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Software for Regional Studies: Analysis of Parametrical Multicriteria Models

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NOT FOR QUOTATION WITHOUT P E R M I S S I O N OF THE AUTHOR

SOFTWARE FOR REGIONAL S T U D I E S : ANALYSIS O F PARAMETRICAL MULTI- C R I T E R I A MODELS

A l e x a n d e r U m n o v

A u g u s t 1 9 8 2 WP-82- 6 6

W o r k i n g P a p e r s a r e i n t e r i m r e p o r t s o n w o r k o f t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e f o r A p p l i e d S y s t e m s A n a l y s i s a n d have r e c e i v e d o n l y l i m i t e d r e v i e w . V i e w s o r o p i n i o n s e x p r e s s e d h e r e i n do n o t n e c e s s a r i l y r e p r e - s e n t t h o s e o f t h e I n s t i t u t e o r o f i t s N a t i o n a l Member O r g a n i z a t i o n s .

INTERNATIONAL I N S T I T U T E FOR A P P L I E D SYSTEMS RNALYSIS A - 2 3 6 1 L a x e n b u r g , A u s t r i a

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PREFACE

The p r o b l e m s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a n a l y z i n g a n d managing i n t e - g r a t e d r e g i o n a l d e v e l o p m e n t a r e m u l t i d i m e n s i o n a l i n c h a r a c t e r . They s t e m from ( i ) t h e h i e r a r c h i c a l r e l a t i o n s o f t h e n a t i o n a l economic s y s t e m , ( i i ) c o n f l i c t i n g i n t e r e s t s w i t h i n t h e r e g i o n , a n d ( i i i ) t h e complex s t r u c t u r e o f t h e r e g i o n a l s y s t e m , whose components h a v e d i f f e r e n t d e v e l o p m e n t d y n a m i c s . To s o l v e t h e s e p r o b l e m s s u c c e s s f u l l y , i t i s e s s e n t i a l t o c o n s i d e r t h e r e g i o n a l s y s t e m i n a h o l i s t i c f a s h i o n .

L a r g e m o d e l s o f i n d i v i d u a l components o f t h e r e g i o n a l s y s t e m a r e o f t e n u s e d f o r a n a l y z i n g p a r t i c u l a r a s p e c t s o f r e g i o n a l d e v e l - opment. U s u a l l y , s u c h models a r e d e v e l o p e d i n d e p e n d e n t l y o f e a c h o t h e r . I f a h o l i s t i c a p p r o a c h i s t a k e n t o r e g i o n a l d e v e l o p m e n t , however, t h e s e i n d e p e n d e n t models m u s t b e l i n k e d t o form a c o o r - d i n a t e d s y s t e m ; o n l y i n t h i s way c a n c o n s i s t e n t r e s u l t s b e p r o - d u c e d . When a t t e m p t i n g t h i s l i n k a g e c e r t a i n m a t h e m a t i c a l and c o m p u t e r s o f t w a r e p r o b l e m s o f t e n o c c u r and t h e s e p r o b l e m s a r e t h e s u b j e c t o f t h i s p a p e r . I t i s t h e f i r s t o f a s e r i e s o f a r t i -

c l e s f o c u s s i n g o n ' s o f t w a r e f o r r e g i o n a l d e v e l o p m e n t ' , whose p u r - p o s e i s t o d i s s e m i n a t e t h e r e s u l t s o f r e s e a r c h o n t h i s t o p i c u n d e r t a k e n a t IIASA.

B o r i s I s s a e v L e a d e r

R e g i o n a l Development Group

A u g u s t 1 9 8 2

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I wish t o e x p r e s s my g r a t i t u d e t o t h e former and c u r r e n t l e a d e r s of t h e Regional Development Group of I I A S A , P r o f e s s o r Murat Albegov and P r o f e s s o r B o r i s I s s a e v , f o r t h e i r c o n t i n u o u s

s u p p o r t and i n t e r e s t i n t h e r e s e a r c h . M i l o s l a v Lenko, Penelope Beck, and Judy Pakes a r e a l s o thanked f o r computer programming, e d i t o r i a l , and s e c r e t a r i a l a s s i s t a n c e , r e s p e c t i v e l y .

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ABSTRACT

T h i s paper d e s c r i b e s an approach t o a n a l y z i n g how t h e balanced s t a t e s of a m u l t i c r i t e r i a model depend on t h e v a l u e s of exogenous p a r a m e t e r s . I t p r o v i d e s , c o n s i s t e n t with t h e model c r i t e r i a , an a l g o r i t h m t h a t chooses t h e o p t i m a l form of t h e P a r e t o s e t . A s an example, t h e paper e x p l a i n s t h e use of t h e approach f o r a r e g i o n a l w a t e r - d i s t r i b u t i o n model.

-

v i i

-

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SUMMARY

The p r o b l e m s o f i n v e s t i g a t i n g how t h e e q u i l i b r i u m s t a t e s o f a s y s t e m d e p e n d o n e x t e r n a l c o n d i t i o n s h a v e b e e n i n v e s t i g a t e d f o r c e n t u r i e s . The m a t h e m a t i c a l t h e o r y o f s e n s i t i v i t y was

d e v e l o p e d a n d h a s b e e n u s e d e f f e c t i v e l y i n many a p p l i e d p r o b l e m s i n m e c h a n i c s , p h y s i c s , a n d s o o n .

R e c e n t l y new p r o b l e m s - - c l o s e t o t h e t r a d i t i o n a l o n e s - - h a v e become o f g r e a t i n t e r e s t . However, t h e main f e a t u r e o f t h e s e p r o b l e m s i s t h a t t h e i r e q u i l i b r i u m p o i n t s a r e c o n s t r a i n e d

e x t r e m a , a f a c t t h a t makes i t i m p o s s i b l e t o u s e t h e c l a s s i c a l t o o l s o f t h e t h e o r y o f s e n s i t i v i t y .

R e g i o n a l s t u d i e s h a v e b e e n a n i m p o r t a n t a r e a i n which s u c h p r o b l e m s h a v e a r i s e n . I n c o n t r a s t w i t h t h e a p p r o a c h t o g l o b a l p r o b l e m s , t h e a p p r o a c h t o r e g i o n a l p r o b l e m s c o n s i d e r s t h e i r i n t e r a c t i o n s w i t h t h e e x t e r n a l e n v i r o n m e n t , which c a n n o t b e changed by p r o c e s s e s w i t h i n t h e r e g i o n a l s y s t e m . T h e r e f o r e , o n e o f t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t p r o b l e m s i n r e g i o n a l a n a l y s i s i s t o s t u d y how t h e o p t i m a l s t a t e s o f t h e r e g i o n a l s y s t e m d e p e n d on i t s e x t e r n a l c o n d i t i o n s .

The r e g i o n a l s y s t e m , a s i s t h e c a s e f o r any s y s t e m w i t h open i n p u t s a n d o u t p u t s , n a y h a v e i t s own i n t e r n a l f u n c t i o n a l c r i t e r i a , w h i c h , a s a r u l e , a r e n o t e q u i v a l e n t t o e x t e r n a l

( o r ' n a t i o n a l ' ) c r i t e r i a . Hence, r e g i o n a l p r o b l e m s h a v e a m u l t i c r i t e r i a c h a r a c t e r . T h i s i s why p a r a m e t r i c a n a l y s i s o f m u l t i c r i t e r i a o p t i m i z a t i o n i s a n i m p o r t a n t a s p e c t o f r e g i o n a l s t u d i e s .

The p u r p o s e s o f t h i s p a p e r a r e :

o t o i n v e s t i g a t e how t h e e q u i l i b r i u m s t a t e s o f m u l t i - c r i t e r i a m o d e l s depend on v a l u e s o f t h e i r e x o g e n o u s p a r a m e t e r s ;

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o to consider the opportunities for finding values of these parameters that are optimal in some appropriate sense (such as supplying the Pareto set with a form that minimizes the 'distance' between the equilibrium point and the 'ideal' point).

This work is based on many sources; however, I would like to emphasize the important role of the ideas of the minimax approach (Fedorov 1979) and the methods of multicriteria optimization (Wierzbicki 1 9 7 9 )

.

