A Brief Grammar of the Kanauri Language.
By
Rev. T. Grahame Bailer B. D., M. A., M. R. A. S.
Introduction.
The country of Kanaur is called by its inhabitants Känörin,
a man of the country is känörös , fem. känöre. The language is
känörin skad', Kanauri speech, or känöreanü skad', the speech oi
the Kanauris. The KöcT speaking people of lower Bashahr nick- 5
name the language Minchän. As the words känörih skad' have
a somewhat unfamiliar appearance and sound, I have given to the
language the more usual name Kanauri, the name which is used
by all non-Kanauri people in the state and is more or less familiar
all over the Panjab. Kanauris themselves call their language ka- 10
nauri when they are speaking Hindi or KöcT. Köci is the generic
name given to every Aryan dialect spoken in Bashahr State.
The county of Kanaur lies in Bashahr State , which has an
area of 3800 sq. miles and a population of 84 000. The Kanauris
themselves number nearly 20 000. 15
Few languages have their limits defined with such mathematical
precision as Kanauri. It begins abruptly at mile 92 on the Hin¬
dustan Tibet road just over 20 miles from Rampur, the capital
of the state, and continues up the Satlaj River to past mile 192.
It is therefore spoken in the Satlaj Valley or sub-valleys for a 20
distance (measured along the road) of one hundred miles.
There are in all four dialects, I. Kanauri proper, spoken from
mile 92 to mile 162, i. e. from two miles beyond Särähän to
Jängl. Between mile 92 and Tärandä, which is at mile 104,
it is spoken only on the south side of the river. 25
II. Lower Kanauri spoken between miles 92 and 104 on the
north side of the river. This dialect does not greatly differ from
Kanauri proper. It uses more Köci words, but is in its grammar
wholly Tibeto-Himalayan.
III. Thebör skad 1 , spoken in the villages of Llppä , Äsran, 30
Läbrän, Känäm, Shünnäm and Shäsö. This dialect I have not had
an opportunity of studying. Kanauris living within ten miles of
when it begins to be spoken say that they cannot understand more
Zeitschrift der D. M. ti. Bd. LXIII. *3
662 Bailey, A Brief Grammar of the Kanauri Language.
than half of it. Further up the Satlaj than the Thebörskad' area
we come to the Nyamskad' dialect of Tibetan.
IV. A dialect spoken in the Baspa valley in two villages called
Chhitkhul or Räkshäm. I have a few notes on this dialect. It
5 certainly is a Kanauri dialect, but differs considerably from Kanauri
proper and is not understood at all by ordinary Kanauris.
Roughly speaking we may say that Kanauri proper is spoken
between long. 77° 53' and long. 78° 30' east of Greenwich and between lat. 30° 23' and lat. 30° 39* north.
io Into the philological problems connected with Kanauri this
Grammar does not attempt to enter. They have been ably treated
by Dr. Sten Konow in the Zeitschrift, Vol. 59, p. 117 ff. and more
fully in the Linguistic Survey of India Vol. Ill, part. 1. Dr. Sten
Konow shows that Kanauri belongs to the pronominalised group
15 of Tibeto-Himalayan languages, and has many points of affinity
with the Munda languages. All that I have attempted is, working
at first hand , to give the Grammar correctly and to explain the
pronunciation with the greatest possible care. I trust that these
notes will anew draw the attention of philologists to this fas-
20 cinating speech.
In this Introduction the placenamea have been given their
more common Köci pronunciation.
Pronunciation.
The pronunciation of Kanauri is exceptionally difficult. It is
25 worth while to go into it carefully. There are 23 clearly distin¬
guished vowelsounds, to which there may be added two or three
less clearly marked.
Vowel sounds. In these notes a is used for the following
sounds, a, long, like a in Italian trovare.
so a, the same vowel but considerably shoruu.
te, the sound of a in America, u in fun.
e is generally like French e", but has various lengths.
e is long.
e is the same vowel shortened,
as e is very short and is a wider vowel than the above, rather
like e in pet.
e followed by n is extremely narrow, as in ken, give.
There are three sounds represented by t, all narrow.
i long, as in Italian Lina, but longer.
40 i same vowel, shorter.
i same vowel, very short.
The sounds for which I have used o are somewhat complicated.
ö is long narrow Italian o.
o the same but shorter. This is sometimes longer and some-
times shorter, and one is tempted to what would probably be an
over refinement, the differentiation of two medium o s.
o is a diphthongal sound, composed of o and very short ö, the two
pronounced very rapidly as one sound oö. Thus dök'ts = doök'ts.
ö above the line, English aw in awe. 5
8 above the line is the 0 of English hot. The length of this
is not quite invariable, but it is generally very short.
0 is used for a very short sound <}f the type of German 0,
but short and inclining towards the narrower sound of German it.
0 is the German 0. This sound is somewhat rare. 10
The w's are
ü long like 00 in school. Rarely this tends to get narrowed
slightly towards ii as in shü a god.
m, same vowel, but shorter.
it a slightly wider vowel, short, like u in English bull, but 15
not so wide as the English u.
ii like German ii, very short, but not so narrow, dumghyiir,
kind of temple, piil(h) feather, miilQi) silver.
Sometimes one hears a tt which seems almost between ü and ii,
as in zgyul lichen , pyttd woof. Here the u resembles a rapid 20
combination of u and ii, thus zgyuiil, the two being very rapidly
enunciated. So also yunnig' go and yttnnig' grind corn. I am
not sure that this is really a distinct sound, and as it does not occur
in the Grammar no special symbol is needed for it.
ai like a in man. 25
au diphthong, slightly different from u. It is in fact a com¬
bination of 9 and ii. o u .
One feels almost inclined to make an exaggerated generalisation and to say that the normal vowel in Kanauri is half-long, a, e, i, 0, u,
and that short and long vowels are exceptional. It is noticeable that 30
in very many loan words the reverse is the case, we have phfhrk
= farq, difference, bäräbar, always. The whole difficulty is greatly
enhanced by the fact that the length of the vowels is not always
the same.
The greatest difficulty in Kanauri pronunciation is found in 35
connection with the half-uttered g' or k' as found at the end of a
syllable and especially at the end of a word. This letter occurs in
all infinitives, -mig', in the first person sing, of all verbal tenses and
in a number of ordinary words. I have represented it by g', it
might almost equally well be represented by k'. When a word 40
like gbrmig' is rapidly enunciated, the final letter sounds like a
half uttered k, if a very slight emphasis is placed upon it it sounds
like gk' both letters half uttered, the sound bearing a resemblance to
the sound emitted by a German imperfectly acquainted with English,
in saying the word big. If the syllable be emphasised it becomes g. 45
When followed by a sonant it is g, when followed by a surd it
is k, before a vowel it is generally g. Thus reg', a kind of tree,
43*
664 Bailey, A Brief Grammar of the Kanauri Language.
Genitive regit ; ag', cave, Genitive agü. Sometimes at the end of
a word , preceded by w, it becomes kh , as ma lünkh, ma unkh,
negative Future of Ittnmig' and ünmig'.
I once had a few minutes conversation with a Kanaura man
6 who knew a little Urdu. He stated that in the Infinitive the
letter was a g, lünmig', but in the Future and Past a k, läntok',
lanak'. I am not quite convinced, however, that he was not making
a difference where none exists.
There is a tendency in Kanauri with other consonants also to
10 leave them half pronounced at the end of syllables, as, e. g. d in
Imperatives shed 1, pored 1.
