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10
−14
10
−12
10
−10
10
−8
10
−6
10
−4
10
−2
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
vmr
Altitude [km]
OH
H2O
HCN
CO
H2CO
NO
H2O2
HCl
N2O
NO2
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CH3Cl
HNO3
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10
0
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5
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10
10
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Pressure
Doppler
Voigt
lmnopq rsÉu Ê }q qq|q|q {| x}q zxmxoq {w x}q pqopq z| Ë {qp p{zq|q m|q mx} w{p x { {ÌÍnq| m|q q|xqpq zx rrÎ ÏÐ Ñ ÒqwxÓ z| ÉÎÔ ÏÐ Ñ Òpmn}xÓÕ pqqxmqÍs Ê}q m|q mx} {xzm|q Í z {~ m|zxm{| {w x}q Ë{qp z| pqopq p{zq|m|n ~ q}z|m~ Òx}q y{mnx m|q}zqÓ m z{ mzÍq s 03 @7M 6:411<:41H ? .4 /834Y:0@ =415:/>/8Y 3.4 7/Y3 @/841.064 T K<0* 3/78 TÀ HUÖVV /1 873 17@Z0>@4 080@N3/50@@N 08= 0 8<; 4:/50@ 0@Y7:/3.; /1 844=4= H ?.4:4 0:4 14Z4:0@ 0@Y7:/3.; 1D >N 4HY D G :0N178 TÀ× fgV \ </ 43 0@ H TÀ× fV \ <; @/54 TÀ× f × V Ø <83º TÀ×× fVH ? .4 :4@03/Z4 =/W4:48541 >43M 448 =/W4:483 0@Y7:/3.; 1 0:4 1; 0@@D 01 .01 >448 1.7M 8 /8 :/1178 08= ¢ 4:/87 TÀ×× fVH ÙÚÛÚÜ Ý Þß àáßâ ã ä å æÞçè àáÞ ß ¢ 401<:4; 4831 1.7M 3.03 3.4 3730@ 0>17:63/78 .01 ; <5. ./Y.4: Z0@<41 3.08 3.4 0>17:63/78 7>30/84= >N 1<; ; /8Y <6 3.4 5783:/><3/781 9 :7; 0@@ 3.4 @/841H é7: /8130854D /8 17; 4 M /8=7M :4Y/781ê 3.4 5783:/><3/781 7 9 3.4 16453:0@ @/841 37 3.4 0>17:63/78 508 >4 01 @7M 01 Á ë H ?.4 ; /11/8Y Á ë 0:4 033:/><34= 37 0 34:; 50@@4= 5783/8<<; 0>17:63/78H ?./1 4ì5411 7 9 0>17:63/78 /1 13/@@ 1<>k453 37 >73. 