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SOFTWARE FOR REGIONAL STUDIES :

ANALYSIS O F PARAMETRICAL MULTI-

C R I T E R I A MODELS A l e x a n d e r Umnov

1 . I N T R O D U C T I O N

I n a q u a l i t a t i v e e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e s t a t e s o f a s y s t e m u s i n g s e v e r a l c r i t e r i a , we u s u a l l y f i n d a t t h e f i r s t s t a g e o f t h e

i n v e s t i g a t i o n t h o s e s t a t e s t h a t a r e a compromise b e t w e e n a l l t h e e v a l u a t i o n s . A p o i n t o f t h e P a r e t o s e t f o r a g i v e n m u l t i - o b j e c t i v e model c a n b e c o n s i d e r e d a s a n e x a m p l e o f t h i s compro- m i s e . The way i n which w e p r o c e e d a t t h e s e c o n d s t a g e o f t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n d e p e n d s upon i t s s p e c i f i c a i m s . However, a p r o b l e m t h a t f r e q u e n t l y o c c u r s a n d s h o u l d b e s o l v e d a t t h i s s t a g e i s how t h e s e compromise s t a t e s depend o n t h e v a l u e s o f t h e model p a r a m e t e r s .

T h i s p a p e r d e s c r i b e s a method f o r d e t e r m i n i n g how t h e e q u i l i b r i u m p o i n t s move a s a r e s u l t o f ( n o t n e c e s s a r i l y s m a l l ) c h a n g e s t o t h e p a r a m e t e r v a l u e s . We a r e t h e n a b l e t o f i n d t h o s e v a l u e s f o r which t h e e q u i l i b r i u m p o i n t h a s d e s i r a b l e p r o p e r t i e s . The m a j o r d i f f i c u l t y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e p r o b l e m i s t h a t i t c a n n o t b e s o l v e d i n a d i r e c t way u s i n g c l a s s i c a l methods o f

u n c o n s t r a i n e d o p t i m i z a t i o n o r s e n s i t i v i t y a n a l y s i s . W e demon- s t r a t e t h i s w i t h a n e x a m p l e .

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L e t u s f i n d a compromise u s e o f a r e s o u r c e u n i t i n a s y s t e m d e s c r i b i n g two t e c h n o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s e s . The p r o d u c t i o n l e v e l s a r e r e l a t e d t o t h e g i v e n volumes o f t h e r e s o u r c e a s f o l l o w s :

where u i s t h e volume o f t h e r e s o u r c e f o r t h e f i r s t p r o c e s s . F o r e a c h v e c t o r o f o u t p u t , x =

1

x ; x 2

11,

t h e r e a r e two c r i t e r i a f o r e v a l u a t i n g . i t s q u a l i t y :

which may be t r e a t e d c o n v e n t i o n a l l y a s p r o f i t s on two d i f f e r e n t m a r k e t s

.

L e t u s s p e c i f y a m u l t i c r i t e r i a m a t h e m a t i c a l model o f t h e s y s t e m : f o r a s e t o f p a i r s o f numbers

I[

x l ; x 2

I(,

s u b j e c t t o :

f o r a g i v e n u , maximize t h e o b j e c t i v e s :

The model i s p r e s e n t e d i n g r a p h i c form i n F i g u r e 1 . L e t

* *

f l and f 2 be t h e . o p t i m a l ( f o r e a c h c r i t e r i o n ) v a l u e s o f t h e o b j e c - t i v e s f l and f 2 , r e s p e c t i v e l y . I t i s t h e n o b v i o u s t h a t

f 1

*

= 2u, o r x =

( 1

u ; 0

( 1

and f 2 =

*

3(1

-

u ) , f o r x = 110 ; 1

-

u ( [

.

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A s a compromise between t h e s e two s o l u t i o n s , we c h o o s e a f e a s i b l e s t a t e f o r which r e l a t i v e d e v i a t i o n s in t h e v a l u e s o f t h e c r i t e r i a ( w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e i r i d e a l v a l u e s ) a r e e q u a l a n d a s s m a l l a s 2 o s s . i b l e . I n o t h e r w o r d s , i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o m i n i m i z e t h e v a l u e o f t h e c o e f f i c i e n t o f i n c o n s i s t e n c y p:

f o r t h e s e t o f a l l f e a s i b l e x , o r t o s o l v e t h e f o l l o w i n g l i n e a r programming p r o b l e m .

M i n i m i z e , w i t h r e s p e c t t o

( 1

p ; x , ; x2

/ I ,

t h e v a l u e o f t h e c o e f f i c i e n t o f i n c o n s i s t e n c y p , s u b j e c t t o :

0 5 p 5 1

.

( 3 )

The s o l u t i o n o f p r o b l e m ( 3 ) c a n . e a s i l y be f o u n d u s i n g t h e f o l l o w - i n g a r g u m e n t s ( s e e F i g u r e 2 ) .

F o r a g i v e n u , t h e s e t o f p o i n t s t h a t a r e s o l u t i o n s t o t h e s e t o f i n e q u a l i t i e s :

I

O l x 12 - u

,

i s on t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n o f t h e s h a d e d c o n e w i t h v e r t e x M a n d t h e r e c t a n g l e OABC. I f t h e v a l u e o f p i s d e c r e a s e d , p o i n t M

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F i g u r e 1

.

A r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f model ( 1 )

-

( 2 )

.

2

F i g u r e 2 . A r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f p r o b l e m ( 3 ) .

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moves a l o n g OD t o w a r d s D l w h i c h i s t h e p o i n t o f i d e a l c o n s i s - t e n c y b e t w e e n f l a n d f 2 ( w i t h p = 0 ) .

The m i n i m a l v a l u e o f p , f o r w h i c h s y s t e m ( 4 ) i s s t i l l f e a s i b l e , i s d e f i n e d by t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n o f OD a n d ABC. N o t e t h a t t h e l i n e ABC i s t h e g e o m e t r i c a l i m a g e o f t h e P a r e t o s e t f o r n m d e l ( 1 )

-

( 2 )

.

I n s o l v i n g s y s t e m ( 4 ) w i t h r e s p e c t t o

v ,

x l

,

a n d x 2 f o r d i f f e r e n t v a l u e s o f t h e p a r a m e t e r u , w e f i n d t h a t p r o b l e m ( 3 ) i s i n f e a s i b l e f o r a l l u

<

0. For 0 5 u 5 3

- 6 ,

i t h a s t h e s o l u t i o n :

F o r 3

- G <

u 5 1 , i t h a s t h e s o l u t i o n :

F o r u

>

1 , a g a i n t h e r e i s n o s o l u t i o n .

I f w e c o n s i d e r t h e o p t i m a l v a l u e o f p a s a f u n c t i o n o f u ( f o r 0 I u I 1 ) ( s e e F i g u r e 3 ) , i t i s e v i d e n t t h a t it h a s a m i n i m a l v a l u e a t u

*

= 3

- 6

0 . 5 5 0 5 . The i n c o n s i s t e n c y h e r e e q u a l s ( 4

-

6 ) / ( 4 6

-

6 )

=

0 . 4 8 2 5 , s o t h a t b o t h c r i t e r i a o f t h e model c a n b e u p t o 5 1 . 7 5 % c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e v e c t o r o f t h e p r o d u c t i o n l e v e l :

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Figure 3 . The d e p e n d e n c e o f o ~ t i r n a l p o n u f o r p r o b l e m ( 3 ) .

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F i n a l l y , i t i s c l e a r t h a t c l a s s i c a l methods o f smooth o p t i m i z a t i o n c a n n o t b e u s e d t o e v a l u a t e u b e c a u s e o f t h e non-

*

d i f f e r e n t i a b i l i t y o f ! J ( u ) a t u

* .

