STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2014

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Special Supplement to the

Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Vol. 96, No. 7, July 2015

STATE OF THE CLIMATE

IN 2014

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Editors

Jessica Blunden Derek S. Arndt

Howard J. Diamond A. Johannes Dolman

Ryan L. Fogt Dale F. Hurst Martin O. Jeffries

Gregory C. Johnson Ademe Mekonnen

A. Rost Parsons Jared Rennie James A. Renwick

Jacqueline A. Richter-Menge Ahira Sánchez-Lugo Sharon Stammerjohn

Peter W. Thorne Kate M. Willett Chapter Editors

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Technical Editor Mara Sprain

STATE OF THE CLIMATE

IN 2014

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How to cite this document:

Citing the complete report:

Blunden, J. and D. S. Arndt, Eds., 2015: State of the Climate in 2014. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 96 (7), S1–

S267.

Citing a chapter (example):

Mekonnen, A., J. A. Renwick, and A. Sánchez-Lugo, Eds., 2015: Regional climates [in “State of the Climate in 2014”]. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 96 (7), S169–S219.

Citing a section (example):

Macara, G. R., 2015: New Zealand [in “State of the Climate in 2014”]. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 96 (7), S217–S219.

C^over^Credits:

F^ront: A^dAm Ü — Argo float WMO ID# 4900835 upon deployment at 13° 43.22' N; 105° 21.23' W on 11 September 2007.

This float was still fully functional and reporting data as of June 2015.

B^ACk: ©iStockphotos.com/Robert Pavsic—Capital city of Maldives Male coastline.

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EDITOR & AUTHOR AFFILIATIONS (

AlphABetiCAlBy nAme

)

Aaron-Morrison, Arlene P., Trinidad & Tobago Meteoro- logical Service, Piarco, Trinidad

Ackerman, Steven A., CIMSS, University of Wisconsin–

Madison, Madison, Wisconsin

Adamu, J. I., Nigerian Meteorological Agency, Abuja, Ni- geria

Albanil, Adelina, National Meteorological Service of Mexico, Mexico

Alfaro, Eric J., Center for Geophysical Research and School of Physics, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica

Allan, Rob, Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom

Alley, Richard B., Department of Geosciences and Earth and Environmental Systems Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania Álvarez, Luis, Instituto de Hidrología de Meteorología y

Estudios Ambientales de Colombia (IDEAM), Bogotá, Colombia

Alves, Lincoln M., Centro de Ciencias do Sistema Ter- restre, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Ca- choeira Paulista, Sao Paulo, Brazil

Amador, Jorge A., Center for Geophysical Research and School of Physics, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica

Andreassen, L. M., Section for Glaciers, Ice and Snow, Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate, Oslo, Norway

Antonov, John, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Silver Spring, Maryland, and University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, Boul- der, Colorado

Applequist, Scott, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina Arendt, A., Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska

Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska

Arévalo, Juan, Instituto Nacional de Meteorología e Hi- drología de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela

Arguez, Anthony, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina Arndt, Derek S., NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for

Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina Banzon, Viva, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Envi-

ronmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina Barichivich, J., School of Geography, University of Leeds,

Leeds, United Kingdom, and Center for Climate and Re- silience Research (CR)², Chile

Baringer, Molly O., NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, Florida

Barreira, Sandra, Argentine Naval Hydrographic Service, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Baxter, Stephen, NOAA/NWS Climate Prediction Cen- ter, College Park, Maryland

Bazo, Juan, Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hi- drología de Perú, Lima, Perú

Becker, Andreas, Global Precipitation Climatology Cen- tre, Deutscher Wetterdienst, Offenbach, Germany Behrenfeld, Michael J., Oregon State University, Corval-

lis, Oregon

Bell, Gerald D., NOAA/NWS Climate Prediction Center, College Park, Maryland

Benedetti, Angela, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, United Kingdom

Bernhard, G., Biospherical Instruments, San Diego, Cali- fornia

Berrisford, Paul, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, United Kingdom Berry, David I., National Oceanography Centre, South-

ampton, United Kingdom

Bettolli, María L., Departamento Ciencias de la Atmós- fera y los Océanos, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Natu- rales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina

Bhatt, U. S., Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska

Bidegain, Mario, Instituto Uruguayo de Meteorologia, Montevideo, Uruguay

Bindoff, Nathan, Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Coop- erative Research Centre, and CSIRO Marine and Atmo- spheric Laboratories, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia Bissolli, Peter, Deutscher Wetterdienst, WMO RA VI Re-

gional Climate Centre Network, Offenbach, Germany Blake, Eric S., NOAA/NWS National Hurricane Center,

Miami, Florida

Blenman, Rosalind C., Barbados Meteorological Services, Christ Church, Barbados

Blunden, Jessica, ERT, Inc., NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina

Bond, Nick A., Joint Institute for the Study of the At- mosphere and Ocean, University of Washington, and NOAA/OAR Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington

Bosilovich, Mike, Global Modelling and Assimilation Of- fice, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland

Boudet, Dagne, Climate Center, Institute of Meteorology of Cuba, Cuba

Box, J. E., Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark

Boyer, Tim, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environ- mental Information, Silver Spring, Maryland

Braathen, Geir O., WMO Atmospheric Environment Re- search Division, Geneva, Switzerland

Bromwich, David H., Byrd Polar and Climate Research Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio Brown, L. C., Department of Geography, University of To-

ronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada Brown, R., Climate Research Division, Environment Cana-

da, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

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Bulygina, Olga N., Russian Institute for Hydrometeoro- logical Information, Obninsk, Russia

Burgess, D., Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, On- tario, Canada

Calderón, Blanca, Center for Geophysical Research, Uni- versity of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica

Camargo, Suzana J., Lamont-Doherty Earth Observa- tory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York

Campbell, Jayaka D., Department of Physics, The Univer- sity of the West Indies, Jamaica

Cappelen, J., Danish Meteorological Institute, Copenha- gen, Denmark

Carrasco, Gualberto, Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología de Bolivia, La Paz, Bolivia

Carter, Brendan, NOAA/OAR Pacific Marine Environ- mental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington

Chambers, Don P., College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, Florida

Chandler, Elise, Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Vic- toria, Australia

Chevallier, Frédéric, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Gif-sur- Yvette, France

Christiansen, Hanne H., Arctic Geology Department, UNIS-The University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Norway

Christy, John R., University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama

Chung, D., Department of Geodesy and Geoinformation, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria Ciais, Philippe, LCSE, Gif sur l’Yvette, France

Clem, Kyle R., School of Geography, Environment, and Earth Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wel- lington, New Zealand

Coelho, Caio A.S., CPTEC/INPE Center for Weather Forecasts and Climate Studies, Cachoeira Paulista, Brazil Cogley, J. G., Department of Geography, Trent University,

Peterborough, Ontario, Canada

Coldewey-Egbers, Melanie, DLR (German Aerospace Center) Oberpfaffenhofen, Wessling, Germany Colwell, Steve, British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge,

United Kingdom

Cooper, Owen R., Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, and NOAA/OAR Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado

Copland, L., Department of Geography, University of Ot- tawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Cronin, Meghan F., NOAA/OAR Pacific Marine Environ- mental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington

Crouch, Jake, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Envi- ronmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina Cunningham, Stuart A., Scottish Marine Institute, Oban,

Argyll, United Kingdom

Davis, Sean M., Cooperative Institute for Research in En- vironmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, and NOAA/OAR Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado

De Jeu, R. A. M., Earth and Climate Cluster, Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands Degenstein, Doug, University of Saskatchewan, Saska-

toon, Saskatchewan, Canada

Demircan, M., Turkish State Meteorological Service, An- kara, Turkey

Derksen, C., Climate Research Division, Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Destin, Dale, Antigua and Barbuda Meteorological Service, St. John’s, Antigua

Diamond, Howard J., NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Silver Spring, Maryland Dlugokencky, Ed J., NOAA/OAR Earth System Research

Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado

Dohan, Kathleen, Earth and Space Research, Seattle, Washington

Dolman, A. Johannes, Department of Earth Sciences, Earth and Climate Cluster, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands

Domingues, Catia M., Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, and Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia

Donat, Markus G., Climate Change Research Centre, Uni- versity of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

Dong, Shenfu, NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, and Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida Dorigo, Wouter A., Department of Geodesy and Geoin-

formation, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Aus- tria, and Department of Forest and Water Management, Gent University, Gent, Belgium