Verbal roots ending with a sonant generally change it to a
surd before another surd ; thus
cohmig', drip, ]/ cog, Past cokshid.
is kammig', pierce, \ kab, kapcimig' pierce me or you.
Many words ending in a vowel have that vowel closed by a sharp
jerk like that which closes words ending in -g'. I have indicated
this jerk by the sign Many examples will be seen in the following
grammar, e. g. tö', dü', he is, toke', düe', he was, lea', thou, nihä', we.
20 I is generally as in English , but at the end of an accented
syllable it tends to become very dental , being pronounced with
the tongue against the teeth. This give it almost an aspirated
sound. piil(h), feather; miilQi), silver.
n is like English n, but at the end of accented syllables a
25 little more dental. Between two vowels n tends to become cerebral,
but even when cerebralised is less cerebral than the Hindi n.
ranmig', give, Imve. raniH, ranic, Past ranög'.
lanmig, do, Past lanög'.
neg', I shall know, ni', it will be, neg. ma neg', ma ni.
so n is the gn in Italian signor, at the end of an accented syllable
very dental, ken give.
n is English ng in singing. I noticed one or two lightly
pronounced ns, the word for horse is ra«, quite distinct from
ran mountain.
35 ch is sometimes more cerebral than in Hindi, e. g. chü when
ch is pronounced rather for back in the mouth,
denotes the nasalisation of a vowel.
A noteworthy tendency is that of prefixing s and z (occa¬
sionally sh and zh) to words beginning with surds and sonants re-
40 spectively, especially p, b, k, g.
Thus, zbiodü' for biodü', he is going, skrapshimig' for krap-
shimig', weep together, mourn. I have indicated this by putting
the i or z in brackets.
Surds at the end of a word are sometimes aspirated; thus,
45 roth, native loaf; plural rote,
siifh, bug; plural siite.
All consonants not mentioned above are pronounced as in Hindi.
Dialectic differences. We must always bear in mind the
presence of purely dialectic variations, thus Infinitives in nmig'
and nnig', Futures in -ög', -äg', -ög', Pasts in -og', -ag', -ag'; toce, for toke', lantosh for lantish, de' for due', represent mere differences
of dialect, and all may be regarded as correct. 5
Noun. Number. The noun has two numbers, singular and
plural. There are no special forms for the dual.
Gender. There is no grammatical gender. Sex is indicated
by different words and occasionally by different endings.
zäzeä, eater (male), zäze, eater (female). 10
tohtseä, striker (male), tontet, striker (female).
kyö or skyö prefixed to a word denotes a male, month denotes
a female. Thus kyö pyä, male bird, month pyä, female bird.
Case. The cases will be seen from the paradigms. The ac¬
cusative is generally the same as the nominative, occasionally the is
same as the dative. Nouns ending in a vowel generally add -gä
to the nom. plural. The ablative ending seems to be -lets (or kc),
and is generally used simply with inanimate objects, for animate
objects it is joined to the preposition doä' and used in the
form dök'te. no
Agent. There is a certain amount of freedom in the use of"
the agent case. The common rule seems to be that for Intransitive
verbs it is not used : for Transitive verbs.
Nouns which are the subject of Transitive verbs are in the
agent case for all tenses. ü5
First and second personal pronouns are in the nominative case.
Pronouns of the third person are in the agent case for Past tenses,
otherwise they are in the nominative.
This rule is not strictly adhered to, and we find agentive forms
for first or second personal pronouns. 30
ts is often added to a noun to give a diminutive sense as
chan, son, boy, chants, little boy.
Pronouns. The pronouns show a great complexity of form.
In the second and third persons there are respectful forms, and all
three persons have a dual. In the first personal pronoun there 35
are exclusive and inclusive forms for both the dual and the plural,
indicating the exclusion or inclusion of the person spoken to. Thus
— we two shall dine at eight, if said to a friend would involve
the pronoun käshöh, thou and I, but if said to a servant nishi, he
and I, to avoid the servant's considering himself invited. 40
Relative. There is no proper relative , but in its place are
employed interrogative forms, or forms ending in -aha, (-ever), as
hätiaha, whosoever, thödiaha, whatsoever.
Verb. The verbal forms are very complex, and in some respects
very full. Thus every ordinary tense has a polite form for the 15
second and third singular, and dual forms for the first and second
persons. The ordinary plural forms are used for the dual of the
666 Bailey, A Brief Grammar of the Kanauri Language.
third person. The first person has exclusive or inclusive forms for
the dual and plural.
The verb substantive has two bases tog 1 and dug'. In addition
to the forms mentioned below under Conjugation the following
5 should be noted.
There is an indeclinable Present Tense formed by adding -ts
to the root (roots in n frequently dropping the n), thus lota, they
say, I say Ax. from lönmig', nihil' lots, we say.
mäets is not , are not , there is not , from the negative ma
10 (see below under Negative).
There is a Past in gi/ö or kyO, this ending being added to
the root. After sonants (including m, n, I) the ending is »7^0, after
surds and vowels it is kyo, after r both are found. Both transitive
or intransitive verbs have this ending.
15 längyö, did, from litnnig', bikyö, went, from bimig'.
böngyö, came, from biinnig', cikyö, washed, from cimig'.
I cannot explain this ending.
A peculiarity about the indeclinable past in -shid is worth
noting. When it is used with the verb substantive düg', düeg',
20 (present and past), the latter is regularlv declined both in the present
and in the past; thus, tohshid düg', dim, düeg' düen, Ac. I have,
thou hast, I had, thou hadst beaten.
When, however, the verb substantive of the form tog', tokeg',
is employed, the nominative is always of the first person, but the
ss verb remains indeclinable in the third person ; thus tohshid to', toke'.
I have, I had beaten.
The letter sh, sometimes with a euphonic i. is inserted after
the root to express a reflexive or mutual or even passive sense : thus
krammig, (y krab) cry, krapshimig' or skraj)shimig'. cry
30 together (perhaps falling on each other necks).
tohmig 1, strike, tohshimig', strike oneself or one another.
sarmig', raise, sarshimig', rise (cf. Italian levarsi).
zämig', eat, zashimig', be eaten.
The letter c similarly inserted after the root indicates an object 35 of the first or second person.
tamig, place, täeimig', place me, us, you Ax.
gö shicodüg', I am sending you (from shenmig', send).
ka' sheco-dftn. thou art sending me, us.
laheish tosh, (he, respectful) is waiting for me, us, thee, you.
40 laneish n'ltish, will iprobably) be waiting for me, us, thee. you.
gii tmurngf, ka' thü tohcon. I will beat thee, why wilt thou
beat me?
The pronouns may also I» expressed. There is no form for a
third personal object.
48 Transitive, intransitive. A transitive or intransitive sense
is frequently expressed by special verbs, e. g. slimmiq' with verbal
noun or conjunctive participle often expresses a transitive or
4 7
causative sense, as pi) pi) shimmig', cause to arrive, from pbnnig',
arrive, and hacimig, become, or some other verb, expresses an in¬
transitive sense.