I n g e o m e t r i c a l t e r m s , m i n i m i z a t i o n o f t h e i n c o n s i s t e n c y by c h o o s i n g t h e v a l u e s f o r t h e e x o g e n o u s p a r a m e t e r s o f t h e model may b e t r e a t e d a s a n o p t i m i z a t i o n o f t h e f o r m o f t h e P a r e t o s e t i n o r d e r t o m i n i m i z e a ' d i s t a n c e ' b e t w e e n t h e s e t and t h e i d e a l p o i n t o f c o n s i s t e n c y .

The m e t r i c may b e c h o s e n , f o r e x a m p l e , by l e t t i n g t h e d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e s e t o f f e a s i b l e p o i n t s o f t h e model and t h e i d e a l p o i n t D b e ( s e e F i g u r e 4 ) .

where

11

X , B ; X;

11

=

11

u ; 1

-

u

I /

a n d

S u b s t i t u t i n g t h e s e a t S , w e f i n d :

I t f o l l o w s t h a t t h e minimum d i s t a n c e i s r e a c h e d a t u = 1 . The o p t i m a l f o r m o f t h e P a r e t o s e t ( i n t h e s e n s e o f t h e c h o s e n m e t r i c ) i s t h e s e g m e n t {O i x i 1 ; x 2 = 0 1 .

1

I t i s o b v i o u s t h a t t h e method d e m o n s t r a t e d f o r model ( 1 ) - ( 2 ) i s n o t a p p l i c a b l e f o r p r o b l e m s o f r e a l v a l u e . The d e p e n d e n c e !J ( u ) c a n n o t b e f o u n d i n a n e x p l i c i t f o r m f o r m o s t p r a c t i c a l p r o b l e m s . The u s e o f n u m e r i c a l t e c h n i q u e s s u c h ' a s t h e T a y l o r a p p r o x i m a t i o n i s s t r o n g l y l i m i t e d by t h e u n d e s i r a b l e p r o p e r t i e s o f !J ( u )

,

w h i c h a r e i n d e f i n i t e f o r a n y u and n o n - d i f - f e r e n t i a b l e f o r t h o s e u where !J ( u ) i s d e f i n e d .

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F i g u r e 4 . The d e p e n d e n c e o f t h e d i s t a n c e betweeq t h e P a r e t o s e t and t h e i d e a l p o i n t on u .

T h i s p a p e r d e s c r i b e s a n u m e r i c a l a l g o r i t h m t h a t p e r m i t s u s t o s o l v e t h e p r o b l e m o f p a r a m e t r i c a l a n a l y s i s f o r m u l t i c r i t e r i a m o d e l s . The method i s b a s e d on c h a n g i n g t h e i n i t i a l p r o b l e m

t o a n e q u i v a l e n t one ( i n t h e s e n s e o f t h e s o l u t i o n ) , which h a s p r o p e r t i e s t h a t a l l o w u s t o u s e a n y o f t h e c l a s s i c a l schemes o f s e n s i t i v i t y a n a l y s i s .

2 . PARAMETRICAL ANALYSIS OF N O N L I N E A R MODELS 2 . 1 . S t a t e m e n t o f t h e Problem

L e t us c o n s i d e r a m u l t i c r i t e r i a model, t h e ' s t a t e o f which i s d e s c r i b e d by means o f a v e c t o r o f v a r i a b l e s x E E n and a v e c t o r o f exogenous p a r a m e t e r s u E R C E L .

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I n t e r m s o f t h e s e v e c t o r s t h e model d e s c r i p t i o n i s r e d u c e d t o a d e f i n i t i o n o f i t s c o n s t r a i n t s , d e l i m i t i n g f e a s i b l e s t a t e s o f t h e model

y s ( x l u.) 2 0

,

s = [ 1 ,nil. and ( 5 )

a s e t o f c r i t e r i a e v a l u a t i n g t h e q u a l i t y o f t h e s e s t a t e s :

maximize w i t h r e s p e c t t o x , f k ( x , u )

,

k = [ 1 , N ]

.

W e assume t h a t a l l t h e f u n c t i o n s y ( x , u ) and f k ( x , u ) a r e s u f f i -

S

c i e n . t l y smooth w i t h i n t h e i r domain o f d e f i n i t i o n .

L e t f

*

b e t h e o p t i m a l v a l u e o f t h e o b j e c t i v e f o r t h e f o l l o w - k

i n g m a t h e m a t i c a l programming p r o b l e m :

maximize f k ( x , u ) w i t h r e s p e c t t o x

,

s u b j e c t t o y S ( x , x ) -2 0

,

s = [1 ,m]

.

( 6 ) W e a r e now a b l e t o d e f i n e t h e c o e f f i c i e n t o f i n c o n s i s t e n c y p

f o r a f e a s i b l e s t a t e x o f model ( 5 ) a s f k ( u )

-

f k ( x I u ) p ( x , u ) = max

k

I *

a b s i f k ( u )

*

The p o i n t x

*

w i l l b e u s e d a s t h e e q u i l i b r i u m p o i n t , s u c h t h a t

Note t h a t t h e u s e o f a b s o l u t e v a l u e s a l l o w s u s t o make no

* *

d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n c a s e s f k ( u )

>

0 and f k ( u )

<

0 . However, t h e c a s e when f

*

= 0 m u s t b e e x c l u d e d .

k

A c c o r d i n g t o t h e d e f i n i t i o n g i v e n a b o v e , t h e p r o c e d u r e f o r f i n d i n g t h e e q u i l i b r i u m s t a t e f o r model ( 5 ) c a n b e v i e w e d i n t e r m s o f t h e f o l l o w i n g m a t h e m a t i c a l programming p r o b l e m :

(20)

m i n i m i z e t h e v a l u e o f IJ w i t h r e s p e c t t o

11

u ; x l l

,

s u b j e c t t o y s ( x , u ) 2 0 , s = [ l , m ] , and R k ( u , x , u ) 2 0

,

* *

w h e r e R k ( u I x I u ) = f k ( x . u )

+

u a b s ( f k ( u ) )

-

f k ( u ) I

T h i s p r o b l e m i s a n u n u s u a l o n e b e c a u s e t h e p r o b l e m s t a t e m e n t

i n c l u d e s v a l u e s o f f ( u ) d e f i n e d by t h e s o l u t i o n s o f p r o b l e m s

*

( 6 ) , . k

Flow l e t u s c o n s i d e r a p r o b l e m o f p a r a m e t r i c a l a n a l y s i s f o r model ( 5 ) . W e w i l l e x a m i n e t h e d e ~ e n d e n c e o f t h e o p t i m a l v a l u e o f IJ o n t h e v e c t o r o f e x o g e n o u s p a r a m e t e r s u .

S u p p o s e t h a t w e f i n d a v e c t o r u

* ,

s u c h . t h a t

*

a r g m i n '

*

U = uEfl p ( u ) I

w h e r e R C E~ i s a s e t o f considered u . I n f o r m a l t e r m s , u

*

i s t h e s o l u t i o n o f t h e p r o b l e m :

m i n i m i z e t h e v a l u e o f p w i t h r e s p e c t t o

[I

p ; x ; ull

,

s u b j e c t ' t o y s ( x , u ) 2 0 I s = [ l ,m ] ;

a n d u E 52

.

A l t h o u g h t h e s t a t e m e n t s o f ( 7 ) and ( 8 ) a p p e a r t o be s i m i l a r , t h e l a t t e r p r o b l e m i s c o n s i d e r a b l y more c o m p l e x . F i r s t , p r o b l e m

( 7 ) i s l i n e a r , i f a l l f u n c t i o n s f k and ys a r e a l s o l i n e a r , b u t p r o b l e m ( 8 ) i s a l w a y s n o n l i n e a r . s e c o n d , s t a t e m e n t ( 8 ) c o n t a i n s

*

f k ( u )

,

w h i c h are n o t d e f i n e d f o r a l l u and are n o t d i f f e r e n t i a b l e , e v e n i f a l l f k a n d y a r e d e f i n e d and d i f f e r e n t i a b l e . F i n a l l y ,

S

t h e d i m e n s i o n o f p r o b l e m ( 8 ) i s g r e a t e r b e c a u s e a l l c o m p o n e n t s o f u a r e unknown.