Drozdov, D. S., Earth Cryosphere Institute, Tyumen, and Tyumen State Oil and Gas University, Tyumen, Russia Duguay, C. R., Department of Geography & Environmental

Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, and H2O Geomatics Inc., Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Dunn, Robert J. H., Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter,

United Kingdom

Durán-Quesada, Ana M., Center for Geophysical Re- search and School of Physics, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica

Dutton, Geoff S., Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, and NOAA/OAR Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado

Ebrahim, A., Egyptian Meteorological Authority, Cairo, Egypt

Elkins, James W., NOAA/OAR Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado

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Epstein, H. E., University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Vir- ginia

Espinoza, Jhan C., Instituto Geofisico del Peru, Lima, Peru Evans III, Thomas E., NOAA/NWS Central Pacific Hur-

ricane Center, Honolulu, Hawaii

Famiglietti, James S., Department of Earth System Sci- ence, University of California, Irvine, California

Fateh, S., Islamic Republic of Iranian Meteorological Orga- nization, Iran

Fauchereau, Nicolas C., National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand Feely, Richard A., NOAA/OAR Pacific Marine Environ-

mental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington

Fenimore, Chris, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina Fettweis, X., University of Liège, Liège, Belgium Fioletov, Vitali E., Environment Canada, Toronto, On-

tario, Canada

Flemming, Johannes, European Centre for Medium- Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, United Kingdom Fogarty, Chris T., Canadian Hurricane Centre, Environ-

ment Canada, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada Fogt, Ryan L., Department of Geography, Ohio Univer-

sity, Athens, Ohio

Folland, Chris K., Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom

Foster, Michael, CIMSS, University of Wisconsin–Madi- son, Madison, Wisconsin

Francis S. D., Nigerian Meteorological Agency, Abuja, Ni- geria

Franz, Bryan A., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland

Freeland, Howard, Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada

Frith, Stacey M., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland

Froidevaux, Lucien, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California

Frost, G. V., ABR, Inc., Fairbanks, Alaska

Ganter, Catherine, Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Garzoli, Silvia, NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, and Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida Gerland, S., Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre,

Tromsø, Norway

Gitau, Wilson, Department of Meteorology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya

Gobron, Nadine, Land Resources Monitoring Unit, Insti- tute for Environment and Sustainability, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, Italy

Goldenberg, Stanley B., NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceano- graphic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, Florida Goni, Gustavo, NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and

Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, Florida

Gonzalez, Idelmis T., Climate Center, Institute of Meteo- rology of Cuba, Cuba

Good, Simon A., Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom

Goto, A., Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan Griffin, Kyle S., Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic

Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin

Grist, Jeremy, National Oceanography Centre, Southamp- ton, United Kingdom

Grooß, J.-U., Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany Guard, Charles “Chip”, NOAA/NWS Weather Forecast

Office, Guam

Gupta, S. K., SSAI, Hampton, Virginia

Hagos, S., FCSD/ASGC Climate Physics Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington Haimberger, Leo, Department of Meteorology and Geo-

physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria Hall, Bradley D., NOAA/OAR Earth System Research

Halpert, Michael S., NOAA/NWS Climate Prediction Center, College Park, Maryland

Hamlington, Benjamin D., Center for Coastal Physical Oceanography, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Vir- ginia

Hanna, E., Department of Geography, University of Shef- field, Sheffield, United Kingdom

Hanssen-Bauer, I., Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Blindern, Oslo, Norway

Harris, Ian, Climatic Research Unit, School of Environmen- tal Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom

Heidinger, Andrew K., NOAA/NESDIS/STAR University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin

Heikkilä, A., Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland

Heim, Jr., Richard R., NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina Hendricks, S., Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven,

Germany

Hernandez, M., Climate Center, Institute of Meteorology of Cuba, Cuba

Hidalgo, Hugo G., Center for Geophysical Research and School of Physics, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica

Hilburn, Kyle, Remote Sensing Systems, Santa Rosa, Cali- fornia

Ho, Shu-peng (Ben), COSMIC, UCAR, Boulder, Colo- rado

Hobbs, Will R., ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate System Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasma- nia, Australia

Hu, Zeng-Zhen, NOAA/NWS National Centers for Envi- ronmental Prediction, Climate Prediction Center, Col- lege Park, Maryland

