СЕМЕЙНЫЕ МОДЕЛИ В ГЕРМАНИИ И РОССИИ : МЕЖПОКОЛЕННАЯ ПОДДЕРЖКА РОДИТЕЛЕЙ ВЗРОСЛЫМИ ДОЧЕРЬМИ

Familienmodelle in Deutschland und Russland:

Intergenerationale Unterstützung erwachsener Töchter für ihre Eltern

Boris Mayer, Tatjana Klug & Gisela Trommsdorff Universität Konstanz

In Z. H. Saraliewa (Hrsg.):

Wert der Kinder und intergenerationale Beziehungen:

Sammelband wissenschaftlicher Artikel

S. 89-114

Nizhnij Novgorod, NISOTS-Verlag (auf Russisch)

Hinweis: Dem veröffentlichten russischen Text folgt in diesem Dokument die deutsche Originalversion (unveröffentlicht).

1 Diese Studie ist Teil des internationalen Forschungsprojektes „Value of Children and Intergenerational Relations“ und beruht auf Vorträgen, die im Rahmen des Deutsch-Russischen Workshops zu den Werten von Kindern vom 30.10.-02.11.2007 in Chemnitz gehalten wurden. Die Datenerhebung in Russland wurde von der Universität Nizhnij Novgorod finanziert, die zugrunde liegende Hauptstudie und der Workshop wurden von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) finanziert (TR 169/9-1,2,3; NA 164/9-1,2,3).

Zuerst ersch. in: Wert des Kindes und intergenerationale Beziehungen : Sammelband wissenschaftlicher Artikel / Z. H. Saraliewa (Hrsg.). - Nizhnij Novgorod : NISOTS-Verl.,

2008. - S. 89-114

Konstanzer Online-Publikations-System (KOPS)

CEMEMHhlE MO,LJ,EJUI ß rEPMAHMI1 M POCCMI1:

MEIKIlOKOJIEHHMI nOMEPJKKA PO,LJ,IiTEJIEM ß3POCJIhlMM ,LJ,O~IEPhMIi 1

E. MlIllep, T. KflloK;

r.

B

)l(e (I)OPM nOMep)I(KH p0.11WreJleH. )l(eml\111-lbl, Y KOTOPblX eeTb .11e1'H 1"IOt\- POcTKoßoro B03pacTa, paccM3TpHBaJOTCß 3,QeCb KaK B3pOCJlble ,/J.Ollepu. 3Mnl1pH4CCKMC .n.8I-IHble 6blnH nOJ1y-'-leUhl B paMKax HCCJ1e.uOßal-ll,UI' «u'CI'I- IWCTb .lleTci.1 H MmlmOKDnel-IHbiC OTl-IOWCIHHI» (TromlTIsdorff, Nauck, ^ß 200 I, ß 2005; Trommsdorff, Kim, Nauek, 2005), IlOJlY'leHHble Ha Tpex 9bl- 60PK8X OTHOCI1TenbHO CCMCHHblX OTHoweHHH H uel-lJ.IOCTCH ß 15 CTPaJ-IaX.

CpaBI-ICI-II-IC JlI1^llHDCHlblX npH3H3KOß H oco6eHHocTew ß3a~IMoonlOwe­

I-IHM B3pocnblx ,llOllepeH B POCCHH H repMaHHH HHTepeCHO B cHny npe.n.no- nO>KeUIUI 0 TOM, llTO ß 3THX CTpal-laX Ilpeo6ßa.n.alOT Pa3ßH l lI.Jble ceMeHHble Mo.n.eml. 3TH MO,lI.em1 OTpa>KmOTCSI KaK B HU,lI.Hlm.n.YaJlbHbIX u.eHHocnlX (o6w.HX 11n1-1 ceMeHI.JbIX), TaK H ß (!)aKTWleCKHx B3aHMOOTuoweUHSIX llßeBOß ceMbH. BmKl1blM KOMIlOHeJ-lTOM OTHOlJJelHIH Me>I<J..l)' ß3POCßblMH AeTbMI1 H 11X cTapeIOlLl.I-IMI-1 po)J.l1TeJHIMI1 SlßJHleTCSI ß3aHMuaSI nO,lJJJ,ep>KKa.

vb-3a Pa3J1Hl ll-,J;J B 11CTopwlecKOM pa:mHTHH o6el-lx cTpai'l I'IY>KHO 1-ICXO- )J.HTb 1-13 Toro, llT9 ß Poccml npeo6J1aJJ.aeT 60ßee Tpa,UI-IUHOI.JllasJ ceMeHHaSl

1 !-lallIlOc l1CCSlCJlOß31lllC nBJlnC'fcn <mCTL10 MC)K,UYllap0,UlIoro HCCJICJionaTCJlhCKO·

1'0 npOCK'ra «LlCIIlIOCTh ltCTCii 11 MC>KTIOKOJICllllhIC OTIIOUlClHln» H OCIIOBUIIO Iln }10K- Jla,uax, nOllroTOBJICllllhlX n paMK<1X IICMCI{KO-POCCHI1cKoro CCMHll3pa HO nonpocy UC11110CHI llCTCi1. llmlJll,li1 CCr-.I~II1<lP COCTOnJle~1 30.10.-02.11.2007 B XC'\'IIIHUC. Poe·

cufiCKan lIaCTI. I1CCSlCl{OB(lIlHSI 6hlJ1i1 npOllnl113l1cHpOn311l.l IIIIrY 11M. 11.11. Jl06a'^ICIl·

eKOI'O. OCIIOBl1aSl lUlCT!. HCCJIC}10BaliIiSi 11 CCM~llIap IIlII1IaliCHpOB3mlCh HC,\ICllKIIM IICCJlCJ10BHTCJlhCKIIM 06111CCTßOM DFG (TR 16919-1,2,3; NA 164/9-1,2,3).

