MEMOIRS OF THE

Volltext

(1)

(2) Tn. A.. AGASSIZ.. HARVARD UNIVERSITY.. LIB RAR MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. GIFT OF. ALEX. AGASSIZ.. UdfUjui 0^<rtc^. 1^,. 'î|.

(3)

(4)

(5) OCT. 13. 1927.

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9) MEMOIRS OF THE. MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY AT. HARVARD COLLEGE.. VOL. XXXIII.. CAMBRIDGE,. U.S.A.. PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM. 1906..

(10)

(11) MEMOIRS OF THE. MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY AT. HARVARD. COLLEGE.. VOL. XXXIII.. CAMBRIDGE,. U.S.A.. PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM. 1906..

(12) i. H. University Press. :. John Wilson and Son, Cambridge, U. S. A..

(13) CONTENTS. REPORTS ON THE SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF THE EXPEDITION TO THE EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer " Alljatross," from October, 1904, to March, 1905, Lieut.. Commauder Expedition. the text.. L.. M. Garrett, U.. By Alexander. 190G.. S. N.,. Agassiz.. Comuianding. pp. i-xiii,. V.. 1-75.. Gekeral Report ok the 90 Pkites, and 8 figures in.

(14)

(15) Umoirs of. tljj. Museum. of Comparatibt ôiilogg. AT HARVARD COLLEGE. Vol. XXXIII.. REPORTS ON THE SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF THE EXPEDITION TO THE EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC, IN CHARGE OF ALEXANDER AGASSIZ, BY THP: U. S. FISH COMMISSION STEAMER "ALBATROSS," FROM OCTOBER, 1904, TO MARCH, 1905, LIEUT. COMMANDER L. M. GARRETT, U. S. N., COMMANDING.. V.. GENERAL REPORT OF THE EXPEDITION. By ALEXANDER AGASSIZ.. WITH NINETY-SIX PLATES, AND EIGHT FIGURES. [Published by permission of. IN. Gkorqe M. Bowers, U.. THE TEXT.. S.. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries.]. CAMBRIDGE, U.S.A.: ^rtntcH for. tije. January,. fluseum.. 190G.. /. I;. V.

(16)

(17) CONTENTS. iNTRonrcTiON. ix. Page. Hydrograph}', Plates 1-12. 1. Character of the Bottom of the Eastern Tropical. I'acifie,. Bottom Fauna. Plate 3. .. .. ..... .. of the Eastern Tropical. Pacific, Plate S". Pelagic Fauna ami Fauna of Intermetliate. Depths, Plate ;V. Distribution of. Fauna. Plate. tjie. 12. Pelagic auil Bottom. 3''. 18. 4-12. Serial Temperatures, Plates 3",. Record of. Serial. 19. Temperatures. Surface Temperatures, Plate 3" Specific Gravities, Plate. 3''. 24. 31. 34 35 37. 39 51. .. 2.5. ..... 26. Sala y Gomez, Plate 15 Easter Island, Plates 13, 16-49". 52. 28. Manga Reva,. 62. .. .. Kecord of Speciflc Gravities of the Eastern Pacific. Eecord of Specific Gravities of the Panamic Region Record of Air Temperatures Winds, Plate 3'' Record of PeLagic Stations between .San Francisco and Panama Record of Trawling, Dredging, and Pelagic Stations occupied by the "Albatross" in tlie Eastern Tropical Pacific from November, 1904, to March, 1905 The Gal.apagos, Plates 50-56. Plates axi> Explanation of the Plates. Plates 14, 57-91. 53.

(18)

(19) INTRODUCTION The U. of. S.. Fish Commission Steamer " Albatross " was_, with the consent. President, placed. the. Bureau. at. my. Commerce and Labor,. of. by Secretary Cortelyou of the. disposal. at the suggestion of the. Hon. Geo. M.. Bowers, Commissioner of Fisheries.. The area. selected for this crui.se of the " Albatross " included the vast. tract of the Eastern Pacific south of the in. region, explored. by her. This area was crossed by lines from the Galapagos to Aguja. 1891.. Point (PL. thence in a southwesterly direction, then to Callao.. 1),. we ran. Callao. Panamic. Reva, and. the Galapagos, next to. Easter Island, then to. to. finally to Acapulco,. From Manga. where our exploration ended, after having. steamed from Panama over a distance of more than 13,000 miles.. From Acapulco. the " Albatross " ran. were shipped to the. lections. Fisli. San. Diego, where. the. col-. Commission, to be distributed to the. who have kindly undertaken. specialists. to. to. work up. the material collected. during her cruise.. The rial for. collections. made during. the present expedition will give ample mate-. extensive monographs on the holothurians, the siliceous sponges, the. cephalopods, the jelly-fishes, the pelagic crustaceans, worms, and fishes of the Eastern Pacific, as well as on the bottom deposits and on the larians. and. dinoflagellates, diatoms,. radio-. and other protozoans collected by the. Small collections of plants were made at Easter Island and. tow-nets.. Manga Reva which may throw some. light. on the origin and distribution. of the flora of the Eastern Pacific.^. With one. exception, the lines. we ran were. all. well within the steaming. range of the " Albatross," so that the work laid out was satisfactorily carried on.. Our. last. line,. however, from Manga Reva to Acapulco, while. practicable under ordinary circumstances, proved beyond '. A. No.. 4,. capacity of. was sent to the Hon. Geo. M. Bowers from and from Acapulco. These letters were published in the American .Fournal February, April, and May, 190."), and were reprinted in the Bull. M. C. Z., Vol. XLVI,. brief account of the progress of the expedition. Callao, from the Galapagos, of Science for. the. April, 1905..

(20) INTRODUCTION.. X the " Albatross.". Our. which was excellent during the. progress,. days. first. Manga Reva, soon became greatly impeded by where we ought to have been in the full swing. of our journey after leaving. head winds. in the region. This led us to abandon with great reluctance. of the southeasterly trades. all. idea of further. up our proposed supply, to. make. work when. for Acapulco, merely sounding every morning.. we had every. to give. This was a. reason to expect to be able to spend. and. settle. the question of. their. in the western region of the equatorial currents belt,. more conclusively than we have been able influence. ;. to Clipperton, and, on account of our limited coal. visit. great disappointment, as. some time. in the equatorial belt of currents. upon the richness. to do. of the fauna living on the. bottom. in their track,. far from continental shores or insular areas.. We. were most fortunate in our arrangements for our coal supply.. was a somewhat risky undertaking. Manga Reva.. Easter Island, and Burns, Philp. &. or. Galapagos,. the. at. But, thanks to the interest of. Messrs. coal. Their failure to meet us either at Easter. Manga Reva would have been. islands are visited. We. coal. Co. in our behalf, their contracts to supply us with. were carried out most punctually. Island. provide. to. It. more than once a. disastrous, as neither of. these. year.. hoped to be docked at Callao, but, owing to the prolonged occupa-. by a disabled steamer and the uncertainty. tion of the dock. free within reasonable time,. we. of. its. becoming. decided to proceed without further delay to. Easter Island and continue the expedition without docking.. But. little. is. known. of the. hydrography of the area we explored, but. few soundings are recorded from that area of the Eastern. Pacific before the. ;. present expedition of the " Albatross " one to the N. W. of Callao by the " Italian S. " Vittor Pisani in 1882, three by the Cable S. " Silverton " in ' 1893,^ and four by the U. S. S. " Alaska.". ward. of the. H. M.. S.. Paumotus, to the meridian. "Alert". in. 1878-80.. I. A. ^. of. few deep-sea soundings east-. 91° 31' W., are all. do not include the long. list. taken by. of soundings. taken by the steamers of the Central and South American Telegraph Com-. pany along the west coast. of. South America.. They. are all within very. moderate distance of the coast, and bear mainly upon the configuration of the submarine western slope of South America. 111° 2. 4' S.. 10° 14' S.. 80°33'W.. 2729. W.. 1267. 79° 29'. I I. 10° 47'. 79°. 3'. J. 11° 16'. 78°. 4'. 1109 J. J. ^5. ». ^. j. fathoms.. 11° 52'. 78° 59' W. 78° 39'. 2017. 11° 51'. 78° 54'. 3368'""*"°™®'. 11° 53'. 76°. 3164. 11°. M'. S.. 2107 ,. 9'. j.

