Highlight Consortium 2

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Kruse 500 µM

200 µM 200 µM

Balsam Al-Janabi, Inken Kruse and Martin Wahl

GEOMAR, Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research, Kiel, Germany

Correlated and anti-correlated sensitivities to global change factors will determine the fate of Fucus vesiculosus

©B. Al-Janabi

Highlight Consortium 2

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Global change impacts on Fucus vesiculosus

Multiple stressors

Warming

Acidification

Eutrophication Local upwelling

Multivariate responses

Survival Growth

Reproduction Photosynthesis

Adaptation

Acclimatization

Wahl et al. 2015 Perspectives in Phycology

Jutterström et al. 2014 Marine Pollution Bulletin

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Genetic diversity

(3)

© K. Maczassek

Collection of fertile adult Fucus vesiculosus Induction of gamete release

Settling of germlings on sandstone cubes: edge length 2 cm.

1x

Fucus vesiculosus sibling groups

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1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8

8 sibling groups

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Experiments at the Kiel Outdoor Benthocosms

1. Experiment Temperature x pCO₂x Season n = 3 2. Experiment [Temperature x pCO₂] x Nutrients n = 3 3. Experiment + Final upwelling event n = 3

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Seasonal differences between spring and summer (p-value < 0.05)

0 20 40 60 80 100

Spring13 Summer Autumn Winter Spring14

Survival % ^T+CO2+_{T+ CO2-}

T- CO2+

T- CO2-

Warming decreases survival in summer and also in winter (p-value < 0.05)

Means +SD n=3

Warming and OA effects depend on the season

a a a a c c b b a’ a’ a’ a’ b’ a’ a’ a’ a’ a’ a’ a’

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0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5

T-CO2-N- T-CO2-N+ T+CO2+ N- T+CO2+ N+

Growth % d-1

0 20 40 60 80 100

T-CO2-N- T-CO2-N+ T+CO2+ N- T+CO2+ N+

Survival %

TempCO₂- N- TempCO₂- N+ TempCO₂+ N- TempCO₂+ N+

Warming during a heat wave decreased survival and growth significantly (p < 0.0001)

Nutrient enrichment attenuates the high mortality and growth reduction (p < 0.0001)

+N

Nutrient enrichment mitigates heat wave stress

a

b

bc c

a

b b +N b

+ TempCO₂

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0 20 40 60 80 100

TCO2- N- TCO2- N+ TCO2+ N- TCO2+ N+

Survival %

a

ab b

c

Pre-treatment TempCO₂- N- TempCO₂- N+ TempCO₂+ N- TempCO₂+ N+

3 days Hypoxia

Previous exposure to warming and acidification decreased the toleranceto hypoxia stress (p < 0.001)

Sensitivity to hypoxia is enhanced by previous warming

Survival of F. vesiculosus germlings is strongly decreased under hypoxia in all groups of pre-treatments

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Exposure to T and O

₂

during summer and autumn

T (°C), Sal (psu), O2(mg l -1)

Summer:

Temperature stress

Temperature Salinity

O₂ pCO₂

Autumn:

Hypoxia stress Acidification stress

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-2 -1 0 1 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

log effect ratio (SD) (Survival relative to “ambient”) _{T +}

T -

Future Present Temp

CO₂ Temp

Temp CO₂

Siblings vary in their response to warming and acidification

CO₂+ CO₂ -

Sibling group 9

Effect ratio

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Correlations of sibling groups’ sensitivities to warming and OA

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Sensitivity to acidification

Sensitivity to warming

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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

6 4

8

3 1

7 5

2

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

5

4

6

1

3

7

8

Survival

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

R= 0.929 P= 0.0022 6

4 8

1

3

7

5

Growth 2

Sensitivity to acidification

Sensitivity to warming

Spring

R= 0.952 P= 0.0011

SpringSummer

R= 0.821 P= 0.0341

Growth

Sensitivity to warming and acidification is positively correlated (p < 0.05)

Direction of selection goes towards the more tolerant genotypes to warming and acidification

Accelerated rate of adaptation towards genotypes tolerant to warming and acidification

Correlations of sibling groups’ sensitivities to warming and OA

OAW Hypoxia

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Correlations of sensitivities to OAW and hypoxia

11 0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Increasing sensitivitytoOAW

Increasing sensitivity to hypoxia

6 10

4

9

16 5

8

13 11

14 1

3 2

15 12

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R = - 0.8088 P = 0.0002

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

6 10

4

9

16 5

8

13 11

14 1

3 2

15 12

7

R = - 0.8088 P = 0.0002

Sensitivity towards warming+acidification and hypoxia is negatively correlated

(p < 0.001)

Genotypes selected under warming and acidification are most sensitive to hypoxia

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Conclusions

F. vesiculosus survival

reduction enhancement

no effect

Hypoxia

Warming ^(>22°C)

+ Nutrients

+ pCO₂

Stratification

modulation

Eutrophication 12

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Angelika Graiff

Ulf Karsten

Björn Buchholz

Federal Ministry of Education and Research

baljanabi@geomar.de

Acknowledgements

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Thank you for your attention!

Acknowledgements

Kruse 500 µM

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