Often entirely different verbs are used. Not infrequently,
however, the only difference is that transitive verbs have an initial 5
surd, while intransitive verbs have the corresponding sonant.
byanmig', fear, (s)pyahmig' , frighten.
dönmig', go or come out, tonmig 1, put out.
barmig', burst (intr.), pharmig', burst (tr.).
bohmig', burn (intr.), pohmig', burn (tr.). 10
Of the verbs kemig' and ranmig', both meaning 'give', kemig'
is used when the indirect object is of the first or second person,
and ranmig' when it is of the third.
gbs ranshids, I gave (him &c.).
niiks kerö', he gave (me, you &c). 15
ail bayäs kinü ketö', my brother will give 3Tou.
This rule is not always observed. Thus Tlkä Räm has dopbh
go anesi khau ketög' I will give him food. I have verified this.
Interrogative. The letter a is often added to a verb, and
sometimes to other parts of speech to indicate a question. Thus so
with the verb substantive we notice such forms as these, tona,
tona, to'a, toca, tosha, and with other verbs zatona, wilt thou eat?
tonaca, will yout wo strike?
Negative. For the Imperative the negative is tha, for all
other tenses ma. The Future is very often contracted when used «5
along with ma. This is occasionally true of other tenses. It
should be noticed that this contraction , while a little puzzling , is
not nearly so bewildering as in the cognate language LahulT.
Examples of contraction.
ma tohg, I will not strike, Fut. tontog'. so
ma rog, I will not cause to graze, Fut. riigtög'.
ma pöreäg', I will not be obtained, Fut. poreätög'.
ma döreg', I will not run, Fut. dür'eätög'.
ma pög, I will not arrive, Fut. pötög'.
The verb substantive tog' , tokeg' is contracted to maig' 3ä
(main, main, mai', regular) and mal keg' (mat ken, mal ken, mat
ke', &c. regular).
In these words the a and i are separately pronounced.
As n between two vowels tends to become cerebralised , we
have forms like w
ma neg', I do not know, Fut. netiig'.
ma ni, there is not, Fut. nilög'.
The Verbal noun is formed by adding -im or -am to a root
ending in a consonant, and -hi to one ending in a vowel. This is
the form used in compound verbs, see below. *s
Sometimes -mO or -mo is added to the root, especially when
the verbal noun is nominative to a verb, as tiihmö zarfir mani it
66£ Bailey, A Brief Grammar of the Kanauri Language.
is not necessary to eat, bimo om malice', going formerly not was>
one had not to go formerly ; r'enno fear tesh, (the sun) is ready
to set, kan or kanmo biö', he went to bring.
Loanwords. There are a great many Hindi loanwords. Nouns
5 are often taken over with a mere addition of ön, as kämöh, Hindi
kam, work, baton, H. bat, matter &c, or bs, cörbs, H. cor, thief; or -in as pettih, H. pet stomach.
We rind them among adverbs, bäräbär, hamesh, and s^'da, all
meaning 'always', bäeräh, outside, dirt; far, closely resemble H. bti-
10 räbär , hämeshä, sadä, bähar, dür. With httn, httnä' now, and
nerbh, near, compare Panjabi hün, hüne, nere.
In Verbs they are adapted and then conjugated like regular
Kanauri words. The following will be found conjugated in the
lists below,
is pörennig', be obtained, H. pärnä.
pötshennig 1, arrive, H. pähüncnä.
zitenmig', win, H. jitnä.
härenmig', be defeated, H. härnä.
dörenmig', run, H. daurnä.
20 Compound Verbs. Wish to, be able to, p er mit to,
learn to are expressed by means of the verbal noun.
Wish, gyämig'.
gb bim mä gyäg', I do not wish to go.
ki zäm mä gyau den (contracted from düyen) , you were
25 not wishing to eat.
gb bim ma gyägyä tokeg', hün bim gyätbg' , I had not
wished to go, now I wish to go.
tühäm gyäts düyeg', I was wishing to drink.
Be able, sbkyennig', loan word from Hindi (saknd).
so gb cem ma sbkeä' (pronounced almost maskeä'), I cannot write.
gb cem sokeä' tö', I can write.
gb pele cem mä sokeä', hünä sbkeä' tö', formerly I could
not write, now I can.
ri' gb bun mä sokyedä', the day before yesterday I could
sr. not come.
It is noticeable that the word for can or could seems in¬
variable, sbkeä', sbkeä' tö', sokyedä', all have the form of the 3 rd sing.
Permit, shennig', (lit. send).
The verbal noun is used with the required tense of shennig'.
io blm shennig', permit to go.
tiiham or zäm or bun shennig', permit to drink or eat or come.
dbk'ts süra ritgim shedä', he sent him to feed swine, might
mean, he allowed him to feed swine.
gasa obn shedä', he sent or allowed to wash clothes.
u Learn, hushimig'.
go cem hushbg', I shall learn to write.
Necessity is expressed by the Infinitive with the verb sub¬
stantive, and also by gyämig'. (See under advisability.)
gö bimig' tö', I have to go; cf. Hindi miyhe jänä hai.
dogos thö zämig', what are they to eat?
Advisability or duty is rendered by the Infinitive of 5
gyämig', wish, with the verbal noun or ordinary infinitive.
bim gyämig', one should go or will have to go.
kinu zäm or zämig' gyämig', you should eat.
kinu tohäm or tohmig gyämig', you should beat.
au bandau gyämig' tö', to me a servant is advisable or 10
necessary, I need a servant.
cörös mä län gyämig', it is not right to do stealing (to steal).
Conditional Clauses. The protasis appears to be always the
root of the verb with ma affixed. The apodosis varies according
to the sense. For the past conditional apodosis the Infinitive with 15
the past of the verb substantive is generally used.
do bönma tahma paisa pörennig due', he come-if , then
paisa to-be-obtained was , if he had come , then he
would have obtained a pice.
dö zäma tonmig' due', he eat-if, become-ill was ; if he had 20
eaten, he would have become ill.
do bönma gö rote ranmig' düyeg', if he had come I should
have given him loaves.
do bönma gö rote rantög', if he comes I shall give him loaves.
häth bünma, if anyone comes (who come-if). 25
the baton nima li , what matter become-if even , what¬
ever may happen.
ma nima, not become-if, if it be not so, i. e. otherwise
(n becoming n between two vowel).
The Conjugation Of the Verb. What may be called the 30
root of the verb is found by dropping the -mig' of the Infinitive.
Infinitive. The Infinitive ends in -mig'. When the root ends
in n the Infinitive has both -nig' and -mig', i. e. the m may at
pleasure be assimilated to the preceding n.
Verbal noun see page 667. 35
Future. The future is formed by adding -tög' to the root.
Verbs whose root ends in -ci or -shi, whether this ending is a
pronominal suffix or not , form the Future by changing ci or shi
to cög or shög. The ending -ög' is sometimes dialectically varied
to -og' or -ag'. 40
Imperative. The Imperative is generally the root. Rootsending
in i or e or ä are sometimes euphonically changed, as bih or biöh or
bmh from b'imig', go ; ciü from cimig, wash ; gyau from gyämig', wish.
Three other forms of the Imperative are found; one adds to
the root rä', which is declined. This form seems to be used when 45
immediate compliance with the order is not necessary. What this
670 Bailey, A Brief Grammar of the Kanauri Language.
-rä' is I do not know; can it be connected with ranmig 1, give, as
in Hindi ckörde, leave, banäde, make, where de is from dena, give ?
Another adds dä' instead of rä'. The special sense of da'
seems obscure. A few verbs have both rä' and dä' forms , as
5 hacimig', become ; ranmig, give ; unmig', take ; lanmig, do ; gyälmig',
win, but in most verbs only the rä' form is allowed.