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Huelsing, Hannah, State University of New York, Albany, New York

Hurst, Dale F., Cooperative Institute for Research in En- vironmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, and NOAA/OAR Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado

Inness, Antje, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, United Kingdom

Ishii, Masayoshi, Japan Meteorological Agency, Meteoro- logical Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan

Jeffers, Billy, Meteorological Office, E.T. Joshua Airport, Arnos Vale, St. Vincent and the Grenadines

Jeffries, Martin O., Office of Naval Research, Arlington, Virginia

Jevrejeva, Svetlana, National Oceanography Centre, Liv- erpool, United Kingdom

Jin, Xiangze, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts

John, Viju, User Service and Climate, EUMETSAT, Darm- stadt, Germany

Johns, William E., Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmo- spheric Science, Miami, Florida

Johnsen, B., Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, Østerås, Norway

Johnson, Bryan, NOAA/OAR Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division, and University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado

Johnson, Gregory C., NOAA/OAR Pacific Marine Envi- ronmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington

Jones, Phil D., Climatic Research Unit, School of Environ- mental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom, and Center of Excellence for Climate Change Research, Department of Meteorology, King Ab- dulaziz, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Josey, Simon A., National Oceanography Centre, South- ampton, United Kingdom

Joyette, Sigourney, Meteorological Office, E.T. Joshua Air- port, Arnos Vale, St. Vincent and the Grenadines Jumaux, Guillaume, Météo France, Réunion

Kabidi, Khadija, Direction de la Météorologie Nationale Maroc, Rabat, Morocco

Kaiser, Johannes W., Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany, and European Centre for Medium- Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, United Kingdom Kang, K.-K., H2O Geomatics Inc., Waterloo, Ontario,

Canada

Kanzow, Torsten O., Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany

Kao, Hsun-Ying, Earth & Space Research, Seattle, Wash- ington

Kazemi, A., Islamic Republic of Iranian Meteorological Or- ganization, Iran

Keller, Linda M., Department of Atmospheric and Ocean- ic Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin

Kendon, Mike, Met Office National Climate Information Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom

Kennedy, John, Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom

Kerr, Kenneth, Trinidad & Tobago Meteorological Service, Piarco, Trinidad

Kheyrollah Pour, H., Department of Geography & Envi- ronmental Management, University of Waterloo, Water- loo, Ontario, Canada

Kholodov, A. L., Geophysical Institute, University of Alas- ka Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska

Khoshkam, Mahbobeh, Islamic Republic of Iranian Me- teorological Organization, Iran

Kidd, R., Department of Geodesy and Geoinformation, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria Kieke, Dagmar, Institut fuer Umweltphysik, Bremen, Ger-

many

Kim, Hyungjun, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Japan

Kim, S.-J., Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, Repub- lic of Korea

Kimberlain, Todd B., NOAA/NWS National Hurricane Center, Miami, Florida

Klotzbach, Philip, Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado Knaff, John A., NOAA/NESDIS Center for Satellite Appli-

cations and Research, Fort Collins, Colorado

Kobayashi, Shinya, Climate Prediction Division, Japan Me- teorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan

Kohler, J., Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø, Norway Korshunova, Natalia N., All-Russian Research Institute of

Hydrometeorological Information - World Data Center, Obninsk, Russia

Koskela, T., Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Fin- land

Kramarova, Natalya, Science Systems and Applications, Inc., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland

Kratz, D. P., NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia

Kruger, Andries, South African Weather Service, Pretoria, South Africa

Kruk, Michael C., ERT, Inc., NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina

Kumar, Arun, NOAA/NWS National Centers for Environ- mental Prediction, Climate Prediction Center, College Park, Maryland

Kwok, R., Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California

Lagerloef, Gary S. E., Earth & Space Research, Seattle, Washington

Lakkala, K., Finnish Meteorological Institute, Arctic Re- search Centre, Sodankylä, Finland

Lander, Mark A., University of Guam, Mangilao, Guam

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Landsea, Chris W., NOAA/NWS National Hurricane Center, Miami, Florida

Lankhorst, Matthias, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California Lantz, Kathy, Cooperative Institute for Research in Envi-

ronmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, and NOAA/OAR Earth System Research Laboratory, Boul- der, Colorado