3.47:43/50@ 08= 4ìí î ï ðñòóô õö÷ðóñ ðø ùúö øûöüùõýþ õýñ÷ö ôúöõö ñó öÿ ðøøðóñ ýøóõûùðóñ þðñöø ýõö óñòóõ ùúö óñò öÿ ðøøðóñ ýøóõûùðóñ þðñöø ýõö öõ ôöýZ Y H£ Z N k T ¹ À×× g ¹ À××× V Z Z » Z T !" V ì Y T " ! V Y T# ! V í » Y b Z $ Z í $ Z Z Z T # ! " ! V ì % W Z é ì ¢ $ Y TÀ×× ÁV Z ì & \ TÀ××À V YY í !" Y Y Y TÀ× V ' ì ì í & W T Y ¹ À×× gV $ Y Y ì a T í Z Y ¢ ¢ f ¢ ¢ × ¢ ¢ × UV T a À× × a À×× UV Y Ø º % Z T Ø % V T Y À× × V º T ( V T º À×× V £ k é ¹ TÀ××× V T ÁÁÁVØ T ÁÁV Ø T ÁÁV é Y À j ) À f Z Y ì Y Z T Ö À Á À j V Y W
0
200
400
600
800
1000
10
−14
10
−12
10
−10
10
−8
10
−6
10
−4
10
−2
Frequency [GHz]
k
[1/m]
altitude =4 km
altitude =10 km
altitude =15 km
"H2O−MPM87"
"H2O−MPM89"
"H2O−MPM93"
"H2O−PWR"
"H2O−CKD"
lmnopq rs/u 012 {|xm|oo~ z{pxm{| {q3 mq|xÕ 4Õ z{pm|n x{ mw wqpq|x zpz~ qxqpmÑzxm{| ~ {q zx x}pqq zx~ {}qpm qqu É 5~ Õ r6 5~ Õ z| r/ 5~ sÊ }q pqq|xq zozxm{| qpq qpw{p~ q w{p ~ mzxmxoq o~ ~ qp {|mxm{| Ò ³©².·ª Õ |qp{| qx zsÕ r7Î8Ós0
200
400
600
800
1000
10
−12
10
−10
10
−8
10
−6
10
−4
Frequency [GHz]
k
[1/m]
altitude =4 km
altitude =10 km
altitude =15 km
"N2−PWR"
"N2−MPM93"
"N2−MPM93"
lmnopq rs8u 9{|pq{|z|x : 1 {|;<|==~ >?@A;<?B C?D3 C<DB;Õ 4 Õ >CC?@EF <BG ;? E<HD@DB; A>@>I D;D@<Ñ>;<?B I ?EDJK >; ;L@DD >;I ?KALD@<C JDMDJKNÉ 5I Õ O6 5I Õ >BE O/ 5I P Ê LD A@DKDB;DE C>JC=J>;<?BK Q D@D AD@R?@I DE R?@ I <EF J>;<;=ED K=I I D@ C?BE<;<?BK ÒST UV W Ë Õ TBED@K?B D; >JPÕ O7Î8ÓP0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
x 10
−7
Frequency [GHz]
k
[1/m]
altitude =4 km
altitude =10 km
altitude =15 km
"O2−PWR88"
"O2−PWR93"
"O2−MPM93"
"O2−MPM92"
"O2−MPM89"
"O2−MPM87"
"O2−MPM85"
S<G=@D OPÔN 9?BF@DK?B>B; 21 C?B;<B==I >[K?@A;<?B C?D3 C<DB;Õ 4Õ >CC?@EF <BG ;? E<HD@DB; A>@>I D;D@<Ñ>;<?B I ?EDJK >; ;L@DD >;I ?KALD@<C JDMDJKN É 5I Õ O6 5I Õ >BE O/ 5I P Ê LD A@DKDB;DE C>JC=J>;<?BK Q D@D AD@R?@I DE R?