MOJJ,cnb. 31'0 ßBnßC1'Cß cnCJJ,CTBHCM ßKJIJOlICHI-IOCTl1 rCpMal-lHH B 3anaW-1Y10 KynbTYPY H npou,ccca HHJJ,HBH.n,yaJll13alll1H, nOCJ1C,l1013aBWcro BO STOPOH nOJIOßHI-IC npownoro ßCKa. 3-ro PaJßHTHC, conpoßo>KJJ.810W,CCCß oprmllna- U,HOHI-IOH H 3KOHOMH l ICCKOH MO,UcpI-IH3aUHCH, 3a1'panlßaJlO H CCMblO KaK caMblH SroKl-lblH HucnrrYT COUHaJllnau,HH 11 ßCJ10 K OCJ186nCIUIIO CBß3CH MC)](.n,y lIJICHaMI1 HC TonbKO paCWHpCIIHbIX, HO 1-1 HYKflcapHblX CCMCH.

POCCI1ß ß XX ^{ßCKC n}cpC)!O'llIa BOßl-lYIOW,YIO HCTOPHIO, KOTOP8JI 6bl11a OTMC lICI1a 60JICC llCM CCMH,UCC5ITHJICTI-ICH 3nOXOH KOMMYHH3Ma H cou,l1a- 11H3Ma. XOTß KOMMYI1I13M Bp5lJJ. 11H MO)l(HO HaJBaTb H,Uco11orHcH, no,ll)J.Cp- )l(HBaJOW.CH Tpa.n,Hu,I-IOI-IHbIC CCMCHHbJC U,CIHIOCTH, !-IY)KI-IO HCXO,UHTb 113 1'0- ro, llTO OTCYTCTBHC HH,UHBHJJ,yanH3aUHH, KOTOpylO MQ)KHO 6bl11O l-Ia61110- .u.aTb ß 3anaJJ,HoH KYJIbTYpC, CKOPCC HC nOB11Hß110 Ha ßI-lyrpHCCMCHI-lbIC CB5I- 31-1. K0J1J1CK1'HBHCTCI01C U,CHI-IOCTI1, K01'OPblC B KOMMYJ-IHC1'11^lICCKOH 06w.c- CTßCHI-!OH CHCTCMC JlC)KaJII'1 8 OCHOBC ßCCX )l(I-I3UCIHlbIX c(llCp, cnoc06CTBO- BaJIH TOMY, llT06bl notlllCpKHBaTb POJlb H 3HaLJCHHC CCMbH KaK lWCTH 1-1 HC- TOllHHKa 06ll.1,CCTBa. C HallMa 90-x ronoe POCCHJI nCpC)KHBaCT ,UpaMaTwIC- CKY'O COl\HaJlbHY'O 1'paHC<!lopMal\HIO OT CHCTeMbl rOCYl\apCTBelHlOro co- UHaJIH3Ma K JJ,CMOKpaTI1 l ICCKOMY 06ll.1,CCTßY PbII-IOlII-IOH 3KOHOMHKI1. 3Ta

HHCTHTYUI10HaJlbl-l851 TpaHc<l,opMau,Hß conpOBQ)I()J.aCTCß HapacTalow.cH

(npe"MyU\eCTßeHHO 3KOIiOMHyeCKOH) "HI\" BHl\YaJI "3al\"eii. OI\HaKO OCTa- CTC5I OTKpblTblM Bonpoc 0 TOM, B KaKOH CTCnCHl1 3TH npOu,CCChl ß I-JaCTOß- W.CC BPCM5I CKaJblBalOTC5I Hnl1 Y)KC CKaJ,U1HCb Im CCMbC.

KOBCllHO, HCJ1b3ß Hrl-IOpHpOsaTb Toro (I)3KTa, llTO B fCpMaH\1i'1 co BpeMeH non"TwleCKOH 1'paHc<!lOpMal\"" 1989/1990 rr. pa3BepHynclI aHa-

J10rH^l1Hb1H npou,ccc, KOTOPhlH Mbl O)J.HaKO HC 6y.u.CM nOJJ,p061-10 paCCMaT- pHBaTh: B U,CI-ITPC HCCnCtlOBaHH5I HaXO,UHTCß Cpa8l-lclHtC POCCI1H C 06'be- )J.HHCUI-IOH fcpMaHHcH. M bl 6Y)J.CM I-'ICXO)l.HTb 1-13 Toro, llTO ßI-lYTPI1KYJIb- TypHblC proJlH l lH5I B BOCT04HOH Jot 3anaJJ,HOH rCpMal-IHH cyw.eCTBCHHO HH)I(C, llCM MC)I(KynbTypHblC, nOCKOJ1bKY, so-ncpßbIX, 06c llaCHI CTpaHbl HCKor.ua 6blJIH CB5I3aHhI 06ll.1,cii KYJ1bTYPOH 1'1, BO-BTOPbIX, aCCI1MI-1J\51U,I1ß

90

BOCTOKa 3ana.llOM COCT05lnaCb )J.OBOJlbl-lO 6blCTPO 1-1 31'0'1' npouccc ßCC eUle np0JJ,OJl)l(aCTC5I. O)J.llaKO ,[l3)KC 110 npOWCCT8I111 60nce llCM )l.CCWrHJ1CTH5I C MOMCHTa 06bC)J.HI-JeI-IH5I fcpMmlHH HC3~l3lIHTellbl-lble PaJJIHlHUI B CO)J.CP- )I(aIH1H CCMCHl-lblX UCI-IHOCTCH MC)KAY BOCTOKOM H 3aml)J.OM COXpaH5IIOTC5I, 'ITO 6blno nOKa3aflO B pa60Te 6. MaHepa " r. TPOMMCI\OP<!)(!l (2007).

31'01' (I)3K1', O,UHaKO MO)l(HO npOHrHopHpoßaTb, 1l0CKOllbKY B I-ICMCU.KOH Bbl60PKC 3ana,lIJIOrepMaHcKHc )l(CHW.HHbl COCT3SJlHJ1H .ABC TPCTH, 11 JlHWb TPCThß l..JaCTb MaTcpci1 6b1JIH ßblXOAuaMI1 113 BOCTOllHblX 3CMeJIb.