Lazzara, Matthew A., Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin

Leuliette, Eric, NOAA/NWS NCWCP Laboratory for Satellite Altimetry, College Park, Maryland

L’Heureux, Michelle, NOAA/NWS Climate Prediction Center, College Park, Maryland

Lieser, Jan L., Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Coopera- tive Research Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia

Lin, I-I, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan Liu, Hongxing, Department of Geography, University of

Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio

Liu, Yinghui, Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Sat- ellite Studies, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madi- son, Wisconsin

Locarnini, Ricardo, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Silver Spring, Maryland Loeb, Norman G., NASA Langley Research Center,

Hampton, Virginia

Long, Craig S., NOAA/NWS Center for Weather and Cli- mate Prediction, College Park, Maryland

Lorrey, Andrew M., National Institute of Water and At- mospheric Research, Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand Loyola, Diego, DLR (German Aerospace Center) Oberp-

faffenhofen, Wessling, Germany

Lui, Yi Y., ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Systems Science and Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Aus- tralia

Lumpkin, Rick, NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, Florida

Luo, Jing-Jia, Australian Bureau of Meteorology, Mel- bourne, Victoria, Australia

Luojus, K., Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Fin- land

Lyman, John M., NOAA/OAR Pacific Marine Environmen- tal Laboratory, Seattle, Washington, and Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, University of Ha- waii, Honolulu, Hawaii

Macara, Gregor R., National Institute of Water and At- mospheric Research, Ltd., Wellington, New Zealand Maddux, Brent C., AOS/CIMSS University of Wisconsin–

Madison, Madison, Wisconsin

Malkova, G. V., Earth Cryosphere Institute, Tyumen, and Tyumen State Oil and Gas University, Tyumen, Russia

Manney, G., NorthWest Research Associates, and New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, New Mexico

Marcellin-Honore’, Vernie, Dominica Meteorological Service, Dominica

Marchenko, S. S., Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska

Marengo, José A., Centro Nacional de Monitoramento e Alertas aos Desastres Naturais, Cachoeira Paulista, Sao Paulo, Brazil

Marra, John J., NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Envi- ronmental Information, Honolulu, Hawaii

Martínez-Güingla, Rodney, CIIFEN Centro Internacional para la Investigación del Fenómeno de El Niño, Guaya- quil, Ecuador

Massom, Robert A., Australian Antarctic Division, and Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Aus- tralia

Mata, Mauricio M., Laboratório de Estudos dos Oceanos e Clima, Instituto de Oceanografia – FURG, Rio Grande (RS), Brazil

Mathis, Jeremy T., NOAA/OAR Pacific Marine Environ- mental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington

Mazloff, Matthew, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California McBride, Charlotte, South African Weather Service, Pre-

toria, South Africa

McCarthy, Gerard, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom

McGree, Simon, Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Vic- toria, Australia

McLean, Natalie, Department of Physics, The University of the West Indies, Jamaica

McVicar, Tim R., CSIRO Land and Water Flagship, Can- berra, Australian Capital Territory, and Australian Re- search Council Centre of Excellence for Climate System Science, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

Mears, Carl A., Remote Sensing Systems, Santa Rosa, California

Meier, W., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland

Meinen, Christopher S., NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceano- graphic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, Florida Mekonnen, A., Department of Energy and Environmen- tal Systems, North Carolina A & T State University, Greensboro, North Carolina

Melzer, T., Department of Geodesy and Geoinformation, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria Menéndez, Melisa, Environmental Hydraulic Institute,

Universidad de Cantabria, Cantabria, Spain

Mengistu Tsidu, G., Department of Earth and Environ- mental Sciences, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Botswana

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Meredith, Michael P., British Antarctic Survey, Cam- bridge, United Kingdom

Merrifield, Mark A., Joint Institute for Marine and Atmo- spheric Research, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii Mitchum, Gary T., College of Marine Science, University

of South Florida, St. Petersburg, Florida

Monteiro, Pedro, CSIR Natural Resources and the Envi- ronment, Stellenbosch, South Africa

Montzka, Stephen A., NOAA/OAR Earth System Re- search Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado

Morice, Colin, Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom

Mote, T., Department of Geography, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia

Mudryk, L., Climate Research Division, Environment Cana- da, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Mühle, Jens, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Univer- sity of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California Mullan, A. Brett, National Institute of Water and Atmo-

spheric Research, Ltd., Wellington, New Zealand Müller, R., Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany Nash, Eric R., Science Systems and Applications, Inc.,

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Mary- land

Naveira Garabato, Alberto C., University of South- ampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom

Nerem, R. Steven, Colorado Center for Astrodynamics Research, Cooperative Institute for Research in Envi- ronmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado

Newman, Louise, SOOS International Project Office, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia

Newman, Paul A., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland

Nicolaus, M., Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven, Germany

Nieto, Juan J., CIIFEN Centro Internacional para la Inves- tigación del Fenómeno de El Niño, Guayaquil, Ecuador Noetzli, Jeannette, Department of Geography, University

of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

O’Neel, S., USGS, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, Alaska

Oberman, N. G., MIRECO Mining Company, Syktyvkar, Russia

Ogallo, Laban A., IGAD Climate Prediction and Applica- tions Centre, Nairobi, Kenya

Oki, Taikan, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Japan

Oludhe, Christopher S., Department of Meteorology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya

Osborn, Tim J., Climatic Research Unit, School of Envi- ronmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom

Overland, J., NOAA/OAR Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington

Oyunjargal, Lamjav, Hydrology and Environmental Moni- toring, Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology, National Agency for Meteorology, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

Pabón, D., CIIFEN Centro Internacional para la Investig- ación del Fenómeno de El Niño, Guayaquil, Ecuador Parinussa, Robert M., School of Civil and Environmental

Engineering, Water Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Park, E-hyung, Korea Meteorological Administration,

South Korea

Parker, David, Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom

Parsons, Rost, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Envi- ronmental Information, Silver Spring, Maryland

Pasch, Richard J., NOAA/NWS National Hurricane Cen- ter, Miami, Florida

Pascual-Ramírez, Reynaldo, National Meteorological Service of Mexico, Mexico

Pelto, Mauri S., Nichols College, Dudley, Massachusetts Peng, Liang, UCAR COSMIC, Boulder, Colorado

Perovich, D., USACE Cold Regions Research and Engineer- ing Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire

Persson, P. O. G., Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, and NOAA/OAR Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado

Peterson, Thomas C., NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina Petropavlovskikh, Irina, NOAA/OAR Earth System Re-

search Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division, and Uni- versity of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado Peuch, Vincent-Henri, European Centre for Medium-

Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, United Kingdom Pezza, Alexandre B., Greater Wellington Regional Coun-

cil, Wellington, New Zealand

Phillips, David, Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Photiadou, C., Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Nether- lands

Pinty, Bernard, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Cli- mate Risk Management Unit, Ispra, Italy

Pitts, Michael C., NASA Langley Research Center, Hamp- ton, Virginia

Porter, Avalon O., Cayman Islands National Weather Ser- vice, Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands

Proshutinsky, A. , Woods Hole Oceanographic Institu- tion, Woods Hole, Massachusetts

Quegan, Shaun, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom

Quintana, Juan, Direccion Meteorologica de Chile, Chile Rahimzadeh, Fatemeh, Atmospheric Science and Meteo-

rological Research Center, Tehran, Iran

Rajeevan, Madhavan, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteo- rology, Pune, India

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Ramos, A., Instituto Dom Luiz, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisboa, Portugal

Raynor, Darren, National Oceanography Centre, South- ampton, United Kingdom

Razuvaev, Vyacheslav N., All-Russian Research Institute of Hydrometeorological Information, Obninsk, Russia Reagan, James, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for

Environmental Information, Silver Spring, Maryland, and Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center/Coopera- tive Institute for Climate and Satellites–Maryland, Uni- versity of Maryland, College Park, Maryland

Reid, Phillip, Australian Bureau of Meteorology and CAW- RC, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia

Reimer, C., Department of Geodesy and Geoinformation, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria Rémy, Samuel, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique,

Paris, France

Rennie, Jared, Cooperative Institute for Climate and Satel- lites, North Carolina State University, Asheville, North Carolina

Renwick, James A., Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand

Revadekar, Jayashree V., Indian Institute of Tropical Me- teorology, Pune, India

Richter-Menge, Jacqueline A., USACE Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire

Robinson, David A., Department of Geography, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey

Rodell, Matthew, Hydrological Sciences Laboratory, NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Mary- land

Romanovsky, Vladimir E., Geophysical Institute, Univer- sity of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska

Ronchail, Josyane, University of Paris, Paris, France Rosenlof, Karen H., NOAA/OAR Earth System Research

Roth, Chris, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sas- katchewan, Canada

Sabine, Christopher L., NOAA/OAR Pacific Marine Envi- ronmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington

Sallée, Jean-Bapiste, CNRS, L’OCEAN-IPSL, Paris, France

Sánchez-Lugo, Ahira, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina Santee, Michelle L., NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory,

Pasadena, California

Sawaengphokhai, P., SSAI, Hampton, Virginia

Sayouri, Amal, Direction de la Météorologie Nationale Maroc, Rabat, Morocco

Scambos, Ted A., National Snow and Ice Data Center, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado Schemm, Jae, NOAA/NWS Climate Prediction Center,

College Park, Maryland

Schmid, Claudia, NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, Florida

Schmidtko, Sunke, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany

Schreck, Carl J. III, Cooperative Institute for Climate and Satellites, North Carolina State University, Asheville, North Carolina

Send, Uwe, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Univer- sity of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California

Sensoy, Serhat, Turkish State Meteorological Service, Ka- laba, Ankara, Turkey

Setzer, Alberto, National Institute for Space Research, São Jose dos Compos-SP, Brazil

Sharp, M., Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Shaw, Adrian, Meteorological Service, Jamaica, Kingston,

Jamaica

Shi, Lei, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmen- tal Information, Asheville, North Carolina

Shiklomanov, Nikolai I., Department of Geography, George Washington University, Washington, D.C.

Shu, Song, Department of Geography, University of Cin- cinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio

Shupe, M. D., Cooperative Institute for Research in En- vironmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, and NOAA/OAR Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado

Siegel, David A., University of California–Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California

Sima, Fatou, Division of Meteorology, Department of Wa- ter Resources, Banjul, The Gambia

Simmons, Adrian J., European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, United Kingdom

Smeed, David A., National Oceanography Centre, South- ampton, United Kingdom

Smeets, C. J. P. P., Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Nether- lands

Smith, Cathy, Cooperative Institute for Research in En- vironmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, and NOAA/OAR Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado

Smith, Sharon L., Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Smith, Thomas M., NOAA/NESDIS Center for Satel- lite Applications and Research/SCSD; and Cooperative Institute for Climate and Satellites/Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland

Spence, Jacqueline M., Meteorological Service, Jamaica, Kingston, Jamaica

Srivastava, A. K., India Meteorological Department, Pune, India

Stackhouse Jr., Paul W., NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia

Stammerjohn, Sharon, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado

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Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, DWD (German Weather Ser- vice), Hohenpeissenberg, Germany

Stella, Jose L., Servicio Meteorologico Nacional, Argentina Stephenson, Kimberly, Department of Physics, The Uni-

versity of the West Indies, Jamaica

Stephenson, Tannecia S., Department of Physics, The University of the West Indies, Jamaica

Strahan, Susan, Universities Space Research Association, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Mary- land

Streletskiy, D. A., Department of Geography, George Washington University, Washington, D.C.

Swart, Sebastiaan, CSIR Southern Ocean Carbon & Cli- mate Observatory, Stellenbosch, South Africa

Sweet, William, NOAA/NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services, Silver Spring, Maryland

Tamar, Gerard, Grenada Airports Authority, St. George’s, Grenada

Taylor, Michael A., Department of Physics, The University of the West Indies, Jamaica

Tedesco, M., City College of New York, New York, New York, and National Science Foundation, Arlington, Vir- ginia

Thompson, L., Department of Geography, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Thompson, Philip, Joint Institute for Marine and Atmo- spheric Research, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii Thorne, Peter W., Physical Geography (Climate Science),

Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland

Timmermans, M.-L., Yale University, New Haven, Con- necticut

Tjernström, M., Department of Meteorology and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden

Tobin, Isabelle, LSCE-IPSL, CEA, Gif Sur Yvette, France Tobin, Skie, Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Victoria,