Some Hindi loanwords ending in -ennig' form their Imperatives
in -ed as pötshed, zited, from pötshennig, arrive, zitennig', conquer.
So also somzed, from sömzeämig', understand, a verb which forms
10 some of its tenses as if from somzennig'. These Imperatives are
regular except for the 2nd sing.
Present and Imperfect Indicative. These tenses are formed
by adding the Present or Past of the Verb Substantive to the
Present Participle, which in turn is made by adding -o to the
15 root. Of the two forms of the verb substantive düg and dueg' are
commoner in these tenses than tog' or tokeg'.
The following are irregular : ronmig', graze, rögodüg'; zühmig,
begin, zügodüg' ; töshimig', sit, remain, toshidüg'; tümmig', drink,
tünadüg'; ktmig', give, ke'rodüg'; nemig', know, neödüg' ; n is very
20 frequently changed to g.
Past. The Past generally formed by adding to the root -ag'
or -shid, the later being indeclinable. Verbs whose roots end in
n generally drop the n.
tonmig', beat, tonag', tonshid; but däiög' from däinmig, run;
25 räshid from ranmig, do; böshid from bannig', come.
-ag' sometimes becomes -äg' or -ög'.
We notice also a past in -eg' specially in verbs with roots
in -shi or -ci , thus töshimig', remain , tosheg'; hacimig', become,
hacig'; hushimig', learn, husheg'.
30 Some verbs, usually with roots ending in -n, have a past form
in -dag', in addition to one or more other forms, as shennig', send
shedag'; porennig', be obtained poredag'; däinmig', run, dütädäg';
tonmig', become ill, todag'; biinnig', come bödag'.
Some verbs whose roots end in -n or in a vowel drop the
35 a of -ag' as, pönnig', arrive, pög'; zämig', eat, zäg'; kannig', bring,
käg'; lönnig', say, lög; shennig, send sheg; kemig', give, has kerag'
or keshid.
The Pluperfect. The Pluperfect seems to be made by com¬
bining the Conjunctive Participle (see below), with the Past of the
40 Verb substantive; thus shishi take', having died was, had died;
shö bibi toke', lost having-gone was, had been lost; gyägya
tokeg', having wished I was, I had wished. This construction may,
however, indicate rather a past state than a pluperfect tense.
The Present Perfect is formed simularly with the Present
45 of the Verb substantive , but we must enter the same caveat.
töto to', from tonmig', get ill, may be he has got ill, but it
may also be he is in a state of having got ill, i. e. he is ill.
Participles. Present. By adding -o to the root we get a
kind of Present Participle , which seems to be used only in com¬
position with the verb substantive or nimig', become.
Conjunctive, made by a repetition of the root, nene, having
known, from nemig 1; käkä, having brought, from kanmig; tontoh, 5
having beaten, from tonmig'.
Verbs with more than one syllable before the root repeat only
the latter or last syllable , pörereä', having been obtained from
pöt -ennig'; dörerea', having run, from dörenmig'.
A continuative sense is given to the Conjunctive Participle 10
by adding -o to each half: — bio bio, having continually gone,
from bimig' ; ttthotuho, having continually drunk , from tünmig',
cf. Hindi ja jä ke, pi pi ke.
Passive Participle. There is a Passive Part, formed by
adding -shes or shis to the root, thus ceshes, written, tohshes, beaten, 15
ma gyäshes, not desired. In Transitive verbs this participle means
in the state of having been beaten &c, in Intransitive verbs it
means, in the state of being &c.
Verbs whose roots end in shi or ci contract she's to -äs
or -is or -ös. thus, töshäs, sitting, from töshimig, hacas, having be- 20
come , from hacimig', däshas , having quarrelled , from däshimig,
chukshas, having met, from chukshimig'.
The Participle expressing on doing or while doing a thing
has two forms made by adding -eröh (or -erön) and men (or yenen)
to the root, röh is apparently the preposition meaning to it h. The 25
root undergoes the same changes as in the Present Indicative.
kemig, give, kereröh, on giving, kerenen, while giving.
tonmig', beat, toheröh, on beating, tohenen, while beating.
unmig, take, unerön, on taking, unyenen, while taking.
bimig, go, has benen and bieröh. 30
I am not clear about the exact difference in meaning between
these two participles.
Agent. The agentive Participle is formed by adding -zea or
-tsea to the root, zea generally being added to a root ending in
a consonant, and tsea to one ending in a vowel. Verbs whose roots 35
end in n frequently drop the n and take the latter form. For tsea
and zea dea and sea are found. The Feminine is tse, ze, de, se.
kemig', give, ketsea, giver; unmig', take, unzeä, taker; kan¬
mig', bring, katsea, bringer.
The forms are much interchanged, thus zämig', has zäzea, and 40
tonmig', beat, has tohtsea.
Roots ending in shi or ci take zeä; hacimig; become, hacizeä;
töshimig, sit, toshizeä.
This ending is commonly used with nouns, chiefly in the form
zea or sea or tsea. If there means the 'person or thing connected 45
with', thus ra"zea , the man with the horse , the owner or rider
or driver.
672 Bailey, A Brief Grammar of the Kanauri Language.
Central Kanauri.
10
15
«5 Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abi.
Agent
Nouns.
Masculine.
ran (rä 11), horse Singular.
ran, horse rähü
rähü, rähü pöh
räh, rähü, rähü, pöh
ränü dok'ts
Plural.
ranä rähänü
rähänü, rähänü pöh
rähä', rähänü, rähänü pöh
rähänü dok'ts rähäs.
Nona, ml
Gen. miü
Dat. ml pöh
Abi. ml dok'ts
Agent, mls
Nom. Mm
Gen. kimü
Dat. kimü pöh
Abi. kimok'ts Locative leimau
ml, man.
Plural as Singular.
kirn, house.
kimä' kimanü
kimanü pöh
kimanü dok'ts kimanau.
Nouns ending in a vowel have an alternative form in the plural.
Nom. böba, bowa, father,
Gen. bobau
Dat. böbä pöh
Abi. böbä dok'ts
Agent, böbäs
Nom. ate, brother.
Gen. ateö
Dat. ate pöh
Abi. ate dok'ts
Agent, ates
böwa', böwaga
böwanü, böwagänü
böwanü pöh
böwanü dok'ts böwäs, böwägäs.
ate atenü
ates
or atega, Gen. ateganü &c. regular.
The locative is formed by adding -ö or -au to the nom., thus,
kimau, in the house; rimö, in the field; wörkiö, to far; midkiö, in
the county; kämöhö, in work; dhömau, in the box.
Fern Singular.
Nom. cimed, daughter
Gen. cimedü or cimedü
Dat. cimedü pön
Abi. cimedü dok'ts
Agent, cimedas
Nom. rihgz, rings, sister
Gen. ringzü
Dat. ringzü or ringzü pön
Abi. ringzü dok'ts
Agent, ringzäs
Nom. amä, mother
Gen. amau
Dat. amä pön
Abi. amä dok'ts
Agent, amäs
i n i n e.
Plural.
cimedä' cimedanü
clmedanü pön
cimedanü dok'ts cimedas
ringzä' ringzanü
ringzanü or ringzanü pöh
ringzanü dok'ts ringzäs
amagä' amaganü
amaganü or amaganü pöh
amaganü dok'ts
amagäs
Singular.
Nom. gö, I
Gen. ah
Dat. ahü
Abi. ah dok'ts
Agent, gös
Pronouns.
