Concepts of regional energy transition

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Virtual Summer School on Sustainable Design for Low Carbon Buildings & Cities

Concepts of regional energy transition

Tekn. Dr. Dietrich Schmidt, Head of Thermal Energy System Technology Department, Fraunhofer IEE, Kassel/Germany

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FRAUNHOFER INSTITUTE

ENERGY ECONOMICS AND ENERGY SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY

intern

The Fraunhofer IEE in Kassel researches in the fields of energy economics and energy system technology.

We explore and develop solutions for sustainably transforming renewable based energy systems.

Our service portfolio deals with current and future challenges faced by the energy industry and energy system technology issues.

 Personal: approx. 430

 Annual budget: approx. 28 Mio EUR

 Executive Director: Prof. Dr. Kurt Rohrig Deputy Directors:

Dr. Philipp Strauß, Dr. Reinhard Mackensen www.iee.fraunhofer.de

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Fraunhofer-Neubau Kassel

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RESEARCH FIELDS

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CO2-Emissions of different end energy sectors in Germany

Quelle: BWK Das Energiefachmagazin:

Informationen zum Energieverbrauch in Deutschland 2007. München:

Forschungsstelle für Energiewirtschaft, Lehrstuhl für Energiewirtschaft und Anwendungstechnik der Technischen Universität München, 2011

47% Heat

^Industry

Private households Trade / service sector Mobility

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Renewable fractions of end energy use in Germany

Strom fossil Strom EE Wärme fossil Wärme EE Mobilität fossil Mobilität EE

Electricity fossil

Electricity 32% renewable

Heat

13%renewable

Heat fossil

Mobility fossil

Mobility 5%

renewable

Quelle: BEE Studie Sektorkopplung IWES/E4

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Challenges for the realisation of the „Energy Transition“

• Cities and buildings are main consumer of energy

• New buildings are constructed as “small power plants”

• Retrofit rates need to be increased for a more efficient use of energy

• Developments are focussing on the

community / district level

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Solutions for urban districts

Innovative heat supply on a community level

„Low temperature district heating is a key technology for an efficient

integration of renewable energy sources and waste heat in our energy systems.“

IEA DHC Annex TS1

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Low temperature district heating

Source: IEA DHC Annex TS1 acc Werner and Fredriksen 2014

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Why is there a need for action?

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In Germany (in contrast to the Nordic countries), only a minor part (11%) of heat demand is covered by (mostly older) district heating (DH) networks  low public awareness

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Innovations in DH are increasingly important, due to necessary decarbonization of the heating sector by e.g. the use of renewables or waste heat



New technologies and supply strategies are required for e.g. the expansion, the transformation of the (existing) networks and sector coupling

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Consideration of future developments of new business models, cost-effectiveness DH supply but also acceptance and incentives.

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Examples for successful implementation of DH in Germany and especially in the Nordic countries are available. Gained "Lessons Learned" have to be used to facilitate

sustainable DH systems.

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To reach the German Climate Goals

the heating markets and systems need to be changed

 For the mass market single family buildings air or ground source as well as hybrid heat pumps will dominate (total 62%)

 Expansion of district heating from today 11% to 37%

 Mainly larger heat pumps

 But also solar thermal plants, geothermal plants, waste heat, waste incineration

Source: Transformationspfade im Wärmesektor, IEE 2019

total heating grids

HP

CHP

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Expansion of district heating

 Expansion depending on the size of the municipality

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0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

FW-Anteil

Endenergie [TWh/a]

Einzelheizung FW-Neu

FW-Verdichtung FW-Bestand FW-Anteil

urban <--> rural

Wärmenetzanteill 2030/2050 an Endenergie 2030

Final energy [TWh/a] DH fraction

DH fraction DH existing DH new

Single heating

DH concentration

Fraction DH in from final energy use in 2030

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Expansion of district heating grids

 Expansion of district heating systems need to happen until 2030.

 Within 12 years district heating grids need to be expanded from 11 % to 37

% final energy use. This is a factor 6 to 7 compared to todays developments.

Connected customer Trench length [km]

Market development district heating until 2030

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Other studies: Extension of DH until 2030 needed!

Agora: Heat Transition 2030 (2017)

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 70% district heating in 70 larger Cities in Germany (2015)

Three main pillars for the

German Heat Transition 2030

 Increase energy efficiency, reduced consumption by about 40%

 Implementation of heat pumps, about 5 to six million are needed.

 Expand district heating grids from

10% to 23%

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Other studies: Extension of DH until 2030 needed!

AGFW: The German Heat and Power association

 70% district heating in 70 larger Cities in Germany (2015)

 40% district heating in 40% of German municipalities (2018)

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Geo-Solar District Heating in Kassel

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Central Heat Pump

Ground Heat Exchanger / Boreholes

Electricity Grid Heating Grid 40ºC

De-central units (DH service station, solar thermal systems)

Gas Grid

Ground regeneration

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Geo-Solar District Heating in Kassel

District heating

Sub station Heat

storage Domestic hot water

Floorheating Solar thermal

system

Building Service Systems

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Geo-Solar District Heating in Kassel Results - Ecological Assessment

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* Acc EnEV16 for electricity mix with primary energy factor 1,8 and CO₂-Emissions 0,347 kg/kWh

Primary Energy Demand CO₂ Emissions

Reference Geosolar DH

Primary Energy Demand in [kWh/a] CO2Emissions in [t/a]-61% -64%

Gas Electricity mix Gas Electricity mix

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Geo-Solar District Heating in Kassel Results - Economical Assessment

0 to -5%?