(21) INTRODUCTIOlSr.. The greatest oceanic. interest attached. there. exploration,. this. The eastern. no other. and. tropical Pacific extends south. between Acapulco and the Galapagos, and. line. is. s-reat a distance from a continental area situated at so O. I'eorion O. interrupted by so few ishxnds.. from a. to. xi. cisco as a northern. Cape San Fran-. to. boundary, to a distance of over 3000 miles as far as. Manga Reva, Easter Island, and a point north of Valparaiso distance of Manga Reva fi'om the South American coast is fully. the latitude of. and the. 3500 miles, with nothing to break. The. this vast. expanse of water.. investigation of this region promised interesting results and valuable. data regarding the extension of an abyssal oceanic fauna far from shore and its. dependence upon the pelagic food carried by. The U.. S. N., left. 22d.. On. San Francisco on the 6th. her. way along. pelagic material. however.. 782 fathoms.*. It. in. A. large. collected, not at a great distance. made two. amount. from the. were. having as assistant for. hauls in the vicinity. to find the green sand again, as the speci-. lost in transit to. this trip. Washington.. Professor Kofoid,. I. was fortunate. who has had. great. He. will. ;. and he. will. and Diatoms, and. prepare a report on the. be interesting. to. compare the pelagic fauna at intermediate. depths collected along the coast from San Francisco to of the Eastern Pacific.. A. Panama with. that. glance at the preliminary records of that line. shows the great abundance along the continental area of the embryos littoral. types of Echinoderms, of. Crustacea, Tintiunids,. of. branch of the expedition.. results of that It. of the collection of Radiolarians. minute pelagic organisms. other. of. coast,. experience in studying the Protozoa both in fresh water and at sea.. was given charge. as. 1891 she found " modern green sand," in 555 and. was interesting. collected in 1891. the tow-nets, as well. 300 fathoms.. Off Mariato Point the " Albatross". where. and arrived at Panama the. the coast Professor C. A. Kofoid took advantage of. was thus. of the stations. in. of October. hauls, generally to a depth of. vertical. Lieut.-Commander L. M. Garrett,. of. making surface hauls with. the opportunity for. mens. command. " Albatross," under. great oceanic currents.. tlie. Fishes,. and. Globigerince,. others. and. of. Lamellibranchs, GasterojDods, Acalephs,. mixed with Dinoflagellates, Radiolarians, pelagic. types. of. Copepods,. Amphipods,. Tunicates, Ostracods, Annelids, Sagittaj, Pteropods, Cephalopods, Acalephs,. and Fishes.. The oceanic. lines. were marked for the. total absence of littoi'al. embryos. 1. Stations 3357, 3358, Bull.. M.. C. Z.. XXIII, No.. 1, p. 5,. 1892..

(22) xu. INTRODUCTION. At Panama. my. on the 1st of November. arrival there. the 2d. we. was coaled and provisioned. the "Albatross". left for. at once;. found her ready for. I. sea,. on. and on. Mariato Point to make a few additional trawl hauls in. the region of the green sand.. In both the hauls. made. off. Mariato Point. green sand was found, but not in the quantity obtained in 1891.. were the only trawl hauls made. These. the Panamic District north of. in. the. Galapagos.. The changes made superintendence. the. most. satisfactory.. in the. Lieutenant. of. The. working apparatus of the "Albatross" under Franklin. U.. Swift,. proved. N.,. S.. main drum and the device. alterations in the. for. preventing the piling of the wire on the surging drum and the accompanying shock have greatly reduced the risk of breaking the wire rope trawling at great. depths.. The. wire rope. workmanship, and worked admirably in. in. an excellent piece of. j^roved. comparatively deep water. the. A new. which most of our trawling was done.. dredging boom was also. and everything relating to the equipment. installed,. when. the " Albatross. of. was carefully overhauled before her departure. Lieut. -Commander L.. expedition. members. M. Garrett was indefatigable. the officers and crew were devoted. ;. of the. scientific staff carried. in his interest for the. to their. work. ;. and the. out most faithfully their duties of. preparing and preserving the collections made. I. have to thank specially for assistance and advice, during the equipping. of the " Albatross " for her voyage. Captain Z. L. Tanner, U. S. N. late. Admiral Sir Joseph Wharton, R. N.. secretary of. the Smithsonian. Commander. report of. ;. Mr.. J.. ;. W.. ;. the. Mr. Richard Rathbun, assistant Littlehales. for. copies of. the. B. F. Day, U. S. N., of the " Mohican," on Easter. and for the corrections made on the chart of the island by the. Island,. the " Mohican. officers of. struction. ;. " the. managing. director of the Telegraph Con-. and Maintenance Company, and Mr. Lucas, the engineer. company,. sounding-machine. for advice regarding his automatic. ;. of the. Mr. Jas.. A. Scrymser, the president, and Mr. Kingsford, the manager, of the Central. and South American Telegraph Company. ;. the. managing. director,. and. Mr. A. Birrell the manager, of the Pacific Steam Navigation Company Messrs. Burns, Philp and Co., of Sydney; Messrs.. Callao. ;. W.. R. Grace. Captain Pillsbury of the Bureau of Navigation. Company. ;. the late Secretary Hay,. ;. who was kind enough. the. and. Co., of. Panama. R. R.. to obtain through. our embassies at London, Paris, Mexico, Lima, Santiago, Ecuador, and Pan-.

(23) xiii. whom. they were accredited recom-. from the governments to. araa, letters. mending the "Albatross" intended to. INTRODUCTION.. visit.. we. Nothing could have been more cordial than our reception. where we. at tlie points. to the good-will of the officials of the ports. may. mention the assistance given us. coaled.. I. manager. of the Easter Island. also. Company, during our. by Mr.. C. Cooper, the. visit to. that island, and the cordial reception given the " Albatross " while. at. Manga Reva by Finally. my. Fisheries at. the governor, Dr. Fernand Cassiau.. thanks are due to the. Washington. officers in. charge of the Bureau of. for their attention to all the details called for. by. the fitting out of the " Albatross." Nkwport, R.. LIST OF. I.,. November, 1905.. THE OFFICERS OF THE UNITED STATES STEAMER "ALBATROSS.^. Lieut. -Commander. Lieutenant. .. .. .... .... ..... Boatswain Boatswain Acting Boatswain Past Assistant Surgeon Assistant Paymaster .. .. .. Warrant Macliinist. .. .. General Assistant. .. .. M. Garrett, U. S. N., Commanding. J. Manion, U. S. N., Executive Officer and Navigator. John Mahoney, U. S. N. Louis M. Sopp, U. S. N. F. W. Metiers, U. S. N. Joseph C. Thompson, U. S. N. li.. W.. E. H. Cope, U. S. N.. Charles Crater, U. S. N. L. M. Tongue, U. S. F. C. Scientific Staff.. C. A. KoroiD, Assistayit.. H. B. Bigelow, Assistant. F. M. Chamberlain, Naturalist, U. S. F. 0.. M. Westergeen,. Artist..

(24)

(25) "ALBATROSS" EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION. GENERAL REPORT.. HYDROGRAPHY. Plates 1-12.. During. we sounded every day. this expedition. wliile at sea,. and developed. very fairly the contour of that part of the Eastern Pacific which. lies. to the. south and west of the line from Cape San Francisco to the Galapagos and of. a line from the Galapagos to Acapulco, limiting an area occupied by the. "Albatross". in 1891.. The area developed by us. is. included by a line over. from Acapulco to Manga Reva, and the area north of. 3200 miles. in length. a line from. Manga Reva. to Easter Island. and from Easter Island. to Callao.. During our voyage one hundred and sixty soundings were taken with. The bathymetrical chart. the Lucas sounding-machine.. expedition of 1891^ was. somewhat modified by the northern soundings. our present expedition on the lines to the Galapagos,. " of the " Albatross. Manga Reva. Manga Reva. to Acapulco,. and Easter Island to the Galapagos.. of. The soundings. affected. the 2000-fathom line off the Galapagos Plateau, and off the Mexican coast (PI.. 1).. The soundings. we surveyed. of the area. paratively shallow.. With the exception. in the. Eastern Pacific are com-. of the area to the. westward and south-. westward of Callao, the soundings generally varied from 1800 to 2300 fathoms, while. off. Callao and in the direction of Easter Island are found. a number of soundings varying from 2000 to over 3000 fathoms. (PI.. 1).. Following our lines as they developed after leaving Panama, we made a straight line of. soundings. (PI.. 1). from Mariato Point towards Chatham. Island in the Galapagos (PI. 4), intersecting the ring of soundings. northeast of the Islands in •. PI. Ill, Bull.. M.. 1891.^. C. Z. Vol.. The deepest point. XXIII, No. 1. 1,. Feb., 1892.. of the ". we made. line. Ibid.. (1900.

(26) "ALBATROSS" EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION.. 2. fathoms) was found about 100 miles southwest of Mariato Point.. then continued to show about. From. this. point. 1700 fathoms for nearly 200 miles, and. 1418 fathoms about 80 miles from Chatham. shoaled very gradually to Island.. sloped. it. quite rapidly,. the. being not more than 60 miles from Chatham Island.. Hood. south of. Island,. The depth. 1000-fathom line. "We ran a short line. and found a somewhat steeper slope. to that face of. the Galapagos, reaching over 1700 fathoms in a distance of less than 50 miles. ;. the bottom then remained comparatively. 2000 fathoms about 100 miles farther south.. ward on a. line to. Aguja Point. When. (PI. 7).. flat,. attaining a depth of. This depth. we. carried east-. half-way, the soundings had. increased to over 2200 fathoms, and remained near that depth to within. 60 miles of the coast, when the depth rapidly shoaled.. we ran of. From Aguja Point. a line of soundings to the southwest, to a point about 675 miles west. Callao. (PI.. fig. 1). 6,. on. ;. 2200 fathoms, 100 miles ning east to Callao. this line. the depth gradually increased from. off the Point, to. (PI. 9),. nearly 2500 fathoms.. On. run-. the depth soon increased to about 2600 fathoms,. and at a distance of about 80 miles. Edwards Deep and found a depth of days in developing this Deep,. off Callao. of over. we dropped. 3200 fathoms.. making soundings. into the Milne-. We. spent a couple. of 1490, 2845, 458, 1949,. 2338, and 3120 fathoms; showing a great irregularity of the bottom within. a comparatively limited area of. The soundings taken. less. than 60 miles in diameter.. to the south of the Galapagos (Pis. 4, 6), developed. the outline of the 1500-fathom curve as well as that of the 2000-fathom line to the south. and west, showing that the. latter enclosed. a very much. larger area (PI. 1) than had been inferred from the soundings taken in 1891.. Our soundings 2000-fathom. also. line,. showed that the Guatemala Basin was enclosed by the. and Guatemalan coast. area to the west of the Mexican. to the eastward. from the Galapagos to the South. (PI. 1).. The soundings we made American coast. elliptical. forming a large. (Pis. 7-9, PI. 10, fig. 1),. and to the westward of Callao, as. well as on the line from Callao to Easter Island, all indicate a gradual. deepening to the eastward, to form the northern part of a basin called the. Bowers Basin. (PI.. 1),. and which. is. I. have. independent of what has. been called on the " Challenger " Charts the Buchan Basin, with greatest depths of 2400 to over 2700 fathoms, and passing at several points near the coast to. Milne-Edwards Deep, Haeckel Deep, Kriimmel Deep, Bartholomew. Deep, and Richards Deep, some of them with a depth of over 4000 fathoms..