31'0'" KpaTK"H HCTOp"yeCK"H 3KCKYPC ß npOl\eCCbl MOl\epH"3al\"'" "

HH)J.HBH)1.YaJII13aU.HI1 CJlY)KHT OCHOBOH tJ,I151 BblJ.l.BI1)IWI·IHH 06U~CH ^nmOTC-

3bl, ll'ro B POCC~1H, ß OTJ1l1^lII1C 01' fCpMaHI1I1, rOCIlOJJ,CTBYCT TpaAI1L.1,I10HHaß ceMeHHa>! MOl\enb. Olla (rHnOTe3a) He npeTeHl\YeT Ha "CTop,,'leCKY'O ,., TCOPCTl1liCCKYIO nOJlH01'Y. B .llaJIbHCHWCM 3TH Pa3J1WIHbIC npCJJ,1l0ChlJ1KH 6YJJ.YT paCCMOTpCHbl C TOllKH 3PCHI151 TCOPHI1 CCMCHHblX Mo.n,cncH LI. Ka- HTl!116aWH (2005, 2007), llT06bl Ha 3TOH OCHOBC BblBCCTH nJrlOTC3bl .0.1151 3MnHpHLJCCKOrO HccnC)J.OBaHH5I.

TCOPIUI CCMCHl-lblX MOACJICii t.I. KaHT'uI6aUJII

B ^{CßOCH TCOPHI-I CCMCHHblX MO)J.cncH HJlIi H3MCI·ICtnIß CCMCHHblX MO-}

l\eneH 4. Ka"1"IH6aw" (2007) on"CblBae1' TP" Hl\earlbHOTlm"yeCK"e ce- MCHHblC MO,UCJlH, KOTOPblC )].011)1(1-lbl npe06J1a.uaTb ß onpc.u.CJICHI-IOM I1CTO- PWICCKOM 11 KYJlbTypHOM KOI·ITCKCTC. 3.n,CCb npoTHßono~TaBn5ll0Tcß APyr

.Ltpyry TpaAHu,HOI-IHaH CCMCHHa51 MO)J.CJlb B3aHM03aßHCHMOCT ... \ H COBPC-

MCI-IHa5l, npc>K)J.c Bcero, 3ana)J.Ha51 CCMCHI-JaH MO)J.CJ1b He3aßHCHMOCTH.

TPCTbSl MOACJ1b - 3MOl\HO'-laßhl·loH B3al1M03aBI1CI1MOCTH 51BJIßCTCSI CI1I-I- TC30M ncpBblx )J.syx nOß5Ipl-lbIX KOHucnUI'IH H ClIl1TaeTC5I, lI'J'O Ol-la Pa3Bl1- ßaeTc.s1 ß npou,eccc HI-ICTHTYUHOI-laJlbHOH H 3KOI-IOMH4ecKoJ.'\ MOJJ.epl-IH3a- 1.1,1111 KaK aJlhTCpl-JaTHBa MOJJ.CJIH HC3aBHCHMOCTH ß HeKor.n.a TpaAHl\HOI-I- HblX ß3aHM03aS"CHMbIX KynbTypax. Aal\"M KpaTKY'O xapaKTep"CT"KY 3HIM TPCM H.ucruJhl-IOTHnHlICCKHM CCMCHl-lblM MO.n.CJI5IM.

91

CCMcihmfl MOJl:CJ1b ,UBYCTOpOIIUeÜ 33BIICIIMOCTII IfJIlI ß3311MOJ3ßIICJlMOCTil

.L{mIHa51 MO.aenb XapaKTepl13yeTc51 Cne.aYIOw.HMH npH3HaK3MH. Ce-

MeHI-lml CTpYKTypa OXßaTbIB3eT WHPOKHH Kpyr nHl..\, ,U3)Ke )J.aJlbHHe P0)l.- CTßeI-IHI-IKI'1 BocnpmlHMalOTC5I KaK 6nH3KI'le H ßKflIO llalOTC5I B Kpyr TeCHblX B33HMOO1'HOWeI-lI1H. P33JJI-l^lIHble BH)J.bl ceMeHHOH nOJl..ll,ep)/(Kli OCYllleCTB- Jl5II0TC5I ß l-IanpaßJJeHI-nl OT )J.eTeH K po)J.HTeJl51M, pmK)l.aeMOCTb HaXO,UHTCH Ha ßblCOKOM ypoßue, a )Kel-llllHHbl ß )J.al-ll-lOH MO)J.eJlI1 HMelOT HeBblCOKHH COl..\HaJlbHbIH CTaTYC. )J:e1'H npe)J.CTaßn5l10T C060H rJI3ßHbiM 06P330M :)1(0- HOMwiecKYlo l..\eHt-lOCTb: OHH He paCCMaTpHSaIOTC5l KaK H3,l1.ep)I(KH, a, Ha- npOTHB, npe,ll.C1'aSnmOTC5I Heo6xo,ll.HMOH pa60lJeH CHJlOH B p0.l1.HTeJlbCKOM X0351HCTBe H ettHHCTBeHl-lblM HCTOllHHKOM nOMow.H COCTapHBWHMC51 PO- ,lI.HTeJI5IM. MO,ll.eJlb B3aHM03aßI-ICHMOC1'H 5lSJUleTC5I npe06na.n.mow.eH B CeJlbCKHX paHOHax arpapHblX CTpaH C I-IH3KHM yp08HeM )1<1131-IH. vlJ-3a Toro, llTO Cbll·108b51 MorYT npHHeCTH 8 6Y)J.YLUeM 60nbWl-IJ:! ,lI.OXO,ll., npe.ll.- nOllTel-lHe OT,lI.aeTC5I .ll.eT5lM MY)KCKOrO nona. BocnHTaHHe npel1MYllleCT- BeHI-IO aSTopHTapl-lOe H OCH08bIßaeTC5l Ha KOMaHtlHOH BJlaCTH p0,ll.I1TeJleH H nOCJlywaHHH )l.eTeH. 31'a MO,ll.eJlb COl..\HaJlH3al..\HH, no MHel-IHIO 4. KaHT- t1116aWH, ße,ll.eT K (!lOpMl1pOBaHHlo Me)KnOKOJleHHOH H ceMeHHoH 83a11MO- 3aßI1CHMOCHI H ß ,lI.allbHeHweM K ßblCOKOH Me)KJIJ.tlIHOCTHoH 83al1M03a811- CHMOCTI1. Ha nepßoM MeCTe 8 31'011 MO.Ll,eJlH C1'OHT nOJl..ll,ep)Kal-ll1e H CO- Xpal-leHI'le BHYTpHceMeHHOH rapMOI·II1H.

