Spatial and temporal diet variabiliy of Adélie (Pygoscelis adeliae) and Emperor (Aptenodytes forsteri) penguin: a multi tissue stable isotope analysis

Spatial and temporal diet variabiliy of Adélie (Pygoscelis adeliae) and Emperor (Aptenodytes forsteri) penguin: a multi tissue stable isotope analysis

Vahideh Jafari*, Deborah Maccapan*, Giulio Careddu*, Simona Sporta Caputi*, Edoardo Calizza*^, Loreto Rossi*, Maria Letizia Costantini*

* Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome. Via dei Sardi 70, 00185 Rome (IT)

^ corresponding author: edoardo.calizza@uniroma1.it

Online Resource 1. TEF values of the tissues of Adélie and Emperor Penguins used for the

sensitivity analysis. TEF 1: main TEF; TEF 2: Δ

C-30%, Δ

N; TEF 3: Δ

C, Δ

N-30%; TEF 4:

Δ

C-15%, Δ

N; TEF 5: Δ

C, Δ

N-15%; TEF 6: Δ

C+15%, Δ

N, TEF 7: Δ

C, Δ

N+15%;

TEF 8: Δ

C+30%, Δ

N; TEF 9: Δ

CΔ,

N+30%.

Feathers (Emperor Penguin) Feathers (Adelie Penguin) Shell membrane (both penguin species)

Δ¹³C Δ¹⁵N Δ¹³C Δ¹⁵N Δ¹³C Δ¹⁵N

TEF 1 0.70 3.10 1.30 3.50 2.80 4.40

TEF 2 0.49 3.10 0.91 3.5 1.96 4.40

TEF 3 0.70 2.17 1.30 2.45 2.80 3.08

TEF 4 0.60 3.10 1.11 3.50 2.38 4.40

TEF 5 0.70 2.63 1.30 2.97 2.80 3.74

TEF 6 0.81 3.10 1.50 3.50 3.22 4.40

TEF 7 0.70 3.57 1.30 4.03 2.80 5.06

TEF 8 0.91 3.10 1.69 3.50 3.64 4.40

TEF 9 0.70 4.03 1.30 4.55 2.80 5.72

(a)

(b)

TEF 1 TEF 2 TEF 3 TEF 4 TEF 5 TEF 6 TEF 7 TEF 8 TEF 9

TEF 1 0.98 0.93 1.00 0.46 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

TEF 2 1.39 1.00 0.99 0.95 1.00 0.96 0.97 0.95 TEF 3 1.81 0.42 0.95 0.99 0.97 0.88 0.89 0.84 TEF 4 0.12 1.28 1.69 0.51 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 TEF 5 3.05 1.66 1.25 2.93 0.58 0.38 0.39 0.33 TEF 6 0.27 1.13 1.54 0.15 2.79 1.00 1.00 1.00 TEF 7 0.21 1.60 2.02 0.33 3.26 0.47 1.00 1.00 TEF 8 0.18 1.57 1.99 0.30 3.23 0.44 0.03 1.00 TEF 9 0.33 1.72 2.13 0.44 3.38 0.59 0.12 0.15

Online Resource 2. Tukey's post-hoc pairwise comparisons from repeated measures ANOVA

(analysis of variance) between the percentages of krill consumption for each TEF (see also Online Resource 1) applied to (a) feathers and (b) shell membranes.

TEF 1 TEF 2 TEF 3 TEF 4 TEF 5 TEF 6 TEF 7 TEF 8 TEF 9

TEF 1 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.48

TEF 2 0.45 1.00 1.00 0.93 0.99 0.99 1.00 0.30 TEF 3 0.95 0.51 0.96 0.78 0.93 0.92 0.98 0.16 TEF 4 0.71 1.16 1.67 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.79 TEF 5 1.37 1.81 2.32 0.65 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.96 TEF 6 0.86 1.31 1.81 0.15 0.51 1.00 1.00 0.84 TEF 7 0.92 1.37 1.87 0.21 0.45 0.06 1.00 0.86 TEF 8 0.48 0.92 1.43 0.24 0.89 0.39 0.45 0.69 TEF 9 3.00 3.45 3.95 2.29 1.64 2.14 2.08 2.53

Online Resource 3. Sensitivity analysis results for krill consumption. The graphs show the

percentages of krill consumption (mean - 95% credibility intervals) for each TEF (see also Online

Resource 1) used by Emperor Penguin during summer (a) and

Penguin during spring (b).