(27) HYDROGRAPHY. It is difficult. from the absence. soundings between the southernmost. of. lines of the ' Albatross " and those of the. Valparaiso to. fix. any. limit to the. 3. '•. Challenger " in the latitude of. Buchan Basin.. For. merely kept the legend without attempting to define. The. line. from Callao to Easter Island. Edwards Deep, which. is. have. this reason I. its. boundaries.. (PI. 10, fig. /), passes. through Milne-. separated from the southern part of Bowers Basin. having a depth of over 2700 fathoms, by a ridge of about 2500 fathoms.. The. slope. of. tliat. line rises. very gradually from 2400 fathoms to the. forming the eastern flank of the plateau enclosing Sala y Gomez and Easter Island. The latter, the larger island, rises more suddenly 2000-fathoni. line,. from a much smaller plateau than the one Sala y. Gomez. is. the visible area (PL. nearly half-way from Sala y. Gomez. 1),. of. which the small rocky. islet of. the loOO-fathom line extending. and within a short. to Easter Island. y Gomez and Easter Island. On the we found 1142 fathoms near Sala y Gomez, and 1696 fathoms half-way. distance of Easter Island connecting Sala ridge. between that point and Easter Island.. The. ridge rises rapidly from about. 2000 fathoms, the general oceanic depth within about 100 miles, to over 1100 fathoms within a comparatively short distance from both Sala y Gomez and Easter Island.. The plateau connecting Sala y Gomez and Easter Island forms spur on the southeast point of the Albatross Plateau. The two. the " Challenger " bathymetrical charts,. 5, 6, fig.. marked. (PI. 1).. lines centering at Easter Island (Pis. 4, 10,. eastern edge of the Albatross Plateau (Pis.. a. l,. fig. i),. developed the. 9, 11, 12),. on the strength. of a. indicated on. few soundings. reaching from Callao in a northwesterly direction and of a couple of soundings on the 20th degree of latitude.. soundings. known. It. is. surprising that with the few. at the time the " Challenger " charts. were published so. accurate a sketch of the Albatross Plateau should have been made, and. more interesting that the plateau should have been. still. " called the " Albatross. Plateau, and be developed by the "Albatross" nearly thirty years later.. The " Albatross. " Plateau. of the Eastern Pacific (Pis. (PI. 1), indicated. is. the most interesting bathymetrical feature. 5, 6, fig. 1, 9,. by the 2000-fathoni. 11, 12).. line pointing. It is a triangular area. towards the Galapagos,. with a base starting from Easter Island almost reachin"- Mant!;a Reva.. According to the " Challenger. " bathymetrical chart (PI. 1 B), the. Juan. Fernandez Plateau connects with the Albatross Plateau and forms the southern limit separating Buchan Basin from Barker Basin south of the Juan.

(28) "ALBATROSS" EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITIOX.. 4. Fernandez Plateau.. hesitate. I. to accept this. interpretation. of. the few-. shallower soundings taken by the " Challenger " more than six hundred miles south of the 2000-fathom line defining the Easter Island and Sala y Gomez Plateau.. The. Albatross Plateau, as developed by the "Albatross" (Pis.. separates the. Bowers and Buchan Basins from the great basin. The eastern. west.. slope indicated. into deeper water as. we. pass. by the 2000-fathom. 9, 11),. to the north-. line gradually falls. towards the South American coast, while. the western slope passes into deep water in the direction of Grey's. and is. of the. Moser Basin and Moser Deep (PL. The Galapagos Plateau. 1).. separated from the Albatross Plateau by a wide channel of more than. 300 miles, with a probable greatest depth. Our. line. distance of nearly. On. our. line,. 2000. depth only from 2020 to 2265 fathoms in a. miles.. Galapagos to Manga Reva, we developed the western extension. of the Albatross Plateau. somewhat. 2300 fathoms.. of nearly. from Easter Island to the Galapagos (PL 12) shows a wonder-. fully level tract, varying in. to. Deep. less. (PL. 5),. and found. it. varying in depth from 1900. than 2300 fathoms in a distance of nearly 3000 miles. about half-way from the Galapagos to. Manga Reva we came upon. ;. a ridge. of about 200 miles in length with a depth of 1700 to lOoS fathoms, dropping. rapidly to the south to over 1900 fathoms.. Garrett Ridge (Pis.. Our. line. 1. propose to call this elevation. 1, 5).. from Manga Reva to Acapulco (PL 12) shows the gradual. slope of the western extension of the Albatross Plateau towards the great. basin of the Eastern Pacific.. This line. is. almost level; in a distance of 3200. miles the depth varies only about 400 fathoms.. The great area traversed. by the "Albatross" was practically mare incognUum. latitude. 20' S.,. towards the Paumotus, and. Three soundings in. soundings in a north-. five. westerly trend from Callao to Grey's Deep (PL 8) are. were previously known of. this great. all. expanse of water.. the depths that. The. existence of a. great plateau dividing Bowers Basin along the South American coast from. Grey and Moser Basins. (Pis. 1, 9, 11) to the. recalls the division of the. west. is. most. interesting.. It. Southern Atlantic into an Eastern and Western. Basin by a central connecting ridge, the " Challenger " Ridge.. The tude. existence of a sounding of 2554 fathoms near the equator in longi-. 110° W., would seem. to. Grey's Deep and Moser Basin.. indicate a small. How. basin disconnected from. far west towards these basins that.

(29) CHARACTER OF THE BOTTOil OF THE EASTERN TROPICAL extension reaches, no soundings indicate as yet.. number. that along the Mexican coast tliere are a. lying close to the shore, just as there are a close. PACIFIC.. 5. It is interesting to note. of. deep disconnected basins. number. of discorniected deeps. along the South American coast, extending from oH Callao to. off. mountains.. Caldera, Chili, opposite high volcanoes or elevated chains of. These basins and a great part of the steep Mexican continental shelf form a deep channel, separating in places the oceanic slope from the steep conti-. The. nental slope. off. steepness of the continental shelf. One. Acapulco and Manzanilla.. coast,. with 2661 fathoms,. Tres Marias with 2395 fathoms to the west of Manzanilla. Bay. ;. especially well seen. of the small basins along the. of. another with more than 2900 fathoms. is. a third to the southeast of Acapulco has. ;. about the same depth, and a fourth with 2500 fathoms. Guatemala.. Our. soundings. last. Mexican. Bay; a second south. Sebastian Viscaino. lies off. is. off. is. San Jose,. Acapulco, about 29 miles south of the. off. lighthouse, in 2494 fathoms, showed the western extension of one of these. These small basins. deep holes lying to the east of Acapulco. coast, close to the shore, at the foot. great contrast. to the. the west. of a steep continental slope, are in. wide continental shelves of Yucatan and Florida,. which characterize the east coast of the United States. off. from Florida. Central America and the east coast. of. to the. Banks. Newfoundland.. of. CHARACTER OF THE BOTTOM OF THE EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC. Plate. The bottom table matter.. by the "Albatross". of the area explored. by green and brown. mud mixed. South of. is. this area. shown. Moser Basin the. line. is. it. is. covered. tracts. of. covered by manganese nodules.. in Plate 3,. tlie. The. where are given the northern and. Manga Reva.. From. its. southern limit extend-. the northern extremity of. forming the northern limit of the manganese nodules. runs in a southeasterly direction to about 100' the equator where. 1891. we come upon the great. eastern limits of the manganese nodules as well as. ing from Easter Island to. in. with masses of decayed and decaying vege-. Eastern Pacific the bottom of which extent of this tract. 3.. runs nearly due east. off. W.. Long., and 5" south of. Aguja. Point,. its. eastern line. then runs south, parallel to the South American coast.. The southern. of the nodules as here given (PI. 3). southernmost limit,. as the " Challenger " obtained. is. probably not. its. manganese nodules a long way south. limit. in the.