First Person.
Dual exclusive.
nishi, he and I
nishü nishü nishü dok'ts nishis
Dual inclusive.
käsköh, thou and I
kashöhü kashöhü kashöhü dok'ts kashöhis, kashöhs Plural.
Exclusive (excluding "you")
Nom. nihä'
Gen. nihanü
Dat. nihanü
Abi. nihanü dok'ts
Agent, nihäs
Inclusive (including "you") kishöhä'
kishöhänü kishöhänü
kishöhänü dok'ts kishöhäs
Ordinary, thou.
Nom. ka'
Gen. kan
Dat. kanü
Abi. kan dok'ts
Agent, kas
Second Person.
Singular.
Polite, you.
ki' kin kinü kin dok'ts kis
674 Bailey, A Brief Grammar of the Kanauri Language.
Second Person.
Dual. Plural.
Nona, kishi kinä,'
Gent, kishü kinanii
Dat. kishü kinanü
Abi. kishü dok'ts kinanü dok'ts
Agent, kishis kinas
Third Person &c.
Nom. do, he, she, that
Gen. dö
Dat. do pön
Abi. do dok'ts
Agent, dos, doks
nu, he, she, i'uat nü
nu pöh nu dok'ts nus, nüks
ju, this jü ju pöh ju dok'ts jus, jüks.
Nom. dogo
Gen. dogonü
Dat. dogonü
Abi. dogonü dok'ts
Agent, dogos
Respectful.
nugo nugonü nugonü nugonü dok'ts nugos
jugo, pgo jugonü, jogonü jugonü
jugonü dok'ts jugos, jogos.
Duai.
Nom. doksöh nüksöh jüksöh
Gen. doksöhü nüksönü jüksöhü
Dat. doksöhü nüksöhü jüksöhü
Abi. doksöhü dok'ts nüksönü dok'ts jüksöhü dok'ts
Agent, doksöhös nüksöhös jüksöhös
Plural.
Nom. dogoa nugoa jugoa
Gen. dogoanü as, dogoa as dogoa
Dat. dogoanü Abi. dogoanü dok'ts
Agent, dogoas
hätt who?
Singular. Dual. Plural.
Nom. hätt hätsöh hüte
Gen. hutü hätsöhü hätenü
Dat. hätü hätsöhü hätenü
Abi. hätü dok'ts hätsöhü cU>k'ts hätenü dok'ts
Agent, hätäs hütsöhös hätes.
Other pronouns: hati, someone, anyone, huti ma, no one, e. g. hätt
ma bödä', no one came.
thö, the, what?, thötsi, something, anything.
thötsi ma, nothing, tsae, tsei, all.
-aha, -ever, e. g. hatiana, whosoever, thödiaha, whatsoever. 5.
an, self, e. g. an rokshodü', he himself is grazing himself.
Adjectives.
Comparison of adjectives is effected by the use of one of the
words ka 1, Tee's, bäskyöh, nü, than, with the positive form of the
adjective, e. g. 10
debäsh or dam, good; jü kä' debäsh, better than this;
nu bäskyöh ju dam tö', than that this is better ;
tsei Tee's debäsh, better than all, best;
gö bäskyöh nü däm or ah kä' nü däm, that is better than 1;
nü tsei nü däm or kä' däm or bäskyöh däm, that is better 15
than all.
Demonstrative (near) Demonstrative (far) Interrogative
or Correlative
höne', like this, höde', like that hate, halä, like what?
höträ', so much or höträ', so much or teträ' , how much or 20
many, many, many?
For the relative hätiaha, whosoever, and tetriaha, how much
so ever (or the interrogative teträ') are used.
Adverbs.
hün, hüna', now
dole, then teröh, when?
Smi, formerly pele, formerly toro, to-day nasüm, to-morrow
romi, day after to-morrow
päe, on fourth day
I, el, on fifth day ci, cel. on sixth day
kürol, on seventh day
jöh, höjöh, here döh, hödöh, there nöh, hönöh, there häm, where?
jöh tön (stöh), up to this
Time.
me, yesterday
rt', day before yesterday
ritsomiä', on fourth day back
terai, teröh, ever terai terai, some times teröh teröh, some times he, again
bäräbär, regularly, always hämesh, always
s°da, always
Place.
rih, up shoh, down neröh, near dör, far wark, far
676 Bailey, A Brief Grammar of the Kanauri Language.
Place.
näh tön (stön), up to there oms, omts, in front
dön tön (stön), up to there nyums, behind
jök'ts, from here homo, inside
s bäeräh, bairäh, berth, outside.
Other adverbs: thü, why?; nl, o, yes; ma, tha, no, not; It, also;
dam, well ; häsäl, quickly ; tahma, then (inferential).
The affix -i adds emphasis, as, hönöhi, in that very place, so
also hödöhi, teröhi.
10 Prepositions.
The commonest prepositions have been mentioned in the de¬
clension of nouns and pronouns. The same word is sometimes both
a preposition and an adverb.
näh, beyond dä', doä', near, beside
is jöh, on this side röh, with, along with
den, upon stön, (tön), up to
yuthöh, beneath tehes, for, for sake of
an doä', beside me; ah röh, with me; jöh stöh, up to here,
lean tehes, for thee, for thy sake.
20 ts or c is sometimes affixed to give the idea of from , as,
nöhts, from beyond.
Verbs.
Auxiliary.
Present, I am &c. tog', düg'.
25 First. Second. Third.
Sing, tog' ton; (polite) toü to'; (polite) tosh
düg' dün; dün dü'; düsh
Dual. <oc(=heandI),ro'(thouandI), toe (you two)
düc dü' düc
so Plur. ton (they and I), tö' (you and I) ton tö'
dün dü' dün dü'
Past, I was &c. tokeg', düeg'.
First. Second. Third.
Sing, tokeg' token, token take', tokesh
85 düeg' düen, düeh due', düesh
Dual, tokec, toke' tokec
düec, düe' duec
Plur. token, toke' token toke'
düeh, düe' düeh düe'
40 The second forms in the past correspond to the second forms
in the present.
gbrmig' fall.
Future, I shall fall &c. gbrtbg'.
First. Second. Third.
Sing, gor-tbg' -ton, (polite) -tin -to', (polite) -tosh, -tis_
Dual, -tic (he and I), -tic 5
-te 1 (thou and I), Plur. -tin (they and 1), -tin
-te' (you and I), -to'
Imperative gbr fall.
Sing, gor, (polite) gbrin or gbrda', gbrdih 10
Dual, gbric gbrdic
Plur. goric, gbrin gbrdic, gbrdih
Present Indicative, I am falling.
gbrodiig' or gbrotog', like dug' and tog 1, regular.
Imperfect, I was falling. 15
gbrodüeg' or gbrotoke;/' like düeg' and tokeg', regular.
Past, I fell, gbrbg', gbrshid.
First. Second. Third.
Sing, gor-bg' -On, (polite) -eh -ä', (polite) -esh
Dual, -ec (he and I): -ec 20
-she' (thou and I):
Plur. -ec (they and I); -eh •ar,<
he' (you and I);
gbrshid is indeclinable for all persons and numbers.
Participles. 25
gbrgbr having fallen, gbrogiiro having kept on falling, repeatedly fallen, gbryenen while falling, gbrerbh on falling, gnrtsea fallen.
tonmig', beat.
