit y landfill) increases t he v ulnerabilit y t o flooding. On t his issue, Laner et al ( 2009) dev eloped a m et hodology t o assess t he pot ent ial im pact of floods for old and cont rolled sit es from Aust ria.
Such approaches are necessary for Rom ania t oo, because landfills are ordinary locat ed on floodplains of riv ers. I n t his regard, Bist riţa river w as recent ly dam m ed on t he area of sanit ary landfill w hich serv es t he Piat ra Neamţ cit y
Figure 6. Non- com pliant landfills from urban areas of Neamţ Count y .
Mix ed w ast e collect ion led t o disposal of v arious fract ions in t hese sit es such as household and sim ilar w ast e, st reet w ast e, gardens w ast e, bulky w ast e, const ruct ion and dem olit ion w ast e, WEEE, hazardous m unicipal w ast e ( bat t eries, accum ulat ors, det ergent s
& cleaning fluids, oils and ot her liquids, pest icides et c. ) , sludges from w ast ew at er t reat m ent plant s w hich increased t he t oxic pot ent ial. By t he adopt ion of EU regulat ions on m unicipal w ast e m anagem ent , t hese fract ions hav e em erged as specific w ast e st ream s w hich should be collect ed and t reat ed separat ely. Old landfills of Rom an and Târgu Neamţ cit ies also receiv ed t he household and sim ilar w ast e collect ed from rural areas in t he proxim it y . This pract ice has spread part icularly aft er t he closure of rural dum psit es ( 16 July 2009) unt il t hese sit es will be closed ( deadline July 2012) t o be replaced on t he one hand by a new regional landfill locat ed in Girov com m une and on t he ot her hand by t ransfer st at ions from Târgu Neamţ cit y and Cordun com m une.
Con clusion s. Poor facilit ies inside t hese old sit es fav ored t he pollut ion of urban env ironm ent , t his fact being also influenced by local geographical condit ions. Also t hese non- com pliant landfills usually are locat ed in t he prox im it y of built - up areas or arable lands. Cit ies oft en ignored t he w ast e m anagem ent issue by prom ot ing t he t radit ional sy st em s based on m ix ed collect ion and landfilling. New regulat ions im pose an int egrat ed w ast e m anagem ent sy st em w hich changes t he current w ast e m anagem ent planning.
Landfill sit es m ust be link ed t o a geographical cont ex t for a holist ic approach. I n t his
cont ex t , GI S t echniques are a necessary t ool for EI A st udies com plet ing t he com m on m et hodologies described in lit erat ure.
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* * * GD no. 349 of 21 April 2005 on t he landfill of w ast e, com plet ed by GD no. 210/ 2007 [ in Rom anian] .
* * * Neamţ Count y Council, 2005 I nt egrat ed Wast e Managem ent Sy st em . Closure of uncom pliant landfill ( Phare Proj ect 2005 / 017- 553. 04. 03/ 08. 01) [ in Rom anian] .
Received: 20 Febr uar y 2 013. Accept ed: 25 Febr uar y 2 013. Pub lished online: 09 apr ilie 20 13.
Aut hor s:
Flor in- Const ant in Mihai, “ Alexandr u I oan Cuza “ Univer sit y, Depar t m ent of Geogr aphy, 7 005 05, I aşi, 2 0 A Car ol I Blvd, Rom ania, e- m ail: m ihai. flor in86@yahoo. com
Liviu Apost ol, “ Alexandr u I oan Cuza “ Univer sit y, Depar t m ent of Geogr aphy, 700 505, I aşi, 20 A Car ol I Blvd, Rom ania, e- m ail: apost olliv@yahoo. com
Adr ian Ur su, “ Alexandr u I oan Cuza “ Univer sit y, Depar t m ent of Geogr aphy, 700505, Iaşi, 20 A Carol I Blvd, Rom ania, e- m ail: ur su_v_adr ian@yah oo. com
Pavel I chim , “ Alexandr u I oan Cuza “ Univer sit y, Depar t m ent of Geogr aphy, 700505, Iaşi, 20 A Carol I Blvd, Rom ania, e- m ail: pavel_ichim @yahoo. com
This is an open- access ar t icle dist r ibut ed under t he t er m s of t he Cr eat ive Com m ons At t r ibut ion License, which per m it s unr est r ict ed use, dist r ibut ion and r epr oduct ion in any m edium , pr ovided t he or iginal aut hor and sour ce ar e cr edit ed.
How t o cit e t his ar t icle:
Mihai F. , Apost ol L., Ur su A., I chim P. , 2013 Landfills as ant hr opogenic landfor m s in ur ban envir onm ent fr om Neamţ count y. AES Bioflux 5( 2) : 100- 1 08.