CCMCHuafl MOt(eJ1b~lBTOUOMI-IOCT" "JlII HC33ß1IClIMOCTH

Al-ITHnO.Ll,OM Tpa,ll.Hl..\HOHHOH ceMeHHOH MO,ll.eJIH sblcTynaeT CeMeHI-Ja51 MO.ll.eJlb He3aßHCHMOCTH. OHa xapaK1'epl13yeTC5I HYKJleapHOH ceMeHHOH CTPYKTYPOH, 0 KOTOPOH sce BH,lI.bl nOMOLUH H nOJl..ll,ep)KKI1 I-l3npaBneHbl OT pO,ll.rrrenei1 K ,lI.eT5IM . .IJ:ml Hee xapaKTepHbl HH3KaJl pmK,lI.aeMOCTb H BbICO- KIiH CTaTYC )I(eHlil.HI-Ibl S ceMbe. B np0l..\eCce COl..\l1aJ1H3al..\HH oco6a5l l..\eH- HOCTb npHHa.LI.Jle)l(HT JlH41·IOH He3aBHCHMOC1'H H HHAHBH)J.yallbHbIM (a He

•

KOJlJ1eKTHBHbIM) l..\en5lM. )J:eTH HMelOT BblCOKYIO nCHXOJlOrWleCKYIO, a TaKme HeManYIO MaTepHaJlbHYI-ü l..\eHl-IOCTb. npH 3TOM OTCYTCToyeT npH- OpHTeT M3J1blIHKOß nepe,ll. AeBOlIKaMH. BocnHTaHHe HßjUleTC51 .l1.0CTaTOlIHO J]l.i6epanbHbIM, H pe6eHOK .ll.OJlmeH CTaTb caMOCTmlTenbHblM KaK MO)/(I-IO pat·lbwe. Hap5lJl.Y C He3aBHCHMOCTbi0 01' ceMbH H cTapwHx nOKOJlel-lliM pe6eHoK cTpeMrtTC5l K 06w.eH MemnwlHocTHOH He3aßliCrIMOCTH. nO.ll.o6-

Hau ceMeHHa51 MO,ll.eJlb SCTpellae1'C5I npeHMyw.eCTßeHHO B npOMblwneH- HOP33BI1TbIX 3ana,n,HblX CTpaHax C BblCOKHM ypOßl-leM )1<H3HH.

(j)aK1'H~leCKH cYW.eCTBYIOlllHe ceMeMI·lble CTPYK1'ypbl H CHCTeMbl ß HI-I- )l.HBH,lI.YaJlH3HpOBaHI·lbIX 06111eCTBax, KOHellHO )l(e, He B nOJlHOH Mepe KoppecnOHAHpYIOT C OnHC3I-II·IOH MO.ll.enbIO. Donee Toro, Aa)J(e BI-IYTPH 3ana,ll.Horo KYJlbTypHoro npOCTpaHCTBa CYllleCTBYIOT H3BeCTI·lble p33JIH- 'IH" (HanpHMep, MelKtly ceBepHOH H 100KH0i1 EBponoH). KpoMe 3Toro P33A3IOTC51 rOJlOca, CTaß5IlllHe no.ll. COMHel-lHe caMY KapTHl-IY 3ana)J.HblX ceMci1HblX CTPYKTYp. ÜHH YKa3blBaIOT Ha CYllleCTBYIOlllHH (oC06el<liO B CWA) pa3pblB Me)Ktly BcenpOHHKaJOllleH HtleOnOrHeH HHtlHBHtlYaJlfl3Ma

1-1 (!laKTl-14eCKH 1-I36mo.ll.3eMbIM nOße,ll.eHHeM, KOr.Ll,a B p5l,ll.e CJlYllaeB MO)I(- HO CJlblWaTb BbICK33blßaJHI5I 0 l-I3paCTalOllle~i HH.Ll,HBH)J.yallH3al..\I1H npli COXPaJUIIOW.eMC5I ßblCOKOH 3aBHCHMOCTI1 0'1' nOKOJlel-lHblX H p0,ll.CTBeHHbIX OTHoweHHH.

CCMcünaß MOACJlb 3MOQIIOn3Jlbnoii ß3aUM033nllClIMQCTil

KYJlbTYPbl He CTaTWIHbl, OHH HaxO,ll.51TC51 ß np0l..\eCce nOCT05lHHorO H3Mel·leHH5I. BceMH npHHHMaeTC51 H)J.e51 0 TOM, llTO TaK H33bIBaeMble pa3- BI1BaIOllJ,11eC$1 CTpaI-IbI no MeHbweH Mepe 3KOHOMwreCKH .ll.BHraIOTC5I B HanpaBJleHHrl 3ana,uHbIX I-IH,lI.YCTPl-laJlbHbIX rOCY,lI.apCTß. OCTaeTC5I O)J.Hal<O cnopHblM, 06epHeTCH nH HX 3KOHOMH lieCKoe 1-1 npOMblWJleHHble p33ßHTHe TaK)Ke KYllbTypHblM p33BHTHeM ß l-IanpaBneHHH 3ana,ll.HOH, He3aBI1CHMOH 06111eCTBemIOH H ceMeHI·loH MO)J.eJlH. Cyw.eCTByeT HeMano KPOCC- KYJlbTYPl-lbIX liCCne,ll.OBaHHH, KOTopble nOK33bIBaJOT, lITO CIHDKaIOtu.a51C5I