Fut. tohtbg'. Negative ma tbhg, I shall not beat.
Imperat. ton &c. so
also tohra' (sing.), tohrih, tohric.
Pres. Indie, tohodüg', tohotog', Imperf. tonodueg, tohotolceg'.
Past toh-ag' -an, -eh, -a', -ash
•ec, -she' -ec 35
-eh, -she' -en -a'
also tonshid
Participles lohtoh, tohotoho, tohyerien, toherbh, tohtsea.
Zeitschrift der D. M. G. I3d. LXIII. * 4
678 Bailey, A Brief Grammar of the Kanauri Language.
shuhmig', finish, waste.
Fut. shuhtbg', Negative ma shuhg.
Iraperat. shun and shuhrä' and so on like tonmig'.
5 pbnmig', fill,
like tonmig'.
gyalmig', win.
Imperat. gyal &c, gyalrä' &c, gyaldic &c.
Past gyalbg
io otherwise like tonmig.
tsammig', hold
like tonmig, except.
Negative Future ma tsumkh.
Past tsumbg' as in görmig'.
is hammig, be defeated
like gyalmig' except that in the Imperat. the form in -die is
not found.
shiibmig', slaughter (animal).
Neg. Future ma shubg.
to Past shit bog'
the past like tonmig'.
rühmig', graze (transitive).
n changes to g in declension.
Future rbgtbg.
25 Negative (ma) rbg rbgi'm, rugih, rbg,
rogic, rbgshau or riigtau rbgic
rbgic, rbgshau or rbgtau r 'ugiil riig.
Imperat. rbg, rbgin &c. also rbgrü' &c.
Pres. Ind. rbgodüg', rbgotog'.
30 Imperf. rbgodüeg', rbgotokeg'.
Past rbgbg, rbgshid.
ziihmig', begin.
Neg. Fut. 1st sing, inclus. dual or plur. ziigshe' and ziigme'.
Past ziizag', zugbg', zügshid
35 otherwise like rbhmig'.
Verbs whose root ends in n.
Some retain n, others change it to d. Those changing it to d
omit it altogether in the Future.
ranmig', give.
40 Put. rantbg', Neg. rang.
Imperat. ran, ranin, ranic, also ranrä' &C.
Pres. Imperf. rano-dug'-dwg' Sec.
Past ranög', ranshid.
Past ranran or vara, ranPnen, ranzea ka.
unmig', take.
Neg. Fut. unkh.
Partie, ünün, unyenen, unzeä, Ac. 5
otherwise like ranmig', except that n does not change to n.
lanmig', do.
Neg. Fut. hinkh.
Imperat. Ian, lanin Ac , lünrä' Ac, landic Ac.
Past laniig', lanshid. 10
Partie, lala.
otherwise like unmig'.
lönmig', say, speak.
Future lötög', Negative lüg.
Imperat. lun, löii, lüc. 15
Pres. and Impf, lödo-düg', -düeg' ic.
Past lüg lön, lüfi lö', lösh.
lue, lüshe' lue,
lüc, lüshe' löu, -lö.
also lüshid, lüdag.' For 1st dual and plur. inclusive, 20
lüdag' has lüda'.
Participles lülü, lüdycnin, lütseä &c.
shenmig', send Ac.
Fut. shetög', Neg. sheg'.
Imperat. shen, sheh Ac , sherü' Ac.
Pres, shedo-düg' &c.
I'ast sheg, shedag', sheshid.
Several verbs with roots in -n are loanwords from Hindi,
e. g. p'urenmig', be obtained, H. pürnä, pütshi-nnig', arrive, H. pd-
hünenä, zitenmig', win, H.jitnä, harenmig', be defeated, H. harna, 30
diirenmig', run, H. dauj-nä.
pürenmig, be obtained.
Fut. p'uriatög', Neg. p'urhlg'.
Pres. and Impf, poritfo-ditg', -düeg' Ac.
Past poridag', jtufishid. sr,
Partie, purireä, Ac.
pütshennig', arrive.
Fut. pütslüütög', Neg. pülshig'.
Imperat. pütshe-d, -ii Ac, also pütsheärü' Ac.
Pres. and Impf, pütsh'/ädo-drig' Ac. 10
Past pütshedag'. pötsheshid , jiütshiüg' (which has 1st dual and
plur. inclus. pütsh/äshe'.
44*
ßgfj Bailey, A Brief Grammar of the Kanauri Language.
zitenmig', win.
Fut. siteutög' \ Neg. zitig'.
Imperat. zited, ziten Ac. also zifeära' Ac.
Pres. ziteädodüg' Ac.
!• Past, ziteäg', zitedag'. ziteshid.
Iiarinmig', be defeated.
Fut. haretog', Keg. hareg'.
Pres. and Impf, haredo-düg', -düeg' Ac.
Past hareag', hareshid.
10 hareshis, defeated.
dörenmig', run.
Fut. doreätög'.
Neg. Fut. dvr-eg', -en. -eii ->*.
-ec, -i-ashe' or -Fate', -ec.
id -ec, -eashe' or -eate', -eil -e'.
Imperat. döri'd, döreii Ac.
Pres. and Imperf. dvredo-dug', -düeg'.
Past düreäg', dOr'edag', dureshid:
Partie, dörereä, döretsea Ac.
zo däinmig', run.
Fut. daiätöq'.
Neg. Fut. cfegr', e&m, tZaiJ. dashe' or dashaa or ctoe'' Ac.
Imperat. aao. Jan. «"«f Ac. also darn' Ac.
Pres. and Imperf. daiado-düg', -düeg' Ac.
Sfi Past däiäg', dätädag', däiäshid.
Partie. <fett, having run, dtiidö däidö. dä/derön Ac.
tonmig', be ill.
Fut. tötög'.
Neg. Fut. fo</, ton', toshe' or .tote' Ac.
:io Imperat. tod. ton Ac, also torä' Ac.
Pres, and Imperf. tödo-düg', -düeg' &c.
Past tiidag', töshid.
Partie, töto Ac.
pönmig', arrive.
ss Fut. pötdg', Neg.
Imperat. porä' Ac.
Pres, and Impf, podo düg &c.
Past pödag', po*hid, pög.
pög has 1 st dual and plural inclusive pöshe'.
io kanmig', bring.
Fut. kälög', Neg. /ctiV.
Imperat. kan, kaii Ac, and karä' Ac.
Pres, and Impf, kado-düg' &c.
Past leadäg', käg, kashid.
4,ri Participle A'äA'ü (accent on second), kadi/cmm. katsrä.
Roots ending in a Vowel.
nimig', be, become.
Fut. nitög', Neg. nig.
Imperat. ni, nltin &c, also nlrä' &c.
Pres. and Impf, nio-düg' &c.
Past nlshid and nig (nin, nin, ni', nish, nite' &c).
Partie, ninl, ninen, nltsea.
bimig', go.
like nimig' except the following.
Imperat. 2nd sing, bih or blök or blüh.
Past biog' (and blshid).
Partie, retain i of root, except benen, which has -e.
zämig', eat.
like nimig, substituting zä for ni except the following
düg' &c. for zäodüg'.
Past. 1st dual and plural inclusive zäshe' or zäd.
Partie, zäenen, zäzea, otherwise the same.
phimig', take away,
like nimig' except the following.
Imperat. phiü, phln &c. (also phirä').
Past, pkiog' (and phishid).