(30) "ALBATROSS" EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION.. 6. latitude of Valparaiso. but nothing. ;. is. known. of the character of the. bottom. on the area interveninsr between the lines of the ''Albatross" and " Challenger.". The western and northern and eastern. limits of the Radiolarian. ooze (PL 3) indicate a great tract partly covering the area of manganese nodules.. To ooze. the west of the Radiolarian ooze area it is. ;. some way. Marquesas and of the Paumotus and extends north. east of the. into. Moser Basin. Diatoms are found. in a. (PI. 3).. very wide belt reaching from the equator to. nearly the general latitude of 15°. Aguja Point,. a great tract of Globigerina. lies. S., in. some. south and west of. localities. Close to the South American coast. as well as others.. they. occur in sufficient quantities to have formed silicious earth. It will be. noted that the belt where diatoms occur. the influence of the western and northern set of the. and that while diatoms are found. in great. abundance. is. entirely within. Humboldt in. current,. an area near the. equator, yet they have undoubtedly been brought north by the. Humboldt. current from more southern latitudes than those explored by the " Albatross,". and have been spread westward by the prevailing southeast trades. of the belt where they are found (PL 4).. BOTTOM FAUNA OF THE EASTERN TROPICAL Plate. Hauls of the trawl made of our lines off. off. PACIFIC.. 3*^.. the Galapagos and at the western extremity. Aguja Point brought us within the area of the manganese Radiolarian ooze mud, Cetacean earbones, and beaks of. nodules, with. its. Cephalopods. nothing could stand the damaging work of these nodules in. ;. grinding to pieces. Down. by the amount. North. of detrital. all. obtained (PL. 3).. of. when near the. sea.. 1891 expedition,' we found vegetable. the stations, and between the Galapagos and Callao. such material was not. Beyond. may have. matter and terrigenous deposits which. of the Galapagos, as in the. matter at nearly. the trawl. character being more or less hidden. its. have drifted out to. life. 2200 fathoms or so the bottom was constituted. to a depth of. Globigerina ooze, coast. the animal. all. uncommon. in the trawl.. the line of 2200 fathoms dead radiolarians become quite abun». Bull.. M.. C. Z.. XXIII, No.. 1, p.. 11, 1892..

(31) BOTTOM FAUNA OF THE EASTERN rROPTCAL dant. Many. 7. mud of the manganese nodules, though uncommon to find an occasional Biloculina.. bottom, as well as in the. oil tlie. the nodules. amoiiii;. PACIFIC.. was not. it. of the dead radiolarians found on the bottom were obtained from. the guts of. swimming near. Salpce. the surface or within. The same. line in the tow-nets sent to that depth.. of Callao our trawls brought. among which. ing fishes,. the case with. many. which have been considered as deep-sea types.. of the Dinofiagellata. North. is. the 300-fathom. up from the bottom many. may mention. I. interest-. Bathyptero'is, Ipnops, Sternoptyx,. Nemichthys, Alepocephalus, Macrurans, Brotulids, Cyclothone, Melamphaes,. and a few bat expedition.. Among many. rans,. I. by Mr. Garman from the 1891. fishes, all, tlius far, described. may mention. also a Chimoera, different. number. Macru-. of. Schizopods, large Pycnogonids, and several species of Scalpellum,. and a few interesting genera. Compared. ccena.. species.. the Crustacea were Lithodes, ]\Iunidopsis, a. we found a few Molluscs, Tubicolous Annelids, among them Hyali-. well-known species of the 1891 expedition. all. from the Chili. to. were obtained, and. of. ;. the 1891 expedition, few starfishes and brittle stars. still. fewer sea urchins, only one species of Aceste and. one of Aerope, a new species of Asthenosoma and Homolampas, in marked contrast to the numerous Echini collected in the. Panamic Basin. We. of. obtained, however, a. magnificent. collection. Holothurians, nearly. every species occurring in the Panamic Basin being found track south of the Galapagos, in the rent,. and at considerable depths.. fathoms,. we obtained no. them. brilliantly. nides,. and the. in. our. of the great Chili-Peruvian cur-. one occasion, at Station 4647, in 2005. among. Benthodytes, Psychropotes, Scotoplanes, Euphro-. At Station 4G70,. 3209 fathoms, we obtained six. in. At Station 4072,. species of Holothurians. also very. numbers. in. than sixteen species of Holothurians,. less. colored. like.. On. wake. in 1891.. many specimens. in. of three species of. 2845 fathoms, we obtained. Ankyroderma, a large Deima,. two species of Scotoplanes, two of Psychropotes, with a number of young stages of that genus, repeating thus the experience of the. which found Holothurians at great depth. number in. any. made. a. of specimens but also of species, locality obtain as. number. 1891 expedition.. many. as. we. also. collected. abundance, not only in the. did at Station 4647.. in. Challenger,". though the "Challenger" did not. of sketches of the species. We. in. '•. Mr. Westergren. which were not obtained in the. the trawl a. number. of. Actinians, Stephanactis, Actinauge, none different, however, from. previously found in the Panamic district.. We. deep-sea. genera. obtained only a few Penna-.

(32) "ALBATROSS" EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION.. 8. Gorgonians, and Antipathes, and a very considerable number of. tnlids,. sili-. cious sponges, usually associated with the Holothurians found in deep water in the track of the Peruvian current.. too great distances from the coast,. we. very considerable depths, sticks and matter.. On two. nemus.. The trawl had been working. its. attachment,. and fragments. twigs. if. Both. this interesting Ascidian as attached to the. attached at. all,. of the peduncle cannot be. must be. its. of the slightest, its. eight large lobes, suggesting. Octacnemus was discovered. rather a pelagic type than a sedentary form.. by. vegetable. 2235 and 2222 fathoms.. at. transparent, slightly translucent body, with. the " Challenger ". of. in the trawl specimens of Octac-. While the presence. bottom by a small peduncle.. current, at not. tlie. invariably brought up, even from. we brought up. ocasions. Moseley and Herdman described. denied, yet. In the track of. west of Valparaiso.. In the "Albatross" Tropical Pacific expedition (1899-1900) Octacnemus. was obtained 4° 35' N.,. in the. tow-net from less than 150 fathoms at station 15 Lat.. Long. 136° 54' W., about 600 miles north of the Marquesas.. The "Albatross". also collected in. 1883, on her. San Francisco, specimens of Octacnemus,. They were. 1050 fathoms.. way from New York. Port. off. Otway, Patagonia, in. described and figured by Mr.. M. M.. showing that the individuals are not solitary but are attached in. a linear series by means of a slender stolon.. to. to. Metcalf,^. one another. It is possible that. they were. attached to some solid object or normally lived upon the bottom.. In the stomach of one of the specimens of Octacnemus was found a. Of. species of Tanais.. this Dr.. Hansen says. :. the specimen well enough preserved so that cies of. some. The. species is certainly. can be described.. it. new, and. All the spe-. Tanaidacea, some curious males perhaps excepted, live on the bottom,. species rather near the shore,. This. depths.. is. and many forms at considerable or great. of interest in the present case, because. it. would serve. to. show that the Octacnemus has taken the animal on the bottom and that it. therefore goes. locality. to the. is. down. to the depth recorded. — 2222. But. fathoms.. as this. comparatively near shore and in the track of the disturbances due. Humboldt. at that depth, as. current, it is. it is. also. not safe to assume that the Octacnemus lived. known. to live within. 150 fathoms of the surface. in other localities.. On >. our. way from. Callao to Easter Island in the early part of December,. Octacnemu8 patagoniensis.. p. .572, 1900.. Spengel, Zool. Jahrb. Abth.. f.. Anat. u. Ontol., Bd.. 13.. PI. 40, fig. *0,.

(33) BOTTOM FAUNA OF THE EASTERN TROPICAL we remained. as far as 90' west longitude,. PACIFIC.. Humboldt. in the. 9. we. current, as. could readily see from the character of the temperature serials and from. amount. the. of pelagic life. the surface and the in-. This current also affected the bottom fauna, which was. termediate hauls. fairly rich,. we obtained from both. even as far as 800 miles from the shore, while we remained within. the limits of the northern current (PI.. As soon. •3'').. the surface fauna changed. this the character of. ;. as. we ran. became. it. outside of. less. and. less. abundant as we made our way to Easter Island, the western half of the line. from Callao becoming gradually barren.. This current also affected the. deep-sea fauna to such an extent that towards Easter Island, at a distance of. 1200 to 1400 miles from the South American continent, our trawl hauls. were absolutely barren. (PI.. 3''). ;. the bottom of the greater part of the line. was covered with manganese nodules on which were found attached a few insignificant silicious sponges,. worm. or diminutive. tubes, tlie. an occasional ophiuran, and a few brachiopods. same bottom continuing. to Sala. y Gomez and. between there and Easter Island.. The southern part all. from Easter Island to the Galapagos shows. the featux'es characteristic of the western part of the line from Callao to. Easter Island it. of our line. ;. like the latter, as far as the. 12th degree of soutliern latitude,. proved comparatively barren, the bottom consisting of manganese nodules. to within about. 250 miles. of the. Galapagos. (PI.. 3'').. The. pelagic and inter-. mediate fauna from Easter Island to 12' south latitude was very poor, and the serial temperatures show that the great. Humboldt. outside and to the westward of. But near the 12th degree. current.. a sudden change took place. we were. ;. the pelagic and intermediate fauna became. quite abundant again and soon fully as rich as at current.. There was. as indicated. by the. also a. serials,. latitude to the Galapagos. Humboldt current The presence. of southern latitude. marked change. any time. in the. in the temperature of the water. showing that from the 12th degree. we were. Humboldt. of southern. cutting across the western part of the. 3", 4).. (Pis.. of diatoms in all parts of the. Humboldt. crossed from south of Callao to the equator at. current, which. we. the Galapagos and west. towards Clipperton, shows how far the track of a great oceanic current can be traced, not only by. near. it (PI.. 3).. its. When. temperature but also by the pelagic. once in the. warm. life. within or. westerly equatorial current, the. diatoms disappear and the bottom samples show only surface radiolarians. and. globigerinse..