M3TepIHUJbHaJl 38BHCHMOCTb B CeMbe ßClTe.n.CTBHe 3KOHOMWIeCKoro npo- ll.BeTaHIHI He npHBOJl.HT aBTOMaTHtleCKH K 3MOll.HOI·IUJlbl·IOH He33ß1'ICHMO- CTH. HanpOTHB, Me}J(j"JOKOlTeIH:lble H ceMeth-lbIe CßJl3H BO MHOrHX C1'paHax MeHJIIOTCJI lTHWb He3Ha l1HTelTbHO, 81'0 H BOBce He TepJlIOT CBoeH 311a411- MOCTH. (Georgas, Berry, van de Vijver, Kagitcibasi, & Poortinga, 2006).

bOIlee Toro, HCTopHlleCKHe Hccne.n.OBaHHJI nOKa3blßaIOT, llTO eßponeti- CKruJ cCMeHI13J1 Mo.n.enb He3aßI1CI1MOCTH C~)OPMHpoßaJIaCb 33.n.OJlrO .n.o I1H,n,YCTpHaJII13all.HI1. 3al1MCTBoßaHHe 3KOHOMI1^lleCKHX CTPYKTYP 3ana,n,HO- ro MHpa He .n.omKHO 03118 lla1'b, llTO TPa;J,l1l1.l-IOHl-lble 3MOll.I10lHlllbilbie H COll.I10KYJ1bTypl-lble CTpYK1'ypbl, KOTopble ß npOWJIOM OK83blßaJlI1Cb ßeCb- Ma ~)YHKlI.HOHaJTbHbIMI'I, oTcTynJlT nepeA HOBbIMH CTpYKTypaMH 33na;J,HO- ro HHJ:lYCTpHaJlbllOrO 06l~eCTBa.

31'a ceMeHHaß MOneJ1b BCTpe l i3eTCß npeI1MYllJ,eCTBeHHO s ropOACKHX 3KOHOMJ1lleCKH pa3BHTbIX paHOH3X CTpaH TpeTbero MHpa, Haxo.n.mu,HXCß B np0ll.eCce Mo,n,epHl13 aUI1H. Hep83pbIBHOCTb KYJ1bTypbl H CBJl381-1I-lbIX C Heti u.eHHOCTeH rapaHTHpyeT .n.aRbHeHWee COXpaHeHl-le 1'eCHblX ceMeHHblX CB5I3eti. BC11e,l:lCTßl1e yp63H1138U.HH Tep5le1' CBoe 3Ha l IeHHe HaCJle,l:lOBaHl1e 3eMe11bHblX Ha;J,enOB, 6naro.ll.apJl lleMY CHI1>KaeTCJl 3Hal-JeHl1e naTpl1ap- XaRbHOCTH H na)laeT npHoplHeT CbIlWBeH. TalOKe CHH)f(aeTCß pmK.n.ae- MOCTb, nOCKOJlbKY llHcno .n.eTeH B ropOACKI1X YCJlOBHJlX 60JlbWe He ßBJUI- eTCJI peW3IOllJ,HM (!)aKTOpOM 3KOHOMI1yeCKOH 6e30naCHOCTH pOAHTenei1.

O.ll.l-IOßpeMeIHIO ß03paCTaeT CTaTYC 11 06llJ,eCTBeUHoe npl1311aHHe )IWHllJ,H- Hbl 113-3a B03POCWl-IX B03MO}J(HOcTei1 nonY l leHI151 06paJOBaUH5I 11 TPY.ll.O- YCTpoiicToa. nOCKOJlbKY MaTepHanbHoe o6eCne l leJHle pO)J.HTeJlei1 )J.eTbMH He TaK He06xo.n.HMO, KaK paHbwe, seKTOp )J.eHe>KHbIX 11HsecTHu.l-1ti CMe- llJ,aeTCSI B CTOPOHY neTeH. 31'0, onl1aKo, He 03HaliaeT B 11aweti Monem1 I1HTeHCHBI·IOCTH 3MOU.HOHMbUbIX OTHowel'IHH ,n,eTeH 11 HX pO)J.H1'eJ1ei1.

CnlJ1b oocnHT8HH5I 0 TaKOH MOnenH 3MOU.HOHMbHOti B3aI1M03aBHCHMO- CTH Hcnb351 H83BaTb 1-111 J1H6epanbHbIM, HH aBTopHTapBblM: OH, CKopec, aBTopl·l'renlbIH. 31'0 ßOJIßeTC5I pe3YJ1bTaTOM COlleT8I11HI ßOCIlHTal-llHI ca-

94

$

MOCTQJITeJlbHOCTH H OAHoBpcMeHHo OblCOKOH u.eIHIOCTH TeCHblX ceMetl:- 1·lblX H rpynnoBblx Cß5I3eH. CTpeMJ1CHHe pe6euKa K aBTOHOMHH ß ropo.n.- CKHX YCJ10BHßX 60JlbWe He nepC)KHBaeTCß KaK yrp03a B OTßWlHe 01' CCJlb- CKoro KOHTCKCTa) r.n.e Bce LJJlCHbl ceMbH .n.OJI>KHbl 6blJ1H TßI-IYTb OJl.I-lY ßßMKY, llT06bl 06eCne^tll1Tb Obl>f(HßaHHe ceMbl1.

MemnOlCOJlClilian nOMcpmK3, xapaKTCp OTHOlllCHml,

~eIlI-lOCTIi u CaMOCQ311aHliC KaK llaCTb CCMciiublX Mo.n.CJleii

B TCOPHH ceMeHHbIX CHCTCM ß3aHMHa51 Me)I<nOKOJleHllruJ nO,lJJl.ep)KKa HrpaeT BIDI(HYIO POJlb. B 1'0 BpeMSI KaK B TP8.llHU.HOHI--JOH ceMeihlOi1 MOne- JlH B3aHM03aBHCHMOCTH BeKTOp MC}J(nOKOJleHI-IOH nOMOllJ,H I'JanpaBJleH 01' nOTOMKOB K pOnHTeJl5lM, B COßpeMCHI-IOH, TaK lH13blBaCMOH 3all8.llBOH ce- MeHHOH MOneJlH He3aBHCHMOCTH, Ha060po1' - C1'apwee 1l0KOJleHl1e cJ13K- THlleCKH 06513al'10 nOMep>KHBaTb CBOHX .ueTeti. nOMHMO J-Ian paOJ1eI-II-HI nOMOlltH TeopHß CCMeHHblX CI1CTCM BblncnßeT }.loa P83J1J1lIHbIX OHJJ.a 110)J.- nCp)KKH HJlH BHYTpHceMeHJ-IOH CBß3H: MaTepHaJIbBYIO H .3MOU.HOUaJlbHYIO.