Annual heating costs for end user

Annual heating costs in [€/a]

Integration of funding?

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The Lagarde Campus – Bamberg (Germany)

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STRUCTURE:

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70% new buildings



30% existing (partly protected)



^USE:



59% dwellings,



34% offices,



^{4% trade,}

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^{3% culture}

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Various building standards



Heat demand 10 GWh

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The Lagarde Campus - Bamberg

Heating system



Cold-DH-grid

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^LT-Grid

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^{Energy hub}

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^Parking

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Lagarde-West

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Boundary for funding

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uncertain City development

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Resulting energy supply concept

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Legend

690 MWh

900 MWh 300 MWh

70 MWh Electricity grid

100 % RES possible

Photovoltaics

Free cooling Ground

Saisonal Storage

Cold

175 MWh

DHW Heating Cold DH-grid

+ 20 MWh Gewinne

Heat pumps Sewage

als mögliche Ergänzung

District heating

waste inceneration

DHW Heating

Potable water Solar energy

PtG-plant

68 % el. Wirkungsgrad

DH grid ^with 1.400 m³ storage

CHP-plant Gas grid

Storage

Electrical operational grid

600 MWh 890 MWh

1.900 MWh ^{2.580 MWh}

960 MWh

440 MWh 250 MWhdirekt

540

440 MWh 370 MWh

Ground collector

Wärme/Kälte

390 MWh

Max. 752 MWh

175 MWh 175 MWh

Energy source Cold

Storage Electricity

Heat

Gas

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Moosburg an der Isar (Germany)

 Transformation and expansion of an existing heating network

 Utilization of industrial waste heat at rather low-temperature

 Heat supply by solar thermal system and decentralized heat pumps

 Seasonal and short-term thermal energy storage are used for load-shifting

 Cascading for the appropriate reduction of the temperature level

 Approach for analysis of hybrid energy networks: Electricity market- appropriate feed-in of energy from PV (power-to-heat)

 Preparations for the implementation of the energy concept are currently underway!

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IEA DHC Annex TS2

Implementation of low temperature district heating systems

=> The purpose of Annex TS2 is to facilitate the wider implementation of 4GDH systems.

 Participating countries:

Austria, Denmark, Germany, Norway, Sweden, and United Kingdom.

Coordination by Halmstad University/Sweden:

Kristina Lygnerud & Swen Werner

Some more examples from an international co-operation activity

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Analysed cases in the IEA Annex TS2



Cases analysed in detail and presented

 Cases analysed in the project

 Identified Cases

 many examples of

concepts of regional energy transition

Some more examples from an international co-operation activity

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Low temperature secondary network for 20 affordable row houses (60/40)

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Innovative pre-fabricated piping systems

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Heat supply form industrial biomass plant and from 3 heat pumps

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Direct connection of the heating system

Woergl (Austria)

 Realised new construction

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Smart thermal subgrid

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Integration of renewable heat (ca. 20%) from heat pumps / PV systems

(ca. 25.000 m²) in addition to the classic district heating supply

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Heat pumps are operated with 100% PV power

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Utilization of surplus electricity in summer time for the operation of cooling machines

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Smart control of subgrids

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Modular expansion

Benjamin Franklin in Mannheim (Germany)

 New construction and existing buildings

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Return temperature optimization in cities

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Central substation including weather compensation

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Online control of substation

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Radiators are equipped with smart electronic thermostats and return pipe temperature sensor

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Optimisation of operation and monitoring

Copenhagen Fredriksberg (Denmark)

 Building scale

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Energy efficient campus Lichtwiese

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Heating and cooling network

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Based on monitoring a virtual model / digital twin has been up

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Strategy developed to reduce network temperatures

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Waste heat utilisation from high performance computer centre

Source: TU Darmstadt

Darmstadt „Lichtwiese“ (Germany)

 Simulation study

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Low temperature neighbourhood (60°C supply)

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Solar heating parking (1000m² collector)

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Electric heat pumps with geothermal source

Sigtuna (Sweden)

 Realised new construction

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Identification of new challenges for the transition of heat supply / energy concepts

Abschlussbericht DELFIN: Jentsch, A. et al. „DELFIN – Decentralized Feed-In Prognose der Auswirkungen dezentraler Einbindung von Wärme aus erneuerbaren Energien und anderen Wärmeerzeugern in Fernwärmenetze, Abschlussbericht

zum Verbundvorhaben

Transformation of the urban heat supply

Decarbonisation Digitalisation

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https://www.iee.fraunhofer.de/de/testzentren-und-labore/District_LAB.html

Our New Test Facility

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Research focus area "Urban Energy System"

Technology:

- Coupling technologies - Energy management - Test facility

Plannig:

- Energy concepts - Planning tools

Economy:

- Business models - International

cooperation Urban

Energy System

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Summary

• Energy efficieny is our biggest Energy source!

• Buildings and the heat sector need to attract more attention!

• Electricity from fluctuating and

renewable sources will be our future primary energy source.

• Integration of all sub systems in regional energy concepts is our future task!

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Contact

Tekn. Dr. Dietrich Schmidt

Head of Thermal Energy System Technology Department

Fraunhofer Institute for Energy Economics and Energy System Technology IEE e-Mail: dietrich.schmidt@iee.fraunhofer.de

phone: +49 561 804-1871 http://www.iee.fraunhofer.de