(34) "ALBATROSS" EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC. 10. As we passed south from. we entered the same barren region we eastward when going to and from Easter Island. By. passed through to the. bottom. we reached. district. responding to. and down. latitude 15°. it. we found. 300 fathoms. to. if. The samples. the hauls became quite poor. ;. this barren. Manga Eeva. of the. of the. cor-. ;. a most meagre pelagic fauna, both at the surface. —. so poor that. could afford but. it. little. any, living on the bottom in that region (PI.. or gathered. immense area. S.,. extended to within a short distance of. the few species,. pedition. the Galapagos and gradually drew out of the. the western current,. influence of. the time. EXPEDITIOISr.. food to. 3°).. bottom obtained by the soundings taken by the. mud-bag and. in tlie. in the trawl indicate that. bottom of the Eastern. Pacific. nese nodules, and that they play an important. ex-. an. covered with manga-. is. part in. determining the. character of the bottom, not only in the area covered by this expedition but also in other oceanic regions. the Eastern Pacific area of manganese nodules. ;. probably extends to the northwest of our lines to join the stations where. manganese nodules were found by the "Albatross" Basin, on the line San Francisco to Marquesas (PI.. This area. may. many. 1899. 3).. stations.. I. where the. '•. Challenger " obtained. and. manganese. do not mean to imply that manganese nodules. are present to the exclusion of radiolarians and of globigerinoe. able that the layer of nodules. dark chocolate-colored. sticky,. Moser. in the. also extend south of our lines, Callao to Easter Island,. join the line west of Valparaiso. nodules at. in. is. It. is. prob-. partly covered by them, and by the thick,. mud which. is. found wherever manganese. nodules occur.. On we. the northern part of the line, Galapagos. did but. little. work beyond sounding,. former work to the eastward.. began a. The. as. we were. to. Manga Reva,. likely to duplicate our. fourth day out, in latitude 5^. series of trawl hauls, surface hauls,. the surface to 300 fathoms.. (Wreck Bay). rich as long as. influence of the western extension of the. we. and intermediate towings from. In the northern part of the line to. Reva the hauls were remarkably. S.,. Manga. we remained within. Humboldt. the. current, and as long as. there dropped from the surface masses of the radiolarians, diatoms, and globigerinoe living in the upper waters. for the. number. former. I. Some. of deep-sea Holothurians. may mention. and. of the hauls. were remarkable. silicious sponges.. Among. the. a huge Psycln-opotes, 55 cm. long, and another a large. Benthodytes which was viviparous.. As we. passed south and gradually drew out of the influence of the western.

(35) BOTTO:\r. FAUXA OF THE EASTERN TROPICAL. PACIFIC.. 11. we entered the same barren region we passed through to the eastward when going to and from Easter Island. By the time we reached current,. latitude 15^ S., the hauls. became quite poor. extended to within a short distance of. we found. Manga Reva. corresponding to. ;. a most meagre pelagic fauna, both at the surface and. 300 fathoms if. barren bottom district. this. ;. —. so poor that. could afford but. it. little. down. it. to. food to the few species,. any, living on the bottom in that region.. The extensive barren area able distance from land.. the position of. —. h on PI.. of the. is. situated a consider-. bounded on the north by the curve indicating. It is 3'',. Eastern Pacific. out of the track of great oceanic currents.. it is. Similar but less extensive barren tracts have been indicated by the trawling of the "Albatross Tropical Pacific Expedition,". lenger". in the line. from the Paumotus. to Valpa-. All these areas are at a distance from land where no food comes. raiso.. from. and. in the Central Pacific,. and by those of the "Chal-. telluric sources. owing. to the steep continental slopes of the adjoining. continents.. We. left. Aka-Maru. ;. Port Rikitea for Acapulco on the 4th of February to anchor. on the 5th we. left. our anchorage, sounded. Manga Reva, and took photographs of the On our way north from Manga Reva. islands to. off'. off. the east face of. from characteristic points.. Acapulco we did not begin to. trawl or tow until warned by the contents of the surface-nets that the surface. was becoming. richer in animal. and vegetable. tions of the surface temperatures. life (PI.. 3. ). and also by indica-. showing that we had reached the southern. edge of the cold western equatorial current. (PI. 3").. A. little. north of. 10',. we made our first trawl haul and deep tow, and found a very fauna down to the 300-fathora line, recalling the pelagic fauna of the. south latitude, rich. northern extremity of the eastern lines and fully as rich. found, as. we expected a very. Among. On. trawling. we. bottom fauna.. the animals brought up in the trawl there were some superb. Hyalonemas, fine. rich. silicious sponges,. Benthodytes and other deep-sea Holothurians,. specimens of Freyella, and some large Ophiurans.. This haul. is. interest-. ing as showing that in the track of a great current, carrying an abundance of food,. we may. find at a very considerable. depth (2422 fathoms) an abundant. fauna even at very great distances from continental lands. station (4740), about. Reva, 1700 miles from the Galapagos, and about Marquesas.. We. were, at this. 2140 miles from Acapulco, 1200 miles from Manga 900 miles from the.

(36) "ALBATROSS" EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION.. 12. Another haul made under the equator near the northern edge current in 2320 fathoms gave us the same results.. very abundant, gerinse,. The pelagic fauna was. surface teemed with radiolarians, diatoms, and globi-. tlie. The trawl contained a superb. and swarmed with invertebrates. bottom species. of. Holothurians,. collection. of. Neusina. Professor F. E. Schulze has. ;. Hyalonema, and. Brisinga,. shown these. to be a. Rhizopod which he has called the Xenophyophora,' and on brought up the only stalked crinoid collected during of the. stem. of. of the cold. two specimens. new. type of. this occasion. we. this expedition -;- parts. of Rhizocrinus, of which, unfortunately, the. arms were wanting.. PELAGIC AND INTERMEDIATE DEPTHS FAUNA. Plate. S*-.. In the Panamic Basin to the nortliward of the Galapagos we occupied ten stations with the tow-nets, hauling both at the surface and at. fathoms, and vertically from that depth. work. we. ;. 300. also continued this pelagic. at nearly all the stations from the Galapagos to Callao.. When. off. Cliatham Island we began to trawl, and used the tow-nets. regularly, occupying twenty stations as far as Callao.. charge of Mr. F. M. Chamberlain.. remarkably. number. They are. rich.. from. nets were in. Tlie pelagic collections, as a whole, are. especially noteworthy for the great variety. of pelagic fishes obtained inside the. able distance. The. shore — from. 300-fathom. 300 to 650 miles.. had been considered as true deep-sea. fishes, to. line at. Many. and. a consider-. of these fishes. be obtained only in the trawl. when dredging between 1000 and 1500 fathoms. or more.. On. one occasion. the tow-net brought up from 300 fathoms, the depth being 1752 fathoms, no less. than 12 species of. fishes. of. ;. some species. 18 specimens; of another, 37; of a third, 45;. On. other occasions. it. was not uncommon. 50 to 100 specimens. in the tow-net I less. Among. may mention. of. Myctojshum we obtained. in all,. nearly 150 specimens.. to obtain 8 or 10 species,. and from. the most interesting types of fishes obtained. Plagusise, Leptocephalus, and, as. coming from. than 300 fathoms, Stylophthalmus and Dissoma, both of which Chun. considers as deep-sea fishes, found in depths of 600 to 4000 meters species of. thalmus. I. Eurypharynx obtained had caught. for the first time in the Pacific.. in the tow-net in 1900,. 1. ;. also a. Styloph-. during the Tropical Pacific. Val.iivia Ex., Vol. XT, 1005..

(37) PELAGIC AND INTERMEDIATE DEPTHS FAUNA. expedition of the. we ran. lines. '^. across. and. coasts of Peru. Albatross," in depths of less than 300 fathoms. the Chili. the Galapagos Islands,. and. deflected. is. siaj,. we obtained with. and banded Copepods.. 3*").. (PI.. We. beautifully colored. collected a. Gnathophau-. Amphipods were. abundant. collected,. the surface hauls were. formed a. occasions,. in. many. made among masses. jelly of Tunicates.. orange species being noteworthy.. and. other species of blue, gray, mottled,. Cranchia and Taonis. were. We. two. tow-net.. species of. species. SalpsB,. which, on several. were very numerous, a large. Several species of Tomopteris, some of. carmine with yellow flappers, and. also. common, one having. Two. species. a carapace with a. obtained several species of pelagic Cephalopods,. among them, and one with. species of Doliolum also occurred, but they Salpae,. of. and other pelagic Nemerteans.. species of Pelagoncmerteans. long spiny appendage.. Many. Several species of Plironim* also. Sagitta3. brilliantly colored, violet or. of orange-colored Ostracods. of our hauls.. Hyperids without number, especially where. occurred constantly in the tow-nets.. large size. huge,. ;. EuphausiiB, Saphirinre, Phyllosoma, Thysanopoda,. Lucifer, and Sergestes were. two. the tow-nets an unusually rich. 300 fathoms. many. the. at the easterly corner of. Willemoesia, Eryonicus, Glyptocrangus, and pelagic Macrurans. brilliant-red Copepods, as well as. of. westward. among them many. of Schizopods,. In the. great northerly current which sweeps along. pelagic fauna at depths less than. number. 13. Two. telescopic eyes.. were never as abundant as the. which often constituted the whole contents. Appendicularise often. swarmed and Pyrosomce were. of the. occasionally. found.. In the surface and deeper tows. We. also a. number. of Acalephs.. have collected more than 150 species of Medusie and Siphonophores,. many the. we procured. of. which have been figured by Mr. Bigelow, differing from those of. 1891 expedition.. within the 300-fathom. Atollse line.. Characteristic genera of the. and on the. line. and other deep-sea MedusjB were common. Humboldt. current, both off the coast of Peru. Easter Island to the Galaimgos, are Atolla, Peripliylla (once),. Nauphanta, Jilginura, Crossota, Colobonema, Halicreas, Haliscera, Aequorea,. Ehegmatodes, Cunina, Solmissus, Pegantha, and a new genus closely to. Ptychogena. ;. among Siphonophores, Athorybia,. Crystallodes,. allied. \'ogtia,. Physophora, Porpita; and. and Eucharis.. among Ctenophores, Cestum, Beroe, Mertensia, There were many genera of very general distril)ution over. the whole area, especially Liriope, Geryonia, Rhopaionema, Solmaris, Ag-.