EC11H TP8.llHU.HOIHI851 S3aI1M03aßHCHMa51 CCMeHHa51 MO.n.CJlb OTßHl-JaeTC5I ßblCOKHM ypOßI-leM 060HX BHJJ.OO nO.QLJ.ep)I(KH HJ1H CB5I3H, 1'0 nml He3aBH- CHMOH ceMeHI10H MOACJ1H xapaKTepeH HH3KHH ypOßeHb KaK MaTepHaJlb- I-IOH, 1'aK H 3MOU.HOJ-laJlbHOH 1l0Mep)KKH H HH3KHH ypOßeHb 6mt30CTH ß onIOWeHH5IX lll1eJ-lOB ceMbH. CCMeHHa51 MO)J.CJlb 3MOU.HOHaJlbl·IOti B3aHMO- 3aßJ-ICI1MOC1'H xapaKTepH3yeTCJI CI-I5ITHeM MaTepHaJlbHbIX, 3a0l1CI1MOcTeti npH OAHOOPCMCHHOM coxpmlel'111H CH11bUOH 3MOll.HOHaJlbl·IOH 3aBJ--ICHMO- CTI1. 3)J.eCb TaK>Ke orpOMHYIO P011b HrpaeT 3MOU.HOHaJTbUa51 nO,lUl,Cp>KKa MC)KAY nOKOnelHl5IMH H o6llJ,aß .3MOU.HOHaJlbuaß 6J11130CTb, HHTHMHOCTb OTI-IOWCUHH. HapSlAY C rOTOBI'IOCTbIO K IlOJJ.Ltep)I(KC nOCTapeßWHX PO.n.H- TeJ1ei1 6blJ111 BblßCHel1bl TaK>KC ce MOTI1Bbl. COrJ1aCHO JlHTepa1'Ype, MO)f(I-IO ßblAenHTb npOcOu.HaJlbUble 11 HopMaTHBHblC MOTHBbl, rJl.C llepBble MO)f(HO IlpHIlHCaTb 3MOU.HOUaJlbHbIM, a BTopble - MaTepHaJlbHblM 3aBHCHMO- CTJlM. PaCnOJlml(CI-IJ.-IC HopMaTHBl-lblX MOTHBOO ß «MaTepHaJlbUOH» 06Jlac-

95

1'1-1 o6ycnOßJleHO CI1Jlbl-lOn CßH3blO Me)f{.uy MaTepHl:lJlbHbIMH 3aBHCHMO- CTßMH H HepapXHtleCKHMH CTpYKTypaMH ß CeMbe, KOTOpble ß CBOIO 04e- peAb nOpQ)K)J.310T )f{eCTKHe 1-I0PMbl.

HapßJJ,y C Me)KnOKOJleIlHOn nOJJ.JJ.ep)KKOH H KaLJeCTBOM OTHOWel-lHH ßa>!<HYIO pOnb JJ,Jlß AaHI·IOrO HCCJleAOBaHHß HrpaJOT o6w.He H CeMeHHbie l(el-ll·IOCHI. 3JJ,ecb HCCJle.uYIOTC}! HI·I)J.HBH)J.yaJIHCTH~JeCKHe H KonneKTI-IßH- CTCKHe ueHHOCTH, a TalOKe TpajJ,I1UI1OHl-lble ceMeHUble ueHHOCTH. CIOAa cne.u.yeT .u.o6aSI1Tb He3aSHCHMoe HnH ß3aHM03aSHCHMoe caMOC031·lal-IHe HJlH 51-KOlluenU~lIo. 3nt ueHHocnl H caMOC03HaHHe CJleAYeT nOMecn1Tb ß TpH HjJ,eaJIbl·IOTl1nl1lJeCKHe ceMeHHbJe Mo.u.enl1. ß ^ceMeihlOH MO,/J.eJ1l1 B3aWM03aSHCHMOCTH oc06eHI-I0 83>10-1 bl KOJlneKTHBHCTCKHe H TpaAHIJ,HOI·I- Hble ceMeHHble u.eI-lHOCTH H Aon)J(HO npe06naAaTb ß3aHM03aSHCHMoe ca- MOC031-laHI1e. ß CCMenl-lOn MOAeJlH He3aUi'ICHMOCTH rnaBI-IYIO ponb, Ha- nponlU, J.olrpalOT HHAI1BI1AYaJlHCTH~leCKI1e u,eHHOCTH H caMOC0311aHHe .u.OJT)KHO HMeTb TalOKe, CKopee, ue3aSHcHMbiti xapaKTep_ 8 ^{ceMeHHOH MO-}

Aemi 3MOUHOHMbHOti B3aHM03aBHCHMOCTH coxpaHßeTC5I ßa)KHOCTb Kon-

neKTHBHCTCKHX H ceMeHHblX u,eHHocTeH, XOTß oAI-IOSpeMeHHo npHo6pe- TaKH B3)l(HOCTb HH,UHBHAYanHcn lllecKHe u,eHl-IOCTH, 3.necb ):(OJDIUlO 6blTb CHnbHO ßblprol<:el-IO KaK 1-le3aSHCHMoe, TaK H ß3aHM03aSHCHMoe 51, no- CKonbKY (1):(eaJIbl-lOTHnWleCKoe 51 ^{ß :nOH MOJJ.enH} ßßJIßeTC5I OTHOCHTeJlblW He3aßHCUMbIM, TaKHM 06P330M aßTOHOMHß H Cßß3b 06beAHI·IßIOTCß.