The d e s c r i b e d a p p r o a c h e s s e n t i a l l y c o n s i s t s i n s o l v i n g p r o - b l e m ( 8 ) i n a n i n d i r e c t way. The f o l l o w i n g t w o - l e v e l i t e r a t i v e scheme i s s u g g e s t e d a s a means o f e v a l u a t i n g u

* .

(21)

A t e a c h s t e p o f t h i s p r o c e s s v e c t o r u i s f i x e d ; t h i s p e r - m i t s u s t o r e t u r n t o t h e s i m p l e r p r o b l e m ( 7 ) . Then u s i n g a s p e c i a l a n a l y t i c a l p r o c e d u r e f o r s o l v i n g ( 7 ) f o r t h e g i v e n u , a b e t t e r a p p r o x i m a t i o n o f u

*

i s f o u n d . I f n e c e s s a r y , t h e p r o c e s s i s r e p e a t e d s e v e r a l t i m e s . T h i s a p p r o a c h i s d e s c r i b e d i n d e t a i l b e l o w . I t s h o u l d b e n o t e d t h a t it i s i m p o s s i b l e t o l i n k c o m p o n e n t s o f x and u i n a common v e c t o r , s i n c e t h i s would c r e a t e a d i f f e r e n t p r o b l e m , w h i c h w i l l h a v e a n o t h e r i n t e r p r e - t a t i o n .

I t h a s a l r e a d y b e e n shown t h a t t h e m e t h o d s b a s e d o n t h e T a y l o r a p p r o x i m a t i o n c a n n o t b e u s e d d i r e c t l y t o s o l v e p r o b l e m s s u c h a s ( 8 ) , b e c a u s e o f t h e i n d e f i n i t e n e s s and n o n d i f f e r e n t i a - b i l i t y o f p ( u )

.

To overcome t h e s e d i f f i c u l t i e s , a n a p p r o x i m a -

t i o n o f P ( u )

,

( u )

,

i s u s e d . I t h a s t h e f o l l o w i n g p r o p e r t i e s :

--

i t i s u n i q u e l y d e f i n e d f o r a l l u E E ~ ;

--

i t i s d i f f e r e n t i a b l e f o r a l l u E E=;

--

it i s c l o s e t o p ( u ) i n t h e s e n s e o f a m e t r i c w h e r e v e r p ( u ) i s u n i q u e l y d e f i n e d .

The main p r o b l e m i s t o f i n d t h i s new f u n c t i o n G ( u ) , w h i c h s h o u l d b e c o n v e n i e n t f o r p r a c t i c a l u s e . I n t h e p r o p o s e d a p p r o a c h , t h e a p p r o x i m a t e s o l u t i o n o f p r o b l e m ( 7 ) , f o u n d b y t h e Smooth P e n a l t y F u n c t i o n Method --SPEW ( F i a c c o a n d McCormick 1 9 6 8 ) ,

I\

i s u s e d f o r p ( u ) .

2 . 2 . The Smooth P e n a l t y F u n c t i o n Method

The s o l u t i o n o f p r o b l e m ( 6 ) b y means o f SPFM c o n s i s t s i n u n c o n s t r a i n e d m i n i m i z a t i o n o f t h e a u x i l i a r y f u n c t i o n

w h e r e f u n c t i o n P ( T , a ) , u s u a l l y r e f e r r e d t o s t h e p e n a l t y function, i s d e f i n e d f o r a l l T

>

0 and a l l a a n d s a t i s f i e s t h e r e l a t i o n

(22)

F o l l o w i n g f r o m t h e known p r o p e r t i e s o f SPFM, p o i n t

2

( T , u )

,

a t k

w h i c h f u n c t i o n ( 9 ) h a s i t s minimum i . e . a r g m i n

~ , ( T , u ) = x E k ( T l x l u ) I e x i s t s f o r a l l u .

S u b j e c t t o a d d i t i o n a l weak c o n s t r a i n t s on P ( T , a ) ( F i a c c o a n d McCormick 1 9 6 8 ) , p o i n t w i s e c o n v e r g e n c e w i l l t a k e p l a c e :

w h e r e f k ( u )

*

e x i s t s .

2P a

I f , m o r e o v e r , t h e P ( T , a ) i s s u c h t h a t

-

= F ( ? ; ) , i . e . , t h e a a

f i r s t p a r t i a l d e r i v a t i v e o f P w i t h r e s p e c t t o a d e p e n d s o n l y o n t h e r a t i o a / T , t h e n u n i f o r m c o n v e r g e n c e w i l l a l s o t a k e p l a c e :

f o r a l l u , w h e r e f k

*

( u ) i s u n i q u e l y d e f i n e d . I f , a s a r e s u l t

a~

a

o f t h e o r e m ( 4 ) (Umnov 1 9 7 4 )

,

t h e c o n d i t i o n - = F(-) i s s u f f i c i e n t

a a T

f o r v a l i d a t i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g T a y l o r a p p r o x i m a t i o n :

w h e r e a b s ( A k ( u ) ) I C

<

+co f o r t h o s e u , where x k ( u ) , t h e e x a c t

*

s o l u t i o n o f ( 6 )

,

i s u n i q u e l y d e f i n e d . The r e s t t e r m o ( T ) i s t r e a t e d h e r e i n t h e u s u a l s e n s e :

l i m - - o ( T )

-

T-'+ 0 T

From t h e a b o v e , w e h a v e :

*

rnax

I X k ( ~ , ~ ) -

x k ( u )

1

2 k { a b s ( ~ ~ ( u ) ) } T

+

a b s ( o ( T ) )

,

(23)

w h i c h proves t h e f a c t o f u n i f o r m c o n v e r g e n c e .

N o t e t h a t n o t a l l t h e m o s t f r e q u e n t l y u s e d p e n a l t y f u n c - t i o n s s a t i s f y t h i s c o n d i t i o n . F o r e x a m p l e , f r o m t h e f o l l o w i n g s e t o f f u n c t i o n s :

o n l y t h e f i r s t , s e c o n d , a n d f i f t h h a v e t h e p r o p e r t y .

Now, l e t u s c o n s i d e r t h e p r o b l e m o f d i f f e r e n t i a b i l i t y w i t h ' r e s p e c t t o u o f t h e f u n c t i o n s x k ( T , u ) . L e t u s s u p p o s e t h a t

f u n c t i o n s f k ( x , u )

,

y S ( x , u )

,

a n d P ( T

,

ct ) a r e t w i c e c o n t i n u o u s l y d i f f e r e n t i a b l e . Then

xk

( T , u ) w i l l b e i m p l i c i t l y d e f i n e d b y t h e e q u a t i o n :

g r a d E k ( T , x k ( T , u ) , u )

-

X

I n a p p l y i n g t h e known

'

i m p l i c i t f u n c t i o n s t h e o r e m ' t o ( 1 0 )

,

w e c a n p r o v e t h e c o n t i n u o u s d i f f e r e n t i a b i l i t y o f t h e f u n c t i o n

-

x k ( T , u )

A s a r e s u l t , t h e f u n c t i o n s -Ek ( T , x ( T , u ) , u ) a r e c o n t i n u o u s l y

-

d i f f e r e n t i a b l e f o r a l l u a n d We c l o s e t o f k ( u ) i n t h e d o m a i n

*

o f i t s d e f i n i t i o n i n t h e s e n s e o f u n i f o r m c o n v e r g e n c e .

2 . 3 . The G e n e r a l Scheme o f P a r a m e t r i c A n a l y s i s f o r M u l t i c r i t e r i a Models

I t i s n a t u r a l t o u s e SPFM t o c a l c u l a t e p ( u )

.

However, t h e d i r e c t u s e o f t h i s method i n ( 7 ) d o e s n o t g i v e a n a p p r o x i - m a t i o n o f p ( u ) w i t h d e s i r a b l e p r o p e r t i e s , b e c a u s e t h e s t a t e -

ment o f ( 7 ) c o n t a i n s ( i n c o n t r a s t t o ( 6 ) ) n o n s m o o t h f u n c t i o n s f k ( u ) . H e n c e , t h e i m p l i c i t f u n c t i o n s t h e o r e m c a n n o t b e a p p l i e d

*

h e r e .