(38) "ALBATROSS" EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION".. 14. laura, ^ginella, Cytaeis, Diphyopsis, Dipliyes, Praya, Galeolaria, Rhizophysa,. Cymba,. numerous monogastric forms, as Urstea, Eudoxia,. Bassia, and very. Eudoxella. Aglaisma, and Agalmid larvae.. In the barren area south and. west of the Humboldt current few forms were taken except Tiriope. Rhopal-. onema, Aglaura, Pelagia, Tiara,. Porpema, Sphaeronectes,. Cytaeis, Diphyopsis,. and one specimen of Stephanomia.. Off the coast of Mexico. we took. Velella,. Physalia, Cestum, and Cunina, and in Acapulco Harbor a large. Porpita,. among them. number. of. Cytaeis,. Limnorea, Willia, Bougainvillia, Stomotoca, Phortis, Eucheilota,. Leptoline forms,. Zanclea, Pennaria,. Oceania, besides Ehopalonema, Cunina, Ocyroe, Mnemiopsis. A. and Diphyes.. The. few Sertularians were brought up. Salpce guts. gave. addition. us, in. collections of radiolarians, diatoms,. and. to. the. Ectopleura,. and Agalma. in the trawl.. dinoflagellata,. many. of which have. been considered to live at great depth and upon the bottom.. number. interesting to note the. On. colder regions.. It is. most. diatoms found in this tropical region.. of. They have usually been considered. immense. tow-nets,. finer. as characteristic of. more temperate and. several occasions the surface waters were greatly dis-. colored by their presence, and the extent of their influence on the bottom. deposits. is. shown by the discovery. of a. number. of localities. where the bottom. samples at depths from 1490 to 2845 fathoms, in the track of the great. Peruvian. curi'ent,. The tow-nets. formed a true infusorial earth.. also contained. many. species of Limacina, Spirialis, Atlanta,. Cavolina, Hyala, Cymbulia, Styliola, Cleodora, Tiedemannia, Clio, and the like.. Or. one occasion the mass of the pelagic hauls consisted entirely of. small brown Copepods, the contents of the tow-nets looking. Another time. Sagittae, Salpae, Doliolum,. and Liriope,. forms, formed the bulk of the tow-net's catch. loides,. all. like*. sago soup.. most transparent. Again another time, Firo-. Cymbulia, and Carinaria constituted the bulk of the haul.. At other. times Euphausiae and Schizopods constituted the mass of our catch. catches, coining on successive days, or interrupted with hauls of. mediocre quality, show. how. hopeless. it. is. at sea to. make any. These. more than. quantitative. analysis of the pelagic fauna and flora at any one station within the influ-. ence of such a great oceanic current as the Chili and Peruvian stream.. We. came. across such. huge masses. 4647 consisting mainly of. of pelagic surface animals at Station. Cytaeis.. At Stations 4650 and 4660 and Stations 4709, 4720, a and Doliolum constituted nearly the whole of the catch.. large Salpa species.

(39) PELAGIC AND IXTER^MEDIATE DEPTHS FAUNA.. 15. Euphausiaj witli other Schizopods and Ilyperids and Amphipods constituted the mass of pelagic animals at Stations 4G54 and 4676.. Acalephs, mainly Liriope and Glossocodon,. At. filled. the nets at Station 4671.. swarmed with a few other Acalephs and. Station 4743 Crystallodes. Siphonophores.. At types. 4715 a snrface. Stations 4712, :. Sagitta, Doliolura, Pteropods.. Plalobates were. quite. was. When swarms its. also not. at. the. where the swarms of. stations. large Tornaria with rows of feathery vibratile. uncommon on such. occasions.. coming across such masses of Salpa?, of Cytosis, or Cymbulia or. of other pelagic animals as to. make. a thick soup of the water and. contents, one cannot fail to be struck with the huge quantity of minute. pelagic organisms which. An. common. A. pelagic animals occurred. cilia. contained mainly transparent. lianl. must be devoured by these larger pelagic animals.. excellent example of this. the instance given of the contents of the. is. guts of Salpa?, at Stations 4650, 4660, and 4709. other Diatoms. :. They contained among. Planktoniella, Rhizosolenia, Coscinodiscus, Asteromphalus,. and Synedra, many Dinoflagellates such as Ceratium, Peridinium, and a great number. Steiniella,. of Radiolarians. Acanthonia Acanthochiasma. CoUosplucra Ellipsostylus. Dorotas})idio. Acantlioinetron. Acantluu'ia. Acantliostaurus. Hexalouche Diploeonus Haliomina. Quadrilonclie. Covonidiuiu. Astrolophus. Rhopalastruni. Zjgaeantha. Coelddeiidrum. Lithocampe Aulos[)li;eia. Between Panama and the Galapagos and from the Galapagos. we found very commonly. to Callao. our tow-nets, from 300 fathoms, Tuscarora,. in. Tuscarusa, Aulosphcera, and others.. In depths of 300 fathoms to the surface,. the tow-net was rich in Tintinnida^, either dead or moribund Planktoniella^,. and Dinoflagellata.. Among. these were species of Ceratium, of Peridinida3,. Gonyaulax, Phalacroma, Pyrocystis, Cyttarocylis, Undella, and Dictyocysta.. On. the surface Planktoniella sol predominates, with Asteromphalus, Biddul-. phia,. and Thalassiothrix.. Among. Ceratium, of Peridinium, and species of other. were a number. of Sticholonche. ;. we obtained .species of Peridinidte among the Protozoa. the Dinoflagellata. among. the Acantharia were especially to be. noticed Acanthometron, Acantliostaurus, Amphilonche. cola,. ;. Collozoum, Thalassi-. and a number of Chirospira murrayana and a few species of Challengeridae. were frequently found..

(40) "ALBATROSS" EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION.. 16. It is impossible at present to indicate the geographical distribution of the. Diatoms, Dinoflagellates, Tintinnids and Radiolarians thus far collected in. The same genera. our pelagic hauls.. at very distant points. and. of these groups are constantly occurring. their distribution seems. mainly charactei-ized by. the association of varying numbers of specimens of the same genera and. But undoubtedly a. species.. may. closer tabulation of the species of these groups. lead to a general conception of their geographical distribution over the. area of the Pacific explored by the "Albatross.". The. principal genera of. Diatoms met with are Coscinodiscus, Asteromphalus,. Planktoniella, Rhizosolenia, Synedra, Gossleriella, Eucampia, Thalassiothrix,. Biddulphia, Euodia.. Of the Tintinnids: Tintinnus, Undella, Dictyocysta, Amphorella, Cyttarocylis, Codonella, Poroeca are the principal. Coccoliths, Coccospheres,. genera found.. and Rhadospheres, occurred. explored by the " Albatross.". in the. whole. area'. Noctiluca and Pyrocystis were not uncommon.. Challengeridae, Challengeron, Tuscaroridae and Tuscarusa were obtained in nets sent. down. to. 150 and 300 fathoms, and from the surface.. miuin, Halosphaera, and other pelagic Algae were most. Among of. Trichodes-. common.. the Radiolarians the following genera have been noted,. which have been described as living at great depths while. in reality they. are only the dead carcasses of types living at the surface or close to. gradually falling to the bottom. :. Collozoum Belonozoum. Rhopalastrum. Cyrtophormis. Concliidiuni. Lithostrobus. Cenosphfera. Litholophus. Lithomitra. Ethmosph?era. Acanthonia Acanthostaurus. Eucyitidium Lithocampe Aulactinium * î Aulocautha. Odontosplifera. Chtt'iiicosphiBra ("Speciesdescribedby Belonostaui'us Haeckel as found in r/ ri1 1 biphonosplisera '2500 fathoms in Cen- Zjgostaurus ,. Pacific.. i. Amphibelone. Sagosphtera. Soleno.sphffira. Perispyris. Aulosphtera. Hexastylus. Nephros]3yris. Cannosphsera. Hexacontium Echinonnna. Litharaehniuni. Challengeron. Carpocanistrum. Challengeria. Cromyomma. Cornutella. Cadium. Pityomma. Tripocyrtis. Ellipsostylus. Lychnocanium. Mednsetta Euphysetta. Stylatractus. Carpocaniuni. Circoporus. Trypanosphrera. I'"''''. many. Spongocore. Sethoconus. Tiiscarora. Porodiscus. Dictyoceras. Euchitonia. Theocalyptia. Tnscarnsa Tuscaiidium. it. and.