nOCT3110ßK3 ßonpOCOB 11 rlinOTC3bl

Mbl 1·le CTaßHM u.enblO Hawero HCCJleAOßaHHß OTHecelUle B3POCJlblX

JJ.ollepeH 113 repMal-1I1H 11 POCCIH1 K OAHOH H3 Tpex H,UeanbHOTHnHtleCKHX ceMeHHblX Mo..o.eneH Ha OCHOBamlH nepellHCJlelHlblX nepeMeHHblX. 3TO ue803MQ)KI·10 XOTß 6bl 1l0TOMY, LITO 11HWb 1·leMHorHe 31-1al iHMbie acneKTbl TCOPHI1 ceMcHHblX Mo).(eJleH ßßnßIOTC5I npeAMeTOM I1CCJleJJ.Oßal-lIHL no- JTOMY TeopHß ceMeHI·lblX MO,/J.encH ßBnßCTC5I 3JJ,eCb CKopee HeKoew Teope- TWlecKOH paMKOH H OCBOBOii ,uII.SI "IHTepnpeTauHH pe3ynbTaTOß, OCHOB-

HOH rHnoTe30H HcCne,LtOßaHHß ßßn5leTCß npeAnono)J(eHHC 0 TOM, ll1'O POC- CHlkKI1C ß3pOCJlbie ,LtOllepW, ß OTnl1 l lHe 01' neMeuKUX, C TOlIKI" 3pel-1I1ß UCIUIOCTeH, caMOC031·131-IIHI, KalJeCTßa OTIWlliel-lHW H nOMOlUH p0.lll1TenßM .ueMOI-ICTpHPYIOT npHMep Tpa,ll,HUUOI-IHOH ceMeHHOH Mo,UeJlH. KpoMe 31'0- ro, CTaBHTCß ßonpoc 0 TOM, S03MQ)I<I-IO nH no pe3ynbTaTaM HCCJle,/J.OBaI-lH5I OTHeCTI1 HeMCUKHX H/WJlH POCCI1HCKHX ß3POCIlblX .o.OllepeH K O,UJ-IOH H3 nepe~IHcneHI·lbIX Mo..o.eneH,

repMal-1I1.s1 KaK 3ana,n,I-Jaß, ßbICOKOp33BI1Taß H 6narOllonY^llI·,a.s1 CTpaHa, cor/laCHO KOI-IUenUWH 4_ Ka~1T4H6awH, OAH03ua^LII-I0 OTl-IOCHTCß K He3aßI'I- CHMOH cCMeihlOH Mo,uenH, O,UI-taKO ßnOJIHe B03MO)KI-I0, tlTO .uml<C 1·leMeu- KHe ß3pocIlbie ,UOlJepH TaK)J(e MOryT ßeCTH ce6ß B paMKax MO,LteIIH 3MO- UHOIl3JlbHOH B3aHM03aßHCHMOCTH, 3TO CKJla,n,blßaeTC5I H3 BblCKa3aHHoro Bblwe YTBep)K.u.eHHß, 1·1'1'0 JJleMel-ITbl 1-le3aßHCI-IMOCTH B 1'\I-IJ.lI'Iß"I.u.YIUIHcnl- lleCKHX KynbTypax 3al 13CTYIO HMelOT HopMaTI1ßl-lbIW, 1-le)KeJ1l1 <jJaKTHlle- CKHH xapaKTep U, ßO-ßTOPbIX, H3 ßblCKa.3aHHoro l.1. KaHTl IH6auJH npe.u- nOnO)(eHI1ß, tlTO H3ua llanbHO 1·le3aBHCHMble KYJlbTypbl MorYT TpaHcqJOp- MHpOßaTbCß ß Mo,UeJlb 3MOU.HOH3J1bHOH ß3al1M03aBHCHMOCTH, nOCKonbKY Ql-Ja npe,LtCTaßJ151eT C060H CHI-ITe3 YHI-IBepC3JlbHbIX lleIlOßelleCKHX nOTpe6- HOCTeH ß aßTOI-IOMHH H npHßß3aHHOCTH. ß HanpaßJleHWH KOTOPOH MorYT npOAß11raTbC5I 06e (lIe3aBHCHMa51 3anaJJ.Haß H Tpa,n,Hu,HOIHla51 B3aHM03a-

ßHC"Ma.) KYllbTypbl.

COrJ1aCHO TeopHI1 ceMeHI·lblX CHCTeM, POCCHß JJ.OJl)J(Ha CKJlOI-IßTbCß K Mo.u.enH 3MOU.HOBaJlbl·IOH ß3aHM03aßHCHMOCTH, nOCKOJlbKY OHa (POCCH$I) He OTHOCWTCß K Hep33ßUTOMY arpapHOMY TpaJJ.I1UHOHHOMY 06w.eCTBY H He OTnHlJaeTCß ßblCOKHM ypOßI-leM 6J1arOCOCTOHl-llUl H HI-IJJ.HBI1AyaJ1HCTn- lleCKOH KYJlbTYPOH 3ana,Ua. CTpeMHTenbHble I-13MeUeHHß, npOI1CxOJJ,ßllJ,l1e B COßpeMCIIHOH POCCMH, TaK)J(e YKIlajJ,blßaIOTCß B nonO)KeHHß Teopl1H l.1.

KaHTlIH6awB 0 CeMeHI-IOH MOJJ.eJ1l1 JMOUHOHaJIbl-IOH ß3aI1M03aBHCHMOCTH.

ß (!lOPMYII"poßKe o6u\e>i romoTe3bI

°

rvleihlOH MO).leJHI ß Poccml MO)I(HO Sbl,uSHHYTb COOTßeTCTBYloull,le rJ1no-

97

TC3bl OTI-IQCI1TCJlbl-IO K(l)J(.LJ,OH H3 nCpCMCIHlblX TCOPHH CCMCHJ-lbIX CHCTeM

\.1. KaHT tl116awl-l:

98

>-

I-ICMCUKHC ß3pOC11ble AOtlCPW np0,ll.eMOHCTpHPYIOT 60Jlce BblCOKHH ypOBeHb HJ-IAI1BI1AYaJlH3Ma 11 3aUIUKCUHblH KOJlflCKTl1BH3M (rHIlO- TC3bI 1 a 11 16)_ HanpoTHB, POCCI1HCKHe B3POCJlbiC ,lI.OlIepI-1 nOKffiKYT 6o~ce BblCOKHH ypOBCHb TpaAHUI10HHblX ceMCHHblX u,eHHocTeH.