T h i s d i f f i c u l t y c a n b e o v e r c o m e by c h a n g i n g t h e s t a t e m e n t o f ( 7 )

.

Namely, w e s h o u l d s u b s t i t u t e - E k ( T , G k ( T , u ) , u ) f o r f k ( u ) i n

*

t h e R f u n c t i o n s . The i m p l i c i t f u n c t i o n s t h e o r e m c a n now b e

(24)

a p p l i e d i n s o f a r a s -Ek ( T I

Zk

( T I u )

,

u ) s a t i s f i e s a l l t h e r e q u i r e - m e n t s o f t h e t h e o r e m .

N a t u r a l l y , t h e i n f l u e n c e o f t h e e r r o r p r o d u c e d by SPFM s h o u l d b e t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t . The p r o b l e m o f a c c u r a c y w i l l b e c o n s i d e r e d i n d e t a i l i n s e c t i o n 2 . 5 . Here, w e o n l y n o t e t h a t t h i s s m a l l d i s t u r b a n c e i n ( 7 ) d o e s n o t g i v e a n y a d d i t i o n a l d i f - f i c u l t i e s .

To s i m p l i f y t h e n o t a t i o n , w e s u b s t i t u t e

Ek

( u ) f o r

E k ( T I

Gk

( T I u)

,

u)

.

L e t u s a p p l y SPFM t o t h e a b o v e m o d i f i c a t i o n o f ( 7 )

.

W e s h o u l d t h e n m i n i m i z e t h e f o l l o w i n g a u x i l i a r y f u n c t i o n :

w h e r e

-

vk = f ( x , u ) k

+

p a b s ( E k ( u ) )

+

E k ( u )

.

W e w i l l d e n o t e t h e minimum p o i n t o f f u n c t i o n ( 1 1 ) a s

11 ;I

:

G 11

and

min & ( p , x , u ) = E

( v * ,

A AX I U ) = E: A ( u )

I 1

U : x

II

A c c o r d i n g t o a s s u m p t i o n s a b o u t t h e s m o o t h n e s s o f f u n c t i o n s

-

A A

f k , y k , E k , and P , t h e p o i n t

11 u

; x / l s h o u l d s a t i s f y t h e e q u a t i o n o f s t a t i o n a r i t y :

g r a d

E ( ~ , x ) = 0

.

I1

U : xll

h A

The f i r s t component o f t h e v e c t o r

11

p ;

X I [

may b e u s e d t o a n a l y z e t h e d e p e n d e n c e o f t h e e q u i l i b r i u m s t a t e o n t h e v e c t o r o f e x o g e n o u s p a r a m e t e r s o f t h e m o d e l . However, f o r p r a c t i c a l p u r -

h

poses it is rmre c o n v e n i e n t t o u s e E ( u ) a s t h e d e s i r a b l e a p p r o x i m a - t i o n o f

u *

( u ) , r a t h e r t h a n % ( u ) . An e x p l a n a t i o n i s g i v e n b e l o w . A t f i r s t , t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n E^(u) and p

*

( u ) i s a l s o s m a l l .

(25)

According t o a p r o p e r t y o f SPFM, t h e a b s o l u t e v a l u e o f t h e sum

h

c a l c u l a t e d a t t h e p o i n t

( 1

p ; xll s h o u l d be s m a l l f o r a l l t h o s e u a t which t h e model i s s t i l l f e a s i b l e . Moreover, i t i s p o s s i b l e t o e n s u r e u n i f o r m p r o x i m i t y o f ( u ) t o

I;

( u ) i n t h e s e t o f f e a s i - b i l i t i e s o f t h e model.

A

The main a d v a n t a g e o f u s i n g ~ ( u ) i s t h a t it h a s much g r e a t e r v a l u e s o u t s i d e t h e domain o f f e a s i b i l i t y t h a n i ( u ) . A s a r e s u l t , t h e p r o c e s s of m i n i m i z i n g E ( u ) i s s i m p l e r t h a n t h a t o f m i n i m i z i n g

A

u

.

T h i s a d v a n t a g e i s w e l l d e m o n s t r a t e d i n F i g u r e . 5 . I n t h i s c a s e t h e q u a d r a t i c p e n a l t y f u n c t i o n

was used w i t h T = 0 . 1 . Analogous c u r v e s w i t h T = 0 . 0 1 a r e shown i n F i g u r e 6 . ~ ( u ) was d e f i n e d a s e q u a l t o 1 o u t s i d e t h e domain o f i t s d e f i n i t i o n .

I n t h e p r o p o s e d a p p r o a c h t h e r e a r e no c o n s t r a i n t s on t h e u s e

h

o f a scheme f o r m i n i m i z i n g ~ ( u ) a s l o n g a s t h i s scheme i s b a s e d on a T a y l o r a p p r o x i m a t i o n . Methods o f l i n e a r and q u a d r a t i c a p p r o x i - m a t i o n a r e f r e q u e n t l y used i n p r a c t i c e . I n t h e s e c a s e s , i n a d d i - t i o n t o t h e v a l u e o f E ( u ) , we must c a l c u l a t e v a l u e s o f t h e f i r s t and second p a r t i a l d e r i v a t i v e s a t e a c h p o i n t u.

A s p e c i f i c f e a t u r e o f t h i s c a l c u l a t i o n i s t h a t depends on u b o t h e x p l i c i t l y and i m p l i c i t l y :

According t o t h e ' c h a i n r u l e ' :

a &

a p h n ax

+ - - a~ +

C

- - a

E j f o r a l l r = [ 1 , L l

.

aur j=, a x j aur . I

(26)
(27)
(28)

h h

T a k i n g i n t o a c c o u n t t h a t t h e v e c t o r s

x

k ( u ) and

1

; x

1

a r e

p o i n t s o f s t a t i o n a r i t y o f t h e a u x i l i a r y f u n c t i o n s E k a n d E , r e s p e c t i v e l y , w e o b t a i n a s a r e s u l t o f ( 1 0 ) a n d ( 1 2 ) , w h i c h a r e i n s c a l a r form:

a E k

= o

I i =

ax,

[ l , n l

,

k = [ 1 , N 1

,

t h e f o l l o w i n g e x p r e s s i o n f o r c o m p o n e n t s o f Sradu; :

S u b s t i t u t i n g t h i s e x p r e s s i o n f o r Ek a n d E , w e f i n d

w h e r e a l l d e r i v a t i v e s a r e c a l c u l a t e d a t p o i n t

xk.

S i m i l a r i l y ,

h h

f o r

(1

p ;

x I I

a n d f i n a l l y

w h e r e

s i g n ( a ) =

1 , f o r a > 0

0 , f o r a = 0

.

- 1 , f o r a < 0

(29)

F o l l o w i n g from ( 1 4 )

,

i t i s n o t n e c e s s a r y t o know t h e s e n s i - t i v i t y m a t r i c e s

h

t o c a l c u l a t e t h e f i r s t p a r t i a l d e r i v a t i v e s o f E ( u )

,

b u t we

A h

m u s t p r e d e t e r m i n e p o i n t s

3.

k a n d

11

y ; x

1 1 .

By means o f s i m i l a r m o d i f i c a t i o n s , .iec a n o b t a i n e x p r e s s i o n s f o r t h e s e c o n d p a r t i a l d e r i v a t i v e s o f t h e f u n c t i o n

;

( u )

.

W e

p r e s e n t t h e r e s u l t s w i t h o u t a d e t a i l e d e x p l a n a t i o n .

f o r a l l r = [1,L] and q = [ 1 , L l

.

T h i s means t h a t we must h a v e s e n s i t i v i t y m a t r i c e s f o r

h h

X k ( u ) , ~ ( u ) , a n d x ( u ) i n o r d e r t o e v a l u a t e components o f t h e h e s s i a n o f E ( u ) , b u t o n l y t h o s e o f t h e f i r s t o r d e r .