Partie, phiphi (accent on second), phienen.
shlmig', die.
like phimig'.
tämig', place, like nimig' except the following.
Imperat. täo, tän &c. (and lärä').
Past 1st dual and plural inclusive, täshe' and täte'.
clmig', wash (clothes &c.) like nimig' except the following.
Imperat. dü, cift &c. (and cirä').
Past 1 st dual and plural inclusive ciske'.
imig', ask.
like clmig' except the following.
Past iäg', (and ishid).
gyämig', wish, like zämig' except the following.
Imperat. gyau, gyän &c. (and gyärä').
Past 1st dual and plural inclusive gyäshe' and gyäte'.
sömzeämig', understand, loanword from Hindi (sämäjhnä).
Fut. sömzeätög', Neg. somzeag'.
i 8
682 Baüey, A Brief Grammar of the Kanauri Language.
Imperat. somze-d, -ii &c, and sömzerä' &c.
Pres. and Impf, sömzeodüg' &c.
Past sömzeäg', sömzcäshid.
somzüyamig', cause to understand.
5 loanword from Hindi (samjhänä).
like sömzeämig'.
Verbs with roots ending in -ci and -shi.
Sometimes c denotes an object of the first or second pereon,
me, us, thee, you, and s]i denotes a reflexive object, oneself, one
10 another , but in a number of verbs whose roots end in c and ah
I have not found any meaning such as that just indicated. The
i in -ci and -ahi seems to be merely euphonic.
hacimig', be, become.
Fut. hacög,' Neg. the same,
is Imperat. hac &c, hacrä' &c, hacdic &c.
Pres. and Impf, haco-düg' &c.
Past haceg', hacishid.
Partie, hachac, haceni-n, hacizea &c.
täcimig', place me, us, thou, you (see turmg').
20 like hacimig' except.
Past tacbg'.
sarshimig', raise oneself, rise (sarmig', raise), like hacimig' except
Imperat. sarsh, sarshin &c, sarshrä', but I have not found sarshdic.
25 Partie, sarshis, in the state of having risen.
hushimig, learn,
like hacimig, except that I have not found kuskdic in the Imperat.
töshimig', remain, sit.
Fut. tushög', Neg. the same.
■m Imperat. töslt &c, toshrä' &c.
Pres. and Impf, toshi-düg' &c.
Past tosheg', toshishid.
Partie, tushtösh, tosheni :n, toshizea &c.
The following are slightly irregular.
35 bünnig', bömig, come.
Fut. bötög', bütög', Neg. bög'.
Imperat. Sing, jir, jira', jura', polite jirah, jüriii.
Dual, jirac, jaric.
Plur. jirac, järic, jcih, jirau, jariii.
40 Pres. and Impf, bödau-düg' &c.
Past (Vig', bödag', böshid.
4 S
Partie, bobö, bödenen, bötseä, böderön.
Throughout this verb the sound of bo is between b'o and bü,
some pronounce it bü.
tümmig, drink.
Fut. tütög, Neg. tühg.
Imperat. tüh, tühin kc, tünrä' kc.
Pres. and Impf, tüädüg' kc.
Past tuög', tüshid, and tühög', tühshid.
Partie, tühtüh, tünyenen, tühzea, iüherbh kc.
kemig', give.
Fut. ketög', Neg. keg'.
Imperat. keöh, ken kc, and kerä' kc.
Pres, and Impf, kero-düg' &c.
Past kerag', keshid.
Partie, keke, kerenen, ketsea &c.
nemig', know.
Fut. nitög', Neg. neg' (in mä neg').
Imperat. neo, neu. &c, and nerä &c.
Pres, and Impf, neodüg' <fcc., sometimes neödüg' &c.
Past neg, neshid.
Partie, neni; nenen, netsea &c.
tonmig', take out, pour out.
Fut. töatög', Neg. tog'.
Imperat. tod, ton &c, and Warä' kt.
Pres. & Impf, tö-do-düg' kc.
Past, toäg', toshid.
I have heard toi', for 2nd sing. Imperat., and tonodüg' for
Pres. Ind. but am doubtful of them.
Numerals.
id' nish
shümm, sümm
pü hü Pty' 7 tissh, stissh 8 rai
9 zgüi, gni 10 sai 11 sißid' 12 s"nish
Cardinal.
13 s r'rüm 14 sapö 15 soha 16 s"rüg' i 17 sostish.
j 18 s°rai 19 sozgui
20 nizd (accent on second).
21 niz n id' 22 niz<~> nish 29 niz" güi 30 nizä sai
>
4
684 Baüey, A Brief Grammar of the Kanauri Language.
10
31 nizö sigi or sigid' 300 sümrä
40 nish nizä 400 pöra
41 nish nizö id' 500 härä
50 nish nizö sai 600 tügrä
60 sküm nizä 700 tishrä
80 wiza (not pö) 800 rairä
100 ra ' 900 (/Mim
101 röu 1 000 hazär
200 rum (accent on second) ! 100 000 läkh.
It will be noticed that enumeration proceeds regularly by
twenties. When a number follows nizä, twenty, the ä is changed
to 3. The accent is always thrown foreward to the last syllable
thus pörä, four hundred, pö nizä, eighty, pö nizö nd eighty-five.
Ordinals.
is Ordinals are formed by adding -9 to the cardinal ; thus häö,
fifth, pö", fourth, nizä and rai give nizö and re".
khänöh, ädhöh, half. Säwä nish, 2 1 / 4 ; sädhe pö, i 1^.
The Prodigal Son, St. Luke 15.
\ miü nish chah due', zigits chahes anö bawä iodä',
20 One man-of two sons were, small son-by own father-to said
babä ah hiza (or hissa) keö, dös anö bänfhä ränä' ; gatö
Father my part give, by him own part gave, few
diäröc nyums zigits chahes anö tsüe zoma lanä' wörkiö
days-from after small son-by own all together made far-in
25 biö', döh wämäh kamöho anö mäyä shühä: dös tsöe
went, there foolish work-in own property finished, by him all
khprts lani' do mülkiö ähkäluh bibi müh malts,
spending made, that county-in famine having-gone, quite not-is,
ollö pöpö. Do hodö mülkiö töshidü (or töshizeä)
30 straitened having-arrived. He that country-in dweller dweller
düä' (or dä') biö', dös anö riwünö süra rogim shedä'.
near near went, by-him own fields-ins wine to-make-feed sent.