(41) PELAGIC AND INTERMEDIATE DEPTHS FAUNA.. 17. Of the Dinoflagellates the following were recognized.. Prorocentruni. Ceratium Gonyaulax Goniodonia. Pj-roeystis. Exuviaella. Ceratocoiys. Phalacroma Dinnphysis. (ileiKulinium. Diplopsalis. Ampliisolenia. Ptycliodiscus. Peridinium. Omithocercus. Pyropliacus. Podnlampas. Histoneis. Steiniella. Blepliarocysta. Citharistes. Protoceratiuiu. Oxytoxuiu. Cladopyxis. The great changes. of temperature. which took place. at. some. localities in. the layers of the water between 50 and 300 fathoms are most striking, and. show what a disturbing element the great mass must be to. in. of cold water flowing north. the equatorial regions of the Panamic district to the south and. the north of the Galapagos (Pis. o";. i,. fig.. 6, fig. 3;. ;>;. 10,. fig.. ,?).. South of the Galapagos the western flow of the Humboldt current must be nearly 800 miles wide, and of about the same width to the. parallel. South American coast.. The range some. when running. of temperatures. between 30 fathoms and 150 fathoms. points as great as 21" (PI. 4,. fig.. Such extremes cannot. j).. affect the distribution of the pelagic fauna,. and may account. for the. dead material often collected in the intermediate tows at depths of. 300 fathoms, when the range becomes as great as temperature. is. A. at. fail. to. mass of. less. than. Such a range of. 28'.. far greater than that of the isocrhymic lines. coast faunal divisions.. is. which separate. preliminary examination of the contents of the. nets from 800 fathoms shows nothing which. had not been obtained. in lesser. depths of from 300 to 150 fathoms from the surface.. These nets coming. from 800 fathoms, as. of. bund material. at Station 4517,* contained a. collected on its. way. to the bottom.. up, fully 65 per cent of which were dead.. them had no. more than one-third. At 800 fathoms were dead, and. At Station 4697. of the contents of the net at Station 4701, of the. A. dead and mori-. lot of. Copepods came. Of the Dinoflagellata, most of. chlorophyll, and of the Radiolarians. of surface colonial forms.. mass. at. many were. 300 fathoms. the skeletons to the surface. was dead.. Copepods. in the net,. 25 per cent. of the Radiolarians, 70 per cent.. From 800 fathoms. at Station 4715, a great deal of dead material. and. debris was collected, mainly of Diatoms and Dinoflagellates.. From obtained,. the same depth, at Station 4717,. and 25. to. many dead. Globigerinoe were. 30 per cent of the Copepods collected were dead..

(42) "ALBATROSS" EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION.. 18. From 800 fathoms. at Station. m. Radiolarians brought up. From 800 fathoms. 4728 many. and. the net were dead.. down on. at Station 4732, the net sent. contained a great deal of dead and moribund. At 300 fathoms. of the Copepods, Diatoms,. at Station. the serial line. stuff.. 4736 a great many dead Diatoms, Copepods,. Radiolarians, Globigerinse, and Dinoflagellates were found.. The poor hauls made. after leaving Easter Island,. and moribund and battered. stuff,. and composed of dead. occur beyond the limits of the. stream, where the pelagic fauna gets no food. ;. it. is. Humboldt. dying and dropping to. the bottom.. At. Station 4710, in a surface haul,. much. debris of Diatoms, Dinoflagellates,. Tintinnids, and Radiolarians was obtained.. At Station 4721, though had greatly diminished. The next. in. to. still. is. warmer water.. This. in the fine nets. poorer in Diatoms, and at Station 4725. Manga Reva very few Diatoms were. In the Eastern Tropical the. Diatoms. in the current, the. number.. Station, 4722,. about half-way to. still. is. collected.. Pacific area, Globigerinae increase in. very marked on the. Manga Reva. At Station 4679, we met. in the. way from. warmer waters. number. in. the Galapagos. representative tropical. forms of Dinoflagellates, forms not seen since leaving the Galapagos: Gonio-. doma, Gonyaulax, Phalacroma, Histoneis, Ornithocercus, Ceratocorys, Dino-. among Radiolarians: Trypanosphaera, Coiichidium, Cornutella, ChoeniThe abyssal fauna, as we entered the Humboldt current going cosphfera. physis;. north from the Galapagos, gradually became richer in spite of the bottom being covered with manganese nodules.. The. the. distribution of. glance on Plate. 3''.. pelagic and bottom fauna. The curves drawn show. which the pelagic fauna. is. rich,. the rich pelagic fauna (1) runs 120°. W. and. thence. it. nearly parallel with. in a general. poor, or barren.. somewhat north it. can be. way. seen at a. the area over. The northern. of the equator. limit of. from Long.. as far as the northern Galapagos Islands. ;. runs in a northeasterly direction to a point south of Mariato. Point.. The southern. limit of the rich pelagic fauna (1) coincides with that of. the rich trawl hauls.. It. south, crossing the 100°. runs east to Long. 105° W., makes a bend to the. W. Long,. at about Lat. 15° S.,. a southeasterly direction, crossing Lat. 20°. S.. and then trends in. at Long. 90° "W.. The southern.

(43) SERIAL TEMPERATURES.. 19. Paumotus. limit of the poor pelagic hauls begins off the eastern face of the. running. east,. when. runs. it. of Lat. 20' S. to about 95'. somewhat north and south. of (2) the pelagic fauna. barren. is. ;. its. Long.,. South of the southern limit. a southeasterly direction.. off in. W.. southern lunit begins. running eastward and passing somewhat north. off. Manga Reva,. of Easter Island. and Sala y. Gomez.. The southern. limit of the rich trawling. is. found at the latitude of the. Marquesas, about in Long. 125" W., running in an easterly direction to Long, 100° W., Lat. 7. S.,. when. the curve takes a bend and runs in a southeasterly. direction to Lat. 20' S., Long. 80. W.. The northern. limit of the poor trawl. hauls extends almost to the southern limit of the rich trawl hauls.. It. forms. a regular curve from off the east face of the Paumotus, cutting Long. 100' at 10" S. Lat.,. and thence curves. cutting Lat. 20' S, at about 84'. dead carcasses of trawling. is. a'. is. animal. little. an easterly and southeasterly direction,. W. Long.. that part of the Eastern Pacific desert on which but. in. The whole. barren of animal life. poor pelagic area. is. of the life. bottom area. of. and forms a great. found and upon which drop the. while the belt of the rich bottom. ;. where the bottom fauna. in a region. W.. is. abundantly supplied with. the remains of a rich pelagic fauna.. No. line is. Panamic. shown. as the northern limit of the rich trawl hauls, as in the. district to the. north of the northern limit of the rich pelagic fauna. the bottom fauna was found to be uniformly rich from the equator as far as the coast line.. The area. situated between the northern limit of the rich pelagic fauna (1). and the southern limit of the pelagic fauna. of the rich trawl hauls corresponds to the rich belt. which. is. swept north by the Humboldt current and then. westward towards the Marquesas and Moser Basin.. SERIAL TEMPERATURES.! Plates 3«. ,. 4-12.. All station.s maikeil * arc hydrograpliic stations.. The. serial. temperature stations occupied on the lines between the Gala-. pagos to Aguja Point, southwest from Aguja Point to the western edge of. Humboldt current and. the 1. The. stations at. stations see Plate 2.. which. serial. east to Callao, as well as on the lines. temperatures were taken are marked. t. on Plate. 1.. from Callao For position of.

(44) "ALBATKOSS" EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION.. 20. to Easter Island, Easter Island to the Galapagos, and Galapagos to. Manga. Reva, developed the course and width of the Humboldt current, while the line. from Manga Reva indicated. its. western extension and the position of the. equatorial current to the west of the Galapagos. of tlie Pananiic district of 1891,. Beginning with a Point. (PI.. 7). my. in. general sketch of the cruise/. running. line. conditions. the " Albatross " in her expedition. were observed by. and were noted. The temperature. in a northwesterly direction. from Aguja. towards the Galapagos, we find at 50 fathoms, at the three. eastern stations, a nearly uniform temperature, varying between 57.8 and 58°.8, while at. The. a western station the temperature at that depth was 62^.5.. belt of 60° begins at about. 25 fathoms near the coast and widens to 75. At 100 fathoms. fathoms towards the west.. the temperature. is. between. 54°.. at the western station and 57°.5 near the coast, and the belt of water adjoin-. ing. tlie. coast maintains its greater temperature to a depth of 800 fathoms,. the cold belt of 38° and 40° rising as ture. is. colder towards. 4651, rising to. 71°,. we go. It is 64° at. Aguja Point.. Yet the surface tempera-. Station 4652, 67° at Station 78°.5 as. we proceed. to Stations 4649, 4647, 4646, 4523*,. and 4539*.. and reaching. 71°.5, 72°, 75°.2, 77°,. westward from Station 4652. west.. Between Station 4651 and Stations 4647 and 4713 the rapid ture from the surface to 50 fathoms 71° to 57°.8. (PL. ;. 71°.5 to 58°.6. ;. is. tempera-. fall of. very striking, falling from 67° to 58°.8. 75°.2 to 62°.9, or varying. between. 8°.2. and. ;. 13°.2. 6, fig. 3).. In a section from Aguja Point in a southwesterly direction (PI.. from Station 4655 rises as. we. 6, fig. j). to Stations 4662, 4701, the surface temperature gradually. pass westward.. Near the coast. it is. 65° at Station 4654, 67° at. Station 4655, 70° at Station 4658, 69" and 69°.4 at Stations 4660 and 4662,. and. it. rises to 74°.7 at Station. 40° and 38° are at about the. A. line. Callao,. 4701.. same depths. The temperature curves as those of the. of 60°, 50°,. more northern. line.. about west of Callao to Station 4535*, nearly 2750 miles from. shows the same increase. in surface. temperature. (PI. 9).. At Stations. 4509* and 4670, about 80 miles from the coast at the western edge. Edwards Deep,. it is. 67°. ;. it. of Milne-. has risen to 69° at Station 4666, to 69°.4 at 780. miles from the coast, at Station 4662, to 72°.7 at Station 4707, to 76°.7 at Station 4724 on the Albatross plateau, and to 80° at Station 4535*.. body of water having a temperature above 38° 1. Comp.. is. The. larger north at Aguja Point. General sketch of the expedition of the " Albatross " from J\'bruary to May, 1891, BuU. Mus. Zool. XXIII, No. 1, p. 12..