E l e m e n t s o f t h e s e m a t r i c e s c a n b e f o u n d from s y s t e m s o f l i n e a r e q u a t i o n s r e s u l t i n g from t h e d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n o f ( 1 0 ) and

where p o i n t x =

x

k

(30)

A

3; axill

A n a l o g o u s l y , f o r

11

-. aur I

r

A A

w h e r e p o i n t

)I

p ; x l l .

S i n c e i t i s p o s s i b l e t o c a l c u l a t e f o r a l l p o i n t s u t h e v a l u e s

A

o f E ( u ) , t h e c o m p o n e n t s o f i t s g r a d i e n t , a n d i t s h e s s i a n , w e a r e a b l e t o i m p l e m e n t a n y c o n s t r a i n e d o p t i m i z a t i o n a l g o r i t h m t o s o l v e

A

t h e p r o b l e m : m i n i m i z e E ( u )

,

s u b j e c t t o u E R.

The method f o r t a c k l i n g t h i s p r o b l e m i s c h o s e n o n t h e b a s i s o f i t s s p e c i f i c f e a t u r e s , i . e . on t h e p r o p e r t i e s o f f u n c t i o n s f k ( x , u ) a n d y S ( x , u ) .

2 . 4 . An Example

L e t u s d e m o n s t r a t e t h e a p p r o a c h d e s c r i b e d a b o v e f o r t h e c a s e o f t h e s i m p l e model ( 1

-

2

.

A u x i l i a r y f u n c t i o n s ( 9 )

,

c o n - s t r u c t e d by means o f t h e q u a d r a t i c p e n a l t y f u n c t i o n , a r e

w h e r e

I t i s e a s y t o p r o v e t h a t , f o r u E ( 0 , 1 ) , K l ( u ) = -2u

-

2 . 5 T and E 2 ( u )

-

= - 3

+

3u

-

5 T t a k e p l a c e .

(31)

The i t e r a t i v e p r o c e d u r e for m i n i m i z i n g

2

( u ) may b e s t a r t e d a t a f e a s i b l e p o i n t , u = 0 . 1 , f o r e x a m p l e . A u x i l i a r y f u n c t i o n ( 1 1 ) a t t h i s v a l u e o f t h e p a r a m e t e r i s

t h e p e n a l t y c o e f f i c i e n t T w i l l b e t a k e n a s 0.01 (see F i g u r e 6 ) . Having c o m p l e t e d a l l t h e n e c e s s a r y c a l c u l a t i o n s , w e f i n d - t h a t f o r u = 0 . 1 :

A h A

X 1 = 0 . 1 1 4 6 ; x 2 = 0.1984 ; p = 0 . 8 2 4 2 ;

A

a n d , f i n a l l y , E = 0.8391

.

The d e r i v a t i v e a t t h i s p o i n t i s

S u b s t i t u t i n g s p e c i f i c v a l u e s , we h a v e

b e c a u s e

- - I

-

-2 a n d - - L

a

u

.

au - 3

.

h

T h i s i n d i c a t e s t h a t we s h o u l d i n c r e a s e u t o m i n i m i z e ~ ( u ) .

(32)

L e t u s t a k e a neTd approximation of u, s u c h t h a t t h e s t r u c t u r e o f t h e s e t o f a c t i v e model c o n s t r a i n t s w i l l b e c h a n g e d . F i r s t , t h i s o c c u r s a t u

=

0 . 5 4 , when t h e c o n s t r a i n t x 2 I 1

-

u becomes a c t i v e . Hence u = 0 . 5 4 may b e a new t e s t c a s e . A t t h i s p o i n t

~ u x i l i a r y f u n c t i o n ( 1 1 )

M i n i m i z i n g ( 1 1 ) w i t h r e s p e c t t o

1 1

r t ; x

1 1 ,

W e g e t

T h e f i r s t p a r t i a l d e r i v a t i v e o f

i

a t u = 0 . 5 4 w i l l b e

I n n u m e r i c a l t e r m s t h i s w i l l b e

A t t h i s i t e r a t i o n , we u s e t h e Newton method t o i n c r e a s e t h e a c c u r a c y . W e s h o u l d make a p r e l i m i n a r y c a l c u l a t i o n o f e l e m e n t s o f t h e h e s s i a n u s i n g ( 1 5 )

.

From ( 1 6 ) :

(33)

a n d t h e r e f o r e a l l e x p r e s s i o n s

a r e e q u a l t o z e r o . From ( 1 7 ) w e f i n d t h a t

S u b s t i t u t i n g i n ( 1 5 )

,

w e h a v e

A c c o r d i n g t o t h e Newton m e t h o d , a b e t t e r a p p r o x i m a t i o n o f

A

a r g m i n E ( u ) i s g i v e n by

u

a~

A

a 2 Z

u = u 0

-

I

au

w h e r e u i s t h e t e s t p o i n t . T h e r e f o r e ,

0

To c h e c k t h e e r r o r made h e r e , c a l c u l a t e t h e g r a d i e n t o f f o r t h e new u , u s i n g f o r m u l a ( 1 8 )

.

W e t h e n h a v e

a

A E

a n d

-

au

- -

0.022

.

F i n a l l y , n o t i c e t h a t t h e minimum o f

;

( u ) i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y a t

A

u = 0 . 5 4 9 5 6 , i . e . t h e r e s u l t m i g h t b e a c c e p t a b l e . 2 ; s . A c c u r a c y o f t h e A p p r o a c h

A

I n t h e p r o p o s e d a p p r o a c h w e m i n i m i z e s ( u ) i n s t e a d o f P ( u )

,

s u b j e c t t o u E R . However, A E ( u ) d i f f e r s s l i g h t l y f r o m

v

( u )

,

b e c a u s e o f t h e p r i n c i p a l p r o p e r t i e s o f SPFM. W e s h o u l d e v a l u a t e t h e r e s u l t s o f t h i s e r r o r .

I t s h o u l d b e n o t e d t h a t s u b j e c t t o t h e u s e o f t h e p e n a l t y f u n c t i o n P ( T , a )

,

w h i c h s a t i s f i e s t h e p r o p e r t y d e s c r i b e d i n s e c t i o n 2 . 2 , p a g e 1 2 , t h e v a l u e o f t h e e r r o r w i l l b e p r o p o r t i o n a l t o T . T h i s p r o v i d e s u s w i t h a b a s i s f o r making a n i n i t i a l e v a l u a t i o n .

(34)

h

F i g u r e 7 p r e s e n t s v a l u e s o f p

-

p ( c u r v e 1 )

,

p

- 2

( c u r v e 2 ) f o r

h

T = 0.01 and p

-

( c u r v e 3 ) , p

-

E ( c u r v e 4 ) f o r T = 0 . 0 0 1 . T h i s e r r o r h a s an i n f l u e n c e on t h e i t e r a t i v e p r o c e d u r e

h

f o r m i n i m i z i n g E ( u ) and d i s t o r t s t h e f i n a l r e s u l t s , i . e .

A

p r o d u c e s t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n u* and u , where

*

a r g m i n u - =

UGQ p ( u ) r and

A a r g m i n A u =

h

I t s i n f l u e n c e o n t h e p r o c e d u r e f o r m i n i m i z i n g ~ ( u ) i s o n l y i n t e r e s t i n g f r o m a t h e o r e t i c a l p o i n t - o f - v i e w b e c a u s e o f t h e i t e r a t i v e n a t u r e o f t h e p r o c e d u r e , I n o t h e r w o r d s , t h e r e i s no a c c u m u l a t i o n o f e r r o r s i n t h e s t e p w i s e p r o c e s s . Only a few c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e p r o c e s s w i l l d e p e n d o n T: f o r e x a m p l e , t h e t o t a l number o f i t e r a t i o n s r e q u i r e d . F o r some c a s e s , i t may b e r e a s o n a b l - e t o i n c r e a s e t h e - v a l u e o f . a b s

( z

( u )

-

p ( u ) ) i n o r d e r

t o a c h i e v e a b e t t e r c o n v e r g e n c e f o r t h e p r o c e s s o f m i n i m i z i n g

h

E ( U )

~t i s more i m p o r t a n t t o determine t h e v a l u e o f

1 1 -

U*

11.