Dö süräs rokshimi khölöp <7n zämig' gyau due' haisi do
He swine feeding husks self to eat wishing was, by-anyone that
35 ma runä'. Tsherep yat kadä' dog lododü' — ah
not gave. little remembrance brought he saying-is my
bvwä doä' te mözüri dü' petäh pöh stön röte
father near how-many labourers are, stomach fill up-to loaves
zäo, gö jöh öntös shiög'. Gö an böwa döh bitög'
eating, I here hungry died I own father there will-go
dopöh lötög', böwa Pärmeshüräs kin päp länlän gö kan
him-to will say father God-of your sin having-done I thy
chan had läik maig' , ahu nükri täcin. 5
son to-become worthy not-am , me servant make-me-please
Sarshis (or särshäs) anö böwü döh biö'. Do chart warkiö
Having-arisen own father there went. That son far-in
düe' ano böwäs tana', kötsöh tsälödü', däiä (or dörereä')
was own father-by saw, miserable thinking-is, having-run 10
anö chahö käkts tsüma', papü ränä'. Ghanas ano bönü
own son-in neck held kiss gave Son-by own father-to
lododü'. Bowä Pärmeshüräs kin päp lanlan gö kan chan
saying-is. Father God-of your sin having-done I thy son
had läik maig'. Bönäs nükrenü lododü': — tsüe 15
to-become worthy not-am. Father-by servants-to saying-is all
nu dum chügä totöä (or tötä') phögin, gud' 1 prats"
than good coat having-taken-out put-on (please) hand-of finger-in
mundi shen , bauö shpön shen yokshid ash
ring send (please), foot-in shoe send (please) fatted calf 20
kaka shünmig', nihü zätiu khüsi hacin (or nitih) thü
having-brought to-kill we may-eat happy may-become, why
an chah shishi toke', he shöhgi hacis, shö bi-
my son having-died was, again alive having-become, lost having-
bi toke' he pöredä'. Dos khüsi lano due'. Dö 25
gone was, again was-obtained. By him happiness making was. His
teg ate rimö düye' , kimü neräho böderöh (bödyän'en)
big brother field-in was house-of near on-coming
bazgi bazetsü skad thaso dü'. I nukrü
musical-instrument sounding-of noise hearing is. One servant-to so
kuku dopöh iödü thö hace'. Nukrös lodo
having-called him-to asking-is what became. Servant-by saying
dü' kan dzigits ate bodä' kan böwäs yokshid ashu' shubä' ;
is thy little brother came thy father-by fatted calf killed ;
do tat shübo dü' ano chan tsaha (or dum) pörereä', 35
that for killing is, own son well good having-been-obtained ;
dö dükhöh tahtah kumo bim maio dä' or ma gyau dü',
he angry looked house-in to-go not asking is not wishing is,
dö bön bäeräh bibi anu chahu s°mzäeo dü'.
his father outside having-gone own son-to making-understand is. 40
4 8*
686 Bailey, A Brief Grammar of the Kanauri Language.
Dos lodo du' gös te böshöh kan kamaii lanlan,
Him-by saying is me-by how-many years thy work having-done
kas ahu teruhl bökhärü chah ma keke ah köneä
thee-by me-to ever she-goat's son not having-given my friends
5 röh khüsi lantög', kan chah terah bödä' hais
with happiness I-shall-make, thy son ever (i. e. when) came whom-by
kan mala pätäränu üdäeä' kas do tahis yokshid
thy property harlots-to caused-to-fly, thee-by him for fatted
ash shubshub. Bonos lodo dü' chah ka tä bäräbür
10 calf having-killed. Father-by saying is son thou then always
ah röh eke ton, fhödeah ah doä' to' do kano. Khüsi
me with together art, whatever me near is that thine. Happiness
lanmig', khüsi hacimig' däm toke' thü kan bälä shishi
to-make happy to-become good was, why thy brother having-died
15 toke' he shöhgi hacis shö bibi toke', he
was, again alive having-become, lost having-gone was, again
pöredä'.
was-obtained.
Sentences.
20 1. Kan nämah thö dün or düt? Thy name what is?
2. Nu ra" te böshah? That horse how-many years?
3. Jone Kashmir 0 te wärkh nltö'? Here-from Kashmir-to how
far will-be ?
4. Kan bäwau kimau te chaha dü'? Thy father's house in how-
25 many sons are ?
5. Gö torö dörc yönyön bog'. I today far-from having-walked came.
6. Ah dzits bäwau chah nu miu rihs ränekäh lana'. My little
father's (uncle's) son that man's sister with marriage made.
7. Klmo thö rauu zligä' to'. In the house white horse's saddle is.
so 8. Nu rahu zhgä ran. That horse to saddle give (saddle that horse).
9. Gös nu chah gob tohag'. I (by me) that boy much beat.
10. Thölü den ze laha rögo dü'. Hill upon goats, cows he causing-
to-feed is.
11. Bötahu yüthöh raiia den töshis dü'. Tree under horse on
35 seated he is.
12. Do bäiäts anö rins kä teg dü'. That little-brother own sister
than big is.
4 8 *
13. Do mölöh nish rüpea pö pauli dü'. Its price two rupees,
four two-annas is.
14. Ah böwa zigits kirn" töshid. My father little house-in has
sat (lives).
15. Nu rüpea do mi pöh randä' (or ränrä'). That rupee that 5
man to give.
16. Do rüpea do dök'ts unda' (or unrä'). That rupee him
from take.
17. Do pöh tohtoh böshös tsürä'. Him-to having-beaten rope-
with bind. 10
18. Khu"c ti toi'. Well-from water extract.
19. Ah oms päi'. Me before walk.
20. Hätü chah kan nyums budo dü'? Whose son thee behind
coming is?
21. Ka' hätü dök'ts unä'? Thou whom from took? 16
22. Deshöhu i baniä dok'ts unag'. Town-of one shopkeeper from
took — I.
688
Eine Dittographie
in Hiob 38, 8 und ihre Begleiterscheinungen.
Von Wilhelm Caspari.
Die Stimmung Hiob's, welcher die Gottesreden in Kap. 38 ff.
begegnen sollen, wird vielfach als eine Art Hybris aufgefaßt; sie
führt ihn zwar nicht zu einer entsprechenden Tat, aber sie hat ihn
zu einer Selbstüberschätzung gebracht. In dieser befangen , be-
5 trachtet er sich , ohne sich dessen bewußt zu werden , als Mittel¬
punkt und Ziel der Welt. Er kommt sich nicht mehr als Indi¬
viduum einer weitverbreiteten Gattung vor, sondern er sieht in
sich die ganze Gattung geschlagen und verunglückt, weil sein Leiden
keine individuellen Voraussetzungen auf seiner, Hiobs, Seite (Sünden)
io gehabt hat. In seiner Weltvorstellung ist alles, was da ist, im
wesentlichen in zwei Sphären geteilt: in das Menschliche und Außer¬
menschliche. Letzteres befindet sich unmittelbar oder mittelbar in
der Hand Gottes, und auf ihn wird zurückgeführt, was sich im
Außermenschlichen begibt. In eine ähnlich zentrale Stellung rückt
15 Hiob innerhalb des menschlichen Gebietes infolge seines jetzigen
Ergehens sein Ich ; denn dieses ist ihm zum Problem geworden ;
die Tiere, die ihn umgeben haben, die Familie, die ihn als ihren
Patriarchen geehrt, sie sind nicht mehr. Nicht um ihretwillen also
war er da , sondern ihr aller Dasein hat nichts weiter auf Erden
20 zurückgelassen , als Spuren oder Eindrücke in seinem Innern ; so
wird er zum ersten Male dahin gebracht, sich in seinen Gedanken
isoliert Gott gegenüber zu setzen, und ohne Ablenkung seine
Existenz in dem Schema: Gott und der Mensch, zu denken.
Wahrend nun diese Stufe des religiösen Bewußtseins anderwärts
25 als das Höchste gefeiert wird, was sich denken läßt, hat das Hiob-
buch sein Augenmerk auf die hiermit verbundenen , geistlichen'
Gefahren gerichtet. Es steht der Seelenstellung Hiob's mit un¬
verhohlenem Bedenken gegenüber und läßt Gott zu ihm sagen, daß
er sich nicht überschätzen solle; er ist nur ein kleiner Teil der
:w Welt; daraus kann er die Anwendung auf sich machen, daß sein
eignes irdisches Wohl und Wehe nach Bedarf umfassenderen