(45) SERIAL TEMPERATURES. than south. 21. Off the former locality the curves of 38', 40',. off Callao.. 60° are near the coast at 850, 650, 250,. That. are at 700, 550, 150, and 40 fathoms.. 150 to 100 fathoms nearer the surface. and 30 fathoms.. off. 50',. and. Off Callao they. the cold water extends from. is,. Callao than at Aguja Point.. In the line from Callao to Easter Island. (PI.. 10,. we begin near. fig. 1). the coast at Station 4509* with a surface temperature of 07"; between this. and Station 4676, the surface temperature varies rapidly, passing. station. to 65° then 70°. and 69° at the. At Station 4681. last station.. has risen. it. to 70", again rising further west to 70°.6, 72°, 73°, 74°, at Stations 4683,. Gomez and. 4685, 4687, 4689, 4691, dropping to 73° and 71° near Sala y. between. it. and Easter Island, when. it. again to 74°^ at Stations 4512*,. rises. 4693, 4513*.. At the. stations. which are nearly on the 20°. surface temperature. go west. The. of. ;j. ;. rapidity with which the temperature of the. at 15 fathoms at. At Station 4713, south. fig. s.. 30 fathoms,. is it. the. 11),. and 81° at Stations 4685, 4699, 4737, and 4532*.. to 73°, 75°, 81.5,. 10,. (PI.. 70\6 at Station 4683 gradually increases as we. from the surface to a very moderate depth fig.. Lat.. S.. is. shown. fathoms, and has fallen to. 54°. 9 at. in Plates 4, fig. 2. ;. 6,. of the Galapagos, the temperature. about the same as at the surface has dropped nearly 12. Humboldt current drops. —. 75°.2.. at 50 fathoms,. It. has fallen. and 6 more. 1°. at 75. 100 fathoms, a difference in 100 fathoms. of 20°.3.. At. Station 4651 off. Aguja Point near the. coast, about. in. the. same. latitude as that of Station 4713, the surface temperature of 67° has only. dropped to 57°.5 at the depth of 100 fathoms, the body of water between the surface and 75 fathoms being colder.. At Station 4683 on surface temperature. water. off. 20° S. Lat., at a greater distance from land, the. is 70°. 6,. and at 125 fathoms. the western edge of the. is still. over 62° (62°.5), the. Humboldt current being much warmer. a depth of 125 fathoms than that in the Humboldt current. At Station 4685, a the. body. of water. little. down. to. more. to the south. 200 fathoms. is. to. itself.. and west than Station 4683,. as a whole. warmer than. at the. stations to the eastward.. Taking a section. in. a northwesterly direction from Callao (PL. the same increase of surface temperature as. At. we go. 8),. we note. west.. Station 4670, on the western edge of Milne-Edwards Deep, the tem'. A. current runs north to .south between .Sala y. Gomez and. Easter Island..

(46) "ALBATROSS" EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION. 22. perature. is. 67°.. It. becomes 70° at Station 4658, 75°.3 at Station 4711, and. 79° at Station 4540*, about. 2400 miles northwest of Callao, the tempera-. ture of the body of water between the surface and 500 fathoms gradually rising. from. 59°.7 to 67°.6 at 50 fathoms,. from 48°.9 to. 200 fathoms, from. 52°.9 at. 44°.6 to 46°.7 at. sections running in a. general. 100 fathoms,. 300 fathoms, and. the temperature of the. It is 39°.4 at the eastern. stations differs only 0°.2.. Taking the. 54°.l to 65°.3 at. At 600 fathoms. from 42 to 44°.l at 400 fathoms.. same. from. and western. way from. stations.. the north to the. south, the line from Callao to Easter Island and that from Aguja Point in a southwesterly direction. Galapagos to Easter Island. where the surface temperature. This remains the surface temperature as far south as Station. 72°.. 4703, where. the line from the. the surface temperature varies from. (PI. 4, fig. i). 74° to 75° as far south as Station 4705,. becomes. On. have been described.. it. 74°.7 at Station 4701, gradually rising to. 73°, it rises to. is. 75° towards Easter Island,. where. it. At Station 4707 we have. drops to 72°.. a warmer body of water between 300 fathoms and the surface than at the. and north. stations to the south. extends as far as the. Galapagos to Manga Eeva. from 76°. it rises. to 80° at Station. On. (PI. 5), the. the line from. the. surface temperature rises and falls ;. from that point, going. gradually to 81°.5 at Station 4736, and again drops. 4524* and to 77° at Manga Reva. the colder water of the. Humboldt. must be about 800 miles wide,. to. than near the Galapagos. (44°. 1). ;. ;. tlius. passing across. current, which, south of the Galapagos,. warmer. Reva, at 400 fathoms, the temperature. at. The Humboldt current probably. it.. Galapagos to 75° at Station 4722. at the. south and west,. of. 12° of southern latitude.. is. the same. waters.. South towards Manga. colder near is. Manga Reva. (41°.7). the case at 300 fathoms.. 200 fathoms the temperature of that depth, while falling from. But. 52°.9, at. Station 4718, to 50°.3 at Station 4721, and to 48°.5 at Station 4724, rises. again south of. and. 55°.4. at Station 4728, to 50°.],. of. temperature exists at the 200-fathom. 100 fathoms the temperature it. rise to 51°.9,. we go south and west at Stations 4732, 4736, 4739, 53°.5 at Manga Reva, at 225 fathoms.. similar condition. 4714;. and continues to. 56°.7 as. drop again to. A. it,. falls. from. 65°.3. to. is. At. higher near the Galapagos, at Station. 55°.7. Station 4724, and gradually rises. line.. to. at to. Station 4721, to rise to 67°.6. at. 64°.5. at. Station 4729, to 70°.5 at. Station 4732, to 71°.7 at Station 4736, and to fall to 68°.5 at Station 4739. near. Manga Reva..

(47) SEEIAL TEMPERATUEES. The water. whole being warmer than. of the western part of the line as a. the eastern part,. the. intrusion. a. of. large. 23. body. cold. of. water between. Station 4721 and Station 4717, between 50 and 200 fathoms, feature of the northern end of the line Galapagos to. Only two. a marked. Manga Reva.. temperatures were taken at Stations 4740 and 4742 on. serial. Manga Reva to Acapulco Galapagos to Manga Reva we took. To the eastward on the. (PL 12).. the line. a. number. Manga Reva.. The temperatures. line,. of serial temperatures, passing. from the colder water of the Humboldt current towards. is. warmer waters south. to the. 200 fathoms. at. nearly. are. North, a great change in temperature takes place between 25. identical.. and 200 fathoms, where there. is. South the belt of. a difference of 24'.. warm. water extends 100 fathoms, a great change occurring between 100 and 200. The. fathoms, a drop of 16 \. temperatures taken at the southern and. serial. northern edges of the cold current on the line. Manga Reva. agreed well with those taken in the same current to the Station 4725, which. in the. is. same. (colder) of 4' at the surface, of 5" at. Acapulco. east.. shows a difference. latitude as 4740,. 50 fathoms,. to. of 2' at. 100 fathoms, and. 200 fathoms.. of 0°.3 at. Station 4714 which. is. a little to the south of the western Station 4742, 2" at the surface, 3".4 at. shows a difference (colder) of. 50 fathoms,. IIM. at. 100 fathoms, 1^4 at 200 fathoms, while at 300 and 400 fathoms the western station. colder,. is. the temperature It. may. is. 300 fathoms, and. at. 1 .2. 39. .4. 1 .6. at. 400 fathoms.. At 800. at both stations.. not be out of place to correlate the temperature results ol)tained. south of the Panamic region with those (obtained in the Panamic district. by the "Albatross" in. A. 18'Jl.'. the Mexican current. transverse section of. from Mariato Point. to. Cocos Island shows the existence of a cold current running north parallel to the coast. This. and. is. :. the northern extension of a branch of the. Humboldt. current.. pushed to the east by the Mexican branch of the California current. also. by the easterly equatorial. ward and becomes a part. of. set.. The. latter. is. deflected to the west-. the westerly equatorial current flowing well. north of the eastern set which flows by the Galapagos in the oceanic basin. between them and Acapulco as far as Lat. 12" N., while in the oceanic valley separating Galera Point and the Galapagos there of cold. is. water flowing north towards the Bay of Panama. >. Bull.. M.. C. Z.. XXIII, No.. 1, p. 12,. 1902.. a wide current.

(48) 24. "ALBATROSS" EASTEEN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION. RECORD OF SERIAL TEMPERATURES..