I n

p r a c t i c e , t h e l e v e l of computational e f f o r t r e q u i r e d t o d o t h i s should be r e a s o n a b l e . F o r e x a m p l e , i t may t a k e i n t o a c c o u n t t h e a c c u r a c y o f t h e i n i t i a l d a t a i n t h e model.

The a p p r o a c h p e r m i t s u s , a-t l e a s t t h e o r e t i c a l l y , t o f i n d u u s i n g

* G

and by a n a l y z i n g t h e d e p e n d e n c e o f t h e a u x i l i a r y f u n c t i o n ( 1 1 ) o n T .

I n t h e g e n e r a l c a s e , w e h a v e

The e q u a t i o n o f s t a t i o n a r i t y may b e u s e d t o d e f i n e t h e i m p l i c i t f u n c t i o n

6 ( ~ )

:

A

g r a d E ( T , G ) = 0

,

u ( 1 9 )

w h i c h , by v i r t u e o f t h e a s s u m p t i o n s made and t h e p r o p e r t i e s o f SPFIT, s a t i s f i e s

(35)
(36)

On t h e o t h e r h a n d , f u n c t i o n s f k y s , and P a r e s u c h t h a t

G ( T )

c a n be d e s c r i b e d b y means o f t h e T a y l o r f o r m u l a e :

P r o c e e d i n g t o t h e l i m i t AT +

-

T , w e f i n d t h a t

N a t u r a l l y p o i n t

may b e t a k e n a s a new a p p r o x i m a t i o n o f u

* .

. A c c o r d i n g t o t h e p r i n c i p a l p r o p e r t y o f t h e T a y l o r a p p r o x i -

: '

r n a t i o n , v a l u e a b s ( u , - u 6 ) i s p r o p o r t i o n a l t o T 2 , w h i c h means a n i m p r o v e m e n t i n t h e a c c u r a c y . Umnov ( 1 9 7 4 ) d e m o n s t r a t e s t h a t t h e s e q u e n t i a l u s e o f ( 2 0 ) p r o d u c e s a s e r i e s o f p o i n t s { u ) t h a t c o n v e r g e n c e s t o u

* .

I n p r a c t i c e t h e u s e o f ( 2 0 ) i s e q u i v a l e n t t o t h e p r o b l e m o f f i n d i n g u;, i . e . t h e d e r i v a t i v e o f t h e i m p l i c i t f u n c t i o n

-

( T ) w i t h r e s p e c t t o T . From t h e i m p l i c i t f u n c t i o n s t h e o r e m i t f o l l o w s t h a t c o m p o n e n t s o f u; s a t i s f y t h e s y s t e m o f l i n e a r e q u a t i o n s :

The m a t r i x o f t h e s y s t e m h a s e l e m e n t s d e f i n e d b y ( 1 5 )

.

Below, w e g i v e e x p r e s s i o n s f o r t h e r i g h t - h a n d - s i d e o n l y .

(37)

aslci

ax A A

P a r t i a l d e r i v a t i v e s

- - ,

a n d

3

c a n b e f o u n d from t h e

a~ a~ a~

s y s t e m o f l i n e a r e q u a t i o n s , w h i c h a r e formed by d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g ( 1 0 ) a n d ( 1 2 ) w i t h r e s p e c t t o T .

w h e r e a l l c o e f f i c i e n t s a r e c a l c u l a t e d a t p o i n t

xk.

A n a l o g o u s l y

A

n

a ; + C

a

2 E - = a x j

- a

2 &

Z

j = l a x i a x j aT a x . 1 . 3 ~

A. A

s u b j e c t t o a l l d e r i v a t i v e s b e i n g c a l c u l a t e d a t p o i n t

1 1

p ;

.

L e t u s d e m o n s t r a t e t h e p r o c e d u r e f o r model ( 1 )

-

( 2 ) . W e t a k e

2

= 9 . 5 4 9 5 , w h i c h was f o u n d i n s e c t i o n 2 . 4 . A t t h i s p o i n t w e h a v e

From ( 2 3 )

-

(38)

a n d , from ( 2 4 ) ,

S i n c e t h e s e t o f a c t i v e c o n s t r a i n t s o f model ( 1 )

-

( 2 ) d o e s n o t c h a n g e d u r i n g t h e s t e p f r o m u = 0.54 t o = 0 . 5 4 9 5 , and

A

f u n c t i o n E ( T , u ) i s p i e c e w i s e - q u a d r a t i c w i t h r e s p e c t t o u , w e

Cl A

L

a ' -

6 2 . 9 0 . may t a k e

- -

a

u 2

2-

From ( 2 2 )

,

we f i n d

.a

= 6 - 4 9 0 4 . Note t h a t t h i s i s n o t auaT

v e r y d i f f i c u l t when . t h e e x p r e s s i o n s w i t h i n p a r e n t h e s e s i n ( 2 2 ) e q u a l z e r o . S u b s t i t u t i n g t h e s e d a t a i n ( 2 1 ) , we g e t u i = - 0 . 1 0 3 2 , a n d , h e n c e , a new a p p r o x i m a t i o n o f u

*

:

which i s c l o s e enough t o u

*

= 3-&

=

0 . 5 5 0 5 . I f n e c e s s a r y , p r o c e s s ( 2 1 )

-

( 2 2 ) may b e r e p e a t e d s e v e r a l t i m e s u n t i l a d e s i r a b l e l e v e l o f a c c u r a c y i s a c h i e v e d .

2 . 6 . G e n e r a l i z a t i o n o f t h e Approach

The p r o p o s e d method f o r o p t i m i z i n g t h e v e c t o r o f e x o g e n o u s p a r a m e t e r s o f a m u l t i c r i t e r i a model h a s b e e n c o n s i d e r e d f o r t h e c a s e where i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o f i n d t h e b e s t c o n s i s t e n c y o f t h e c r i t e r i a . But t h i s a p p r o a c h c a n a l s o b e a p p l i e d t o o t h e r schemes f o r f i n d i n g t h e e q u i l i b r i u m p o i n t . For e x a m p l e , i t i s p o s s i b l e t o i n t r o d u c e w e i g h t c o e f f i c i e n t s t o e v a l u a t e t h e r e l a t i v e impor- t a n c e o f t h e u n i t o f i n c o n s i s t e n c y o f e a c h c r i t e r i o n f o r t h e d e c i s i o n m a k e r s .

I n t h i s c a s e t h e s e c o n d g r o u p o f c o n s t r a i n t s f o r p r o b l e m ( 7 ) may b e f o r m u l a t e d a s f o l l o w s :

where wk

>

O a r e t h e w e i q h t c o e f f i c i e n t s

.

(39)

The model c a n a l s o b e s u p p l i e d w i t h a d d i t i o n a l c o n s t r a i n t s on t h e f e a s i b l e v a l u e s o f c r i t e r i a a t t h e p o i n t o f e q u i l i b r i u m .

I n a more g e n e r a l c a s e , it would b e p o s s i b l e t o s t a t e p r o - blem ( 7 ) i n t e r m s o f a v e c t o r c o e f f i c i e n t o f i n c o n s i s t e n c y :

The e q u i l i b r i u m p o i n t w i l l b e d e f i n e d , f o r e x a m p l e , a s a n e x t r e m e

~ o i n t of the functional Q ( p l

,

p 2

, . . . ,

p N )

,

s u b j e c t t o , p e r h a p s , s e v e r a l a d d i t i o n a l c o n s t r a i n t s o n components o f p . N o t e t h a t i n t h i s c a s e t h e e q u i l i b r i u m p o i n t m i g h t n o t b e a P a r e t o o n e . Hence, t h e g e o m e t r i c a l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e a p p r o a c h w i l l b e d i f f e r e n t , b u t i t s t h e o r e t i c a l b a s i s w i l l n o t b e c h a n g e d .

The p r a c t i c a l u s e o f t h e p a r a m e t r i c a n a l y t i c a l scheme i s n o t s o . c o n s t r a i n e d by t h e n e e d t o a v o i d t h e u s e o f t h o s e m o d e l s

i n w h i c h a t l e a s t o n e o f f k i s c l o s e t o z e r o .