@ I <EF J>;<;=ED K=I I D@ C?BE<;<?BK ÒSTUV WË ÕT BED@K?B D; >JPÕ O7Î8ÓP \ ]^ _ ` a bcd e fb e ` gb h i ci j i fa f k í l m $ ì l m l nop l qr s t ××u uvv tw x yz{|} l q~ t ×× Y w k z{| } ÙÚ ÚÙ $ nop q w í l k uvv l íZ* ... , X v $ X $ $ l nop l Ø qw $ q w l l qr s t u w ¡¢£¤¥¦§ ¨ ¡¢£¤¥¦§©¨ ª « ¡¬ © ¤¥¦§ ¨ ª « ¡¬©¤¥¦§©¨ qt X® w ¯ l mm ° & ± ²& qtt Y w k l m ²& qt uv w l l ³´³µ ¶·¸ ¹º» ³´³µ ¶·¸ ¹º» qt X¼ w ( ½ ³´³µ ½ ¾ ' ½ ¿À " Á Âà  ÃÄÂÄÅ ÂÄ Æ ®Y Ç È ÉÊ Ä ÄËÅ ÁÌÍ Ê ÅÌÎÅ ÏÐ ÄËÁà ÃÄÂÄÅ Áà ÎÏÌÃÁÑÅÒÅÑ ÁÌ nop ÑÂÄÂ É ÂÃÅÓ ÔËÅ nop ÃÕÅÎÄÒÏÃÎÏÕÁÎ ÑÂÄÂ É ÂÃÅ ÏÐ Â ÃÕÅÎÁÅà ÁÌÎÖ Ê ÑÅà ÄËÅ ÒÏÄÂÄÁÏÌÂÖ¾ÃÕÁÌ ÕÂÒÄÁÄÁÏÌ Ð Ê ÌÎÄÁÏÌ ÐÏÒ ÃÏ× Å ÒÅÐÅÒÅÌÎÅ ÄÅ× ÕÅÒÂÄ Ê ÒÅà X vv Ç È uu ® Ç È ÂÌÑ t ® v Ç Ó Ô ËÅ ÑÂÄ ÐÏÒ ÏÄËÅÒ ÄÅ× ÕÅÒÂÄ Ê ÒÅà ÄËÂÌ ÄËÅ ÏÌÅà lÁmÅÌ ËÂà ÄÏ É Å Ï É ÄÂÁÌÅÑ ÉØ ÂÌ ÁÌÄÅÒÕÏÖÂÄÁÏÌÓ Ù Ï mÁ É ÒÂÄÁÏÌÂÖ ÕÂÒ¾ ÄÁÄÁÏÌ Ð Ê ÌÎÄÁÏÌ Áà ÁÌÎÖ Ê ÑÅÑ È ÄËÅ ÃÄÂÄÅÑ ÕÂÒÄÁÄÁÏÌ Ð Ê ÌÎÄÁÏÌ Áà ÎÂÖÎ Ê ÖÂÄÅÑ ÐÏÒ ÄËÅ ÄÏÄÂÖ ÎÏÌÎÅÌÄÒÂÄÁÏÌ ÏÐ ÄËÅ mÁ É ÒÂÄÁÏÌÂÖ¾ÅÖÅÎÄÒÏÌÁÎ ÃÄÂÄÅ ÏÐ ÄËÅ × ÏÖÅÎ Ê ÖÅÓ ²½ÎÅÕÄÁÏÌà ËÂmÅ É ÅÅÌ × ÂÑÅ ÐÏÒ ÃÏ× Å ÃÕÅÎÁÅÃ È ÅÓlÓ È Ú Û ÂÌÑ Ü Ý Ú È Þ ËÅÒÅ ÄËÅ mÁ É ÒÂÄÁÏÌÂÖ ÕÂÒÄÁÄÁÏÌ Ð Ê ÌÎÄÁÏÌ Áà ÂÖÃÏ ÁÌÎÖ Ê ÑÅÑÓ ßà àá â ãä å æ ç è ÌÐÏÒÄ Ê ÌÂÄÅÖ ØÈ ÄËÅ nop ÎÂÄÂÖÏl ÑÏÅà ÌÏÄ ÁÌÎÖ Ê ÑÅ ÕÒÅÃÃ Ê ÒÅ É ÒÏÂÑÅ̾ ÁÌl ÕÂÒÂ× ÅÄÅÒÃÓ Ô ËÅÒÅÐÏÒÅ È ÄËÅ xyz{| } ÑÂÄÂ É ÂÃÅ q~ ÏÄË× ÂÌ ÅÄ ÂÖÓ È t u È t Y w È ËÂà ÄÏ É Å Ê ÃÅÑ ÄÏ ÕÒÏmÁÑÅ ÄËÁà ÁÌÐÏÒ× ÂÄÁÏÌÓ ÔËÅ xyz{| } ÑÂÄÂ É ÂÃÅ ÑÅÃÎÒÁ É Åà ÐÅ Þ ÅÒ ÃÕÅÎÁÅà ÄËÂÌ ÄËÅ nop ÎÂÄÂÖÏl È ÉÊ Ä ÁÄ ÎÏmÅÒÃ Â Þ ÁÑÅÒ ÐÒÅé Ê ÅÌÎ Ø ÒÂÌlÅ q Ê Õ ÄÏ Â É Ï Ê Ä ê vv Ô w ÂÌÑ lÁmÅÃ × ÏÒÅ ÑÅÄÂÁÖÅÑ ÑÂÄ ÏÐ ÄËÅ ÄÒÂÌÃÁÄÁÏÌ È ÁÌÎÖ Ê ÑÁÌl ÕÂÒÂ× ÅÄÅÒà ÏÐ ÄËÅ ÕÒÅÃÃ Ê ÒÅ É ÒÏÂѾ Ê
Æ Z ì íî ï ðñ ð ò óôò ÃÕÅÎÄÒÏÃÎÏÕÁÎ ÑÂÄÂ É ÂÃÅ ÕÖÅÂÃÅ ÒÅÐÅÒ ÄÏ õ Â× ÂÎËÅ ÂÌÑ ~ ÏÄË× ÂÌ qt u wö õ ÏÖÑ× ÂÌ ÅÄ ÂÖÓ q uvvv wÓ Ï Þ ÅmÅÒ È × ÂÌ Ø ÏÐ ÄËÅ ÕÒÅÃÃ Ê ÒÅ É ÒÏÂÑÅÌÁÌl Õ¾ ÒÂ× ÅÄÅÒà ÂÒÅ ÷ Ê ÃÄ ÑÅÐÂ Ê ÖÄ mÂÖ Ê ÅÃÓ Ô ËÅ É ÅÃÄ ÏÕÄÁÏÌ Áà ÄÏ × ÅÂÃ Ê ÒÅ ÄËÅ × ÏÃÄ Á× ÕÏÒÄÂÌÄ ÕÂÒÂ