Australia

Trachte, Katja, Laboratory for Climatology and Remote Sensing, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany Trewin, Blair C., Australian Bureau of Meteorology, Mel-

bourne, Victoria, Australia

Trigo, Ricardo, Instituto Dom Luiz, Universidade de Lis- boa, Campo Grande, Lisboa, Portugal

Trotman, Adrian R., Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology, Bridgetown, Barbados

Tschudi, M., Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado

van de Wal, R. S. W., Institute for Marine and Atmo- spheric Research Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands

van den Broeke, M., Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Nether- lands

van der A, Ronald J., KNMI (Royal Netherlands Meteoro- logical Institute), DeBilt, Netherlands

van der Schrier, Gerard, KNMI (Royal Netherlands Me- teorological Institute), De Bilt, Netherlands

van der Werf, Guido R., Faculty of Earth and Life Sci- ences, VU University Amsterdam, Netherlands van Dijk, Albert I. J. M., Fenner School of Environment

and Society, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia

Vautard, Robert, LSCE-IPSL, CEA, Gif Sur Yvette, France Vazquez, J. L., National Meteorological Service of Mexico,

Mexico

Vega, Carla, Center for Geophysical Research, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica

Verver, G., Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, De Bilt, Netherlands

Vieira, Gonçalo, Center of Geographical Studies, Univer- sity of Lisbon, Portugal

Vincent, Lucie A., Environment Canada, Toronto, On- tario, Canada

Vose, Russell S., NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for En- vironmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina Wagner, W., Department of Geodesy and Geoinforma-

tion, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria Wåhlin, Anna, Department of Earth Sciences, University

of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden

Wahr, J., Department of Physics and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado

Walker, D. A., University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska

Walsh, J., International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska

Wang, Bin, SOEST, Department of Meteorology, Univer- sity of Hawaii, and IPRC, Honolulu, Hawaii

Wang, Chunzai, NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, Florida

Wang, Junhong, State University of New York, Albany, New York

Wang, Lei, Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana Wang, M., Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere

and Ocean, University of Washington, Seattle, Washing- ton

Wang, Sheng-Hung, Byrd Polar and Climate Research Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio Wang, Shujie, Department of Geography, University of

Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio

Wanninkhof, Rik, NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, Florida Weber, Mark, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany Werdell, P. Jeremy, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center,

Greenbelt, Maryland

Whitewood, Robert, Environment Canada, Toronto, On- tario, Canada

Wilber, Anne C., Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, Virginia

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Wild, Jeannette D., INNOVIM, NOAA Climate Predic- tion Center, College Park, Maryland

Willett, Kate M., Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom

Williams, Michael J. M., National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand Willis, Josh K., Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Insti-

tute of Technology, Pasadena, California

Wolken, G., Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska

Wong, Takmeng, NASA Langley Research Center, Hamp- ton, Virginia

Wouters, B., School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Xue, Yan, NOAA/NWS National Centers for Environmen- tal Prediction, Climate Prediction Center, College Park, Maryland

Yamada, Ryuji, Climate Prediction Division, Tokyo Cli- mate Center, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan

Love-Brotak, S. Elizabeth, Lead Graphics Production, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina

Sprain, Mara, Technical Editor, LAC Group, NOAA/

NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina

Veasey, Sara W., Visual Communications Team Lead, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina

Griffin, Jessicca, Graphics Support, Cooperative Institute for Climate and Satellites-NC, North Carolina State University, Asheville, North Carolina

Misch, Deborah J., Graphics Support, LMI Consulting, Inc., NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for

Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina Riddle, Deborah B., Graphics Support, NOAA/NESDIS

National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina

Young, Teresa, Graphics Support, STG, Inc., NOAA/

NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina

EDITORIAL AND PRODUCTION TEAM

Yashayaev, Igor, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada

Yim, So-Young, Korea Meteorological Administration, South Korea

Yin, Xungang, ERT, Inc., NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina Yu, Lisan, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods

Hole, Massachusetts

Zambrano, Eduardo, Centro Internacional para la Inves- tigación del Fenómeno El Niño, Guayaquil, Ecuador Zhang, Peiqun, Beijing Climate Center, Beijing, China Zhou, Lin, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and

Engineering Research Institute, Lanzhou, China Ziemke, Jerry, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center,

Greenbelt, Maryland

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