'leM UeMeL\KHe (ntrlOTe3a 2).

>-

llepH OK3)KYTC$I J-IC3aßHCHMCC H MCHCC B3aHM033BHCHMbJMH, tlCM poccHi1cKHe (rHrIOTe3bl 3a H 36).

>-

HOCTH POCCI1HCKI1C ß3poc11ble .Ll,OlICPH AOJl)IUlbl 6YJl.YT npoAcMoH- CTpHpOß3Tb 6onbwYlo 6nH30cTb ß OTHoweHHßX C C06CTBCIHlblMI1 MaTep"MH (mnoTe3a 4).

>-

llTO POCcHHcKHe ß3POC11bIC Jl.OlJepl1 OKaJbIB310T Cß0I1M pOAHTCn5lM 6011bWC nOMOLU,H, KaK MaTCpl1aJ1bI-IOH, TaK H Mopanbl-IOH (nmOTe- 3bl 5a H 56). 3Ta mnOTe3a BblTeKaeT H3 npe06ßal\a,oLL\ero ßeKTopa

nOMCp)l(KH, KOTOPblH B 1-le3aßHCHMOH MOAC11H HanpaßJlcu 0'1' po- JJ.I1TcncH K AeTßM 11. CJICJlOßaTC11bIW. l-Ia060pOT (OT ß3POC11bIX AO- ',epeH K HX pOI\HTeJ'"M) ß repMauHH ypoße'·'b nOMep)I(KH 1\0J')I(eu 6bITb !-li'DKC, lJCM B POCCMH.

>-

MO'lb CßOHM nocTapeßwHM pOI\HTeß"M ß 6YI\YLL\eM (rHnoTe3a 7a).

»

MCTO.LlIICCJICJJ,on:lHIUI

Onucallue fJbl6opKU. 3Mnl1pHlJeCKOC 0606w.eHHc OCHOBaHO I-Ia OTße- Tax ß3POC11bIX AOlJCPCH 113 POCCI1I1 H rCpMaHI1H, ljbH MaTcpH 6blJII1 )[(Hßbl ß MOMeHT HCCßeI\OBaHH" VOC (HeMeL\Ka" ßb,60pKa - 246, POCCHH- CKa" - 213.). 3TH ß3pOCßb,e 1\0',epH OI\HOßpeMeHHO lIßßlIßHCb MaTep"- MH AeTCH nOApOCTKOß, KOTOPblC TaK)KC 6bl1111 onpoweHbl ß paMKax HC- cneAOßaHI1H, HO He ßßmnOTCß npeAMeTOM Aal·lllüH CTaTbl1. 3ACCb 6YAYT npl1ßeACJ-lbl AaUHbIC, KaCalOllll1eCß 11J.1Wb ß3POCIIblX AOtICpeH. HeKOTopblC AaJ-IHble 6aJHpYIOTCß Ha OTBCTax MaTcpeH 3TI1X >KCHUlHH. CpaßI-ICI-lHe Bbl- 60POlll-lblX xapaKTCpHCTI1K 06eHx cTpaH npeJJ,CTaBJleHbl ß Ta611Hllax 1 M 2

J.1 I-IH>KC }J.alw I1X KpaTKoe omlcaHHe.

CpeAI-II1H ß03pacT POCCI1HCKI1X ß3POCIlblX AOllcpeH, onpOWel-lHblX ß npolleccc I1CC11eJl.OBal-II1ß, COCTaBJlHCT 41 rOA, llTO Ha 2 rOAa MCHbWC a1-l3- Jlorwll-loro nOKa3aTe11ß ß rCpMal-lI1H. 3Ta paJHI111a OKaJanaCb ßeCbMa

. 3Ha"HMoH (CM. Ta6JI. 1). EOßbWHHCTBO OllpoweHHb'x B 06eHx Bb,60pKax

6b1J'H 3aMY)l(eM (CM. Ta6ß. 2) H B MOMeHT HCCJ,eI\OßalH'" HMeJlH I\ßOHX JteTeH, npHlIcM CPCJJ,H POCCHHCKI1X ß3POC11bIX AO^llcpei1 Aal-lHblH nOKaJa- TCJlb ß cpctU-leM 6bl11 3aMeTlW IHDKe, llCM cpeJJ,11 HeMClI,KHX (CM. Ta6Jl. I).

Tc q>aKTbl, llTO 1-111 OAHa H3 onpowclHlblX )l(CHUlIHI He 6blJla O/.lI1HOKa, KaK 11 60JlbWeC no cpaBl'ICHI110 co CTaTMCTHKOH lIJ--ICllO ACTefl (repMaHI151 -

1,3 H POCCH" - 1,3, no l\ar'Hb'M nporpaMMb' PaJOHTH" 00\-1, 2007), 6blJlH o6YCJloßJleHbi KOHCTPYKUHeH HCCne/.lOßal-IHß. JJ:11ß _ Hero 6blJ1H Bbl- 6P3Hbi TOJlbKO Te ß3POC11bJe /.lOlJepl1, KOTOPblC HMeIlH /.lCTeH H )Ki'IJIH ß AOIlrocpOllliOM napTI-ICpCTße 111111 6paKC.

J),011bWHHCTßO onpoweHl-lblX ß 06eHx CTPaJ-I3X Ou,eHI1JlH CBOH COllH- aJlbHO-3KOJ-lOMWICCKHH CTaTYC KaK cpeJJ,HHH, npl--IllCM POCCI-IHCKaH ßbl- 60pKa nOKa3ana 31.JatIHTCJ1bIW Mel-lbUIHM ypOßCHb .lI.OCTaTKa, LJeM HeMelJ,- KaSI (CM. 'I'a611. I). Pa311H^lIHe, OAI-laKO, 6bl110 OTHOCHTC11bHO He60IlbWI-IM.

3Halll1MOCTb co6pm-lllblX nOJlo61-IbiM 06Pa30M JJ,alHlblX 0 COUl1aIlbl-lO- 3KOHOMWICCKOM cTaTyce Mana, nOCK011bKY OTBCThl Hco6xo,HHMO pac-

99