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The mutant was validated for absence of Gv protein and no evidence for off-targets was found

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Academic year: 2021

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CRISPR/Cas9 knockout and functional characterization of gnav1

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ABSTRACT

Heterotrimeric G-proteins, consisting of α, β and γ subunits, play many essential roles in cellular signal transduction. Until recently four major classes of animal G-alpha proteins were known, Gi, Gq, Gs and G12. Few years ago a fifth class was discovered and named Gv. It is phylogenetically as old as the other four classes, but lacks orthologues in many model organisms, including mammals. However, Gv orthologues have been identified in many teleost lineages, including zebrafish. Here I have characterized Gv expression and function in zebrafish.

Immunohistochemistry showed presence of Gv in brush border cells of adult kidney and larval pronephros, larval gills and inner ear, and also in adult olfactory epithelium, where Gv was found in apical parts of the lamella and also scattered in isolated cells. Neither of these patterns co-localized with markers for ciliated and microvillous neurons, and the identity of Gv-expressing cells in the olfactory epithelium is currently unknown.

To elucidate the role of Gv, I have introduced a frameshift mutation in zebrafish gnav1, the gene coding for Gv, employing CRISPR/Cas9 technology. The mutant was validated for absence of Gv protein and no evidence for off-targets was found. Furthermore, I have successfully integrated E2A-KalTA4 (modified Gal4) in the open reading frame of gnav1 showing the feasibility of a CRISPR/Cas9 mediated knock-in for gnav1.

The larval pronephros and the gills are believed to be major ion homeostasis regulators.

Interestingly, the gnav1 mutant had an overall reduced total body calcium compared to wild type within a broad range of external calcium concentrations (high, normal, low).

Furthermore, qPCR experiments revealed that in low calcium conditions the expression levels of the epithelial calcium channel (ECaC) were significantly down regulated.

Moreover, the gene expression profile of the mutant adult kidney showed significant changes in the expression of several genes, among them EcaC, which was again down regulated. The hypocalcemic hormone, stc-1 and the calcium sensing receptor, CaSR were up regulated in the mutant. All these genes participate in calcium homeostasis suggesting an involvement of gnav1 in calcium homeostasis.

Furthermore, the G-Protein Gna11a and G-protein effectors plcg1 and adcyb1 were also moderately up regulated in the gnav1 mutant, suggesting potential compensatory effects through other G-Proteins.

Taken together I have characterized expression of Gv in several neuronal and non- neuronal tissues and shown a function of Gv in calcium homeostasis in one of them, renal tissue.

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ZUSAMMENFASSUNG

Heterotrimere G-proteine bestehen aus α, β und γ Untereinheiten. Sie spielen eine wichtige Rolle in einer Vielzahl von Signalkaskaden. In der Tierwelt gliedern sich die G-Proteine in fünf Klassen, Gi, Gq, Gs and G12 und das kürzlich entdeckte Gv. Gv ist phylogenetisch gesehen genauso alt wie die übrigen vier Klassen besitzt aber in vielen Modellorganismen keine Orthologe.

Der Zebrabärbling und einige andere Teleosten besitzen Gv orthologe. In dieser Arbeit wurde die Expression und Funktion von Gv im Zebrabärbling charakterisiert. Gv wurde mittels Immunfärbung in der erwachsenen Niere, dem larvalen Pronehpros, den Kiemen, dem Innenohr und dem erwachsenen Riechepithel lokalisiert. Im Riechepithel wurde Gv in apikalen Bereichen der Lamellen und auch in einzelnen Zellen nachgewiesen, kolokaliserte aber nicht mit Markergenen für zillierte oder mikrovilläre Neuronen. Es bleibt somit offen mit welchen Zelltypen Gv im erwachsenen Riechepithel des Zebrabärblings kolokalisiert. Um die Rolle von Gv näher zu beleuchten habe ich eine Leseraster Mutation für gnav1, dem Gen das für Gv kodiert, mit der CRISPR/Cas9 Methode erstellt. Die Mutante wurde auf das Fehlen vom Gv Protein überprüft und negativ auf potenzielle off-targets getestet. Des weiteren, habe ich mittels CRISPR/Cas9 eine E2A-KalTA4 (modifiziertes Gal4) Kassette in den gnav1 kodierenden Bereich integriert. Der larvale Pronephros und die Kiemen sind wichtige Orte der Ionenhomeostase im Zebrabärbling. Die gnav1 Mutante zeigte verringertes Gesamtkörperkalzium in einer Vielzahl von experimentellen Bedingungen (niedrig, normal, hoch) verglichen mit dem Wildtyp. Des weiteren, zeigten qPCR Experimente unter niedrigen Kalzium Bedingungen, dass der epitheliale Kalzium Kanal, ECaC in der gnav1 Mutante runterreguliert ist. Das Genexpressionsprofil einiger Gene in der erwachsenen Niere, zeigte signifikante Unterschiede in einigen Genen, unter Anderem auch ECaC. Das hypokalzemische Hormon, stc-1 und der Kalzium Rezeptor, CaSR waren in der Mutante hochreguliert. All diese Gene sind Bestandteile der Kalziumhomeostase und deuten darauf, dass Gv dort eine wichtige Funktion erfüllt. Das Gq G-Protein und die G-Protein Effektoren plcg1 und acdyb1 waren in der Mutante ebenfalls leicht hochreguliert, das bedeutet das andere G- Proteine vermutlich kompensatorisch den Gv Verlust puffern.

Zusammengefasst habe ich das Gv Protein charakterisiert, in mehreren neuronalen und nicht neuronalen Geweben und habe eine Funktion des Gv Proteins in der Kalziumhomeostase nachgewiesen.

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