*

F o r s u c h a c a s e a r e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e model i s recommended. B u t t h i s s h o u l d b e d o n e c a r e f u l l y b e c a u s e t h e a d d i t i o n o f a c o n s t a n t i n

f k ( x , u ) may c h a n g e t h e e q u i l i b r i u m p o i n t .

F i n a l l y , n o t e t h a t t h e r e i s a n o p p o r t u n i t y t o u s e t h e a p p r o a c h t o f i n d c o n s i s t e n t s o l u t i o n s f o r a s y s t e m o f s i n g l e c r i t e r i o n m a t h e m a t i c a l m o d e l s . Not o n l y d o e s t h e c r i t e r i o n o f e a c h model d i f f e r , b u t t h e s e t s o f c o n s t r a i n i n g f u n c t i o n s a l s o d i f f e r .

L e t u s s u p p o s e t h a t t h e kth model i s

maximize . f k ( x k t u ) t

w i t h r e s p e c t t o xk E E~~

,

s u b j e c t t o

Y ~ S ( x k ' U ) 2 0 f s = [ l f m k l f

w h e r e n i s t h e number o f v a r i a b l e s f o r t h e k t h m o d e l , a n d u i s k

t h e v e c t o r o f e x o g e n o u s p a r a m e t e r s , which i s common t o a l l N m o d e l s .

T h i s p r o b l e m may b e r e d u c e d t o t h e p r o b l e m u n d e r a n a l y s i s by l i n k i n g a l l xk i n t o a new common v e c t o r o f v a r i a b l e s . The

(40)

i n c r e a s e i n t h e d i m e n s i o n s o f t h e model t h a t t a k e s p l a c e w i l l n o t i n t r o d u c e d i f f i c u l t i e s , s i n c e a l l a u x i l i a r y f u n c t i o n s a r e s e p a r a b l e w i t h r e s p e c t t o x and t h e y c a n b e m i n i m i z e d i n d e p e n -

k d e n t l y .

A more d e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e p r o b l e m i s g i v e n i n Umnov ( 1 9 8 0 )

.

3 . PARAMETRICAL ANALYSIS OF LINEAR MULTICRITERIA MODELS

3 . 1 . P r e l i m i n a r y N o t e s

D e s p i t e i t s t h e o r e t i c a l s i m p l i c i t y , t h e a p p r o a c h i s r a t h e r d i f f i c u l t t o a p p l y . The main o b s t a c l e i s t h a t SPFM i s r e l a t i v e l y i n e f f e c t i v e f o r s o l v i n g p r o b l e m s s u c h a s ( 6 ) . To overcome t h i s d i f f i c u l t y we c a n t a k e a d v a n t a g e o f t h e f a c t t h a t i n t h e a p p r o a c h o n l y t h e r e s u l t o f u s i n g SPFM i s i m p o r t a n t , b u t n o t i t s c o n v e r - g e n c e p r o p e r t i e s . T h e r e f o r e , w e may t r y t o r e p l a c e SPFM by a more e f f e c t i v e a l g o r i t h m ( o r a c o m b i n a t i o n o f a l g o r i t h m s ) , which a l l o w s u s t o a c h i e v e t h e same r e s u l t s .

I n t h i s s e c t i o n we w i l l c o n s i d e r a s p e c i a l c a s e o f l i n e a r m o d e l s w i t h e x o g e n o u s p a r a m e t e r s i n f r e e t e r m s o f c o n s t r a i n t s

( 5 ) o n l y . M o r e o v e r , t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e a p p r o a c h w i l l b e d e s c r i b e d f o r a s p e c i f i c model, a r e g i o n a l model o f w a t e r

r e s o u r c e s a l l o c a t i o n f o r S k z n e , Sweden. T h u s , w e c a n s i m p l i f y t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e u s e f u l n e s s o f t h e method.

3 . 2 . R e g i o n a l Model o f W a t e r R e s o u r c e s A l l o c a t i o n

The p r o p o s e d a p p r o a c h i s u s e d t o f i n d s t a t e s w i t h t h e b e s t c o n s i s t e n c y f o r t h e Model o f W a t e r R e s o u r c e s A l l o c a t i o n (MWRA)

.

T h i s model, which was d e v e l o p d f o r the south-west S k h e r e g i o n i n Sweden ( A n d e r s s o n e t a l . 1979) by t h e 'Resources and E h v i r o m n t Area' o f IIASA, i s u s e d t o e v a l u a t e t h e i m p a c t s o f d i f f e r e n t w a t e r supply

-wlicies, s u b j e c t t o c e r t a i n economic and e n v i r o m n t a l c o n s t r a i n t s

.

A scheme o f t h e w a t e r s u p p l y s y s t e m f o r S k h e i s shown i n F i g u r e 8 . I n MWRA i t i s assumed t h a t t h e main s o u r c e o f w a t e r f o r t h e r e g i o n i s t h e K a v l i n g e R i v e r , which f l o w s t h r o u g h Lake Vomb t o t h e B a l t i c S e a . Lake Vomb a l s o s e r v e s a s a p a r t i a l l y

(41)
(42)

c o n t r o l l e d w a t e r r e s e r v o i r . . I n c o n s i d e r i n g t h e g e n e r a l w a t e r b a l a n c e of t h e r e g i o n , ground w a t e r and p r e c i p i t a t i o n a r e a l s o i n c l u d e d . The r e g i o n a l w a t e r s u p p l y i s needed f o r s e r v i c i n g t h e town o f Malmo, f o r a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i o n i n t h r e e a r e a s of t h e r e g i o n , and f o r m a i n t a i n i n g e c o l o g i c a l e q u i l i b r i u m i n t h e r e g i o n a l w a t e r s y s t e m . From a n e n v i r o m n t a l p o i n t - o f - v i e w , t h e s t a t e o f t h e w a t e r s u p p l y s y s t e m i s d e f i n e d by i t s p o l l u t i o n l e v e l .

Non-natural s o u r c e s o f p o l l u t i o n a r e Malmo and t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l a r e a s . The p o l l u t i o n l e v e l depends b o t h on t h e t e c h n o l o g i e s and a r e a o f l a n d used i n t h e p r o d u c t i o n p r o c e s s .

The s t a t e of t h e s y s t e m i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d by t h e v a l u e s of two w a t e r f l o w s a t p o i n t s k and A ( s e e F i g u r e 8 ) , by t h e volumes o f w a t e r used f o r a g r i c u l t u r a l p u r p o s e s and s t o r e d i n t h e r e s e r - v o i r , by t h e p o l l u t i o n c o n c e n t r a t i o n , and f i n a l l y by t h e volume o f a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i o n . The f o l l o w i n g c o n s t r a i n t s , which d e f i n e t h e f e a s i b l e s t a t e s of t h e model, a r e i n c l u d e d :

--

t h e b a l a n c e c o n d i t i o n s f o r nodes o f t h e w a t e r s u p p l y s y s t e m ;

--

t h e need t o s a t i s f y upper and lower bounds f o r w a t e r f l o w s t o t h e s e a and t h e town, and f o r t h e volume o f

w a t e r s t o r e d i n t h e r e s e r v o i r ;

--

t h e t e c h n o l o g i c a l relations between t h e volume o f f e r - t i l i z e r , t h e volume o f w a t e r , and t h e a r e a s of l a n d u s e d f o r a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i o n ;

--

w a t e r c i r c u l a t i o n i n t h e n a t u r a l s y s t e m , i . e . w a t e r i n p u t s and l o s s e s ;

--

c o n s t r a i n t s on t h e t o t a l a r e a o f l a n d a v a i l a b l e f o r a g r i c u l t u r e i n a l l a r e a s o f t h e r e g i o n .

The q u a l i t y of t h e s t a t e o f t h e s y s t e m i s e v a l u a t e d u s i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g c r i t e r i a :

--

maximization of t h e volume o f a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i o n f o r a l l a r e a s ;

--

m a x i m i z a t i o n o f t h e volume o f water r e ~ a i n i n g a t t h e end of t h e growing s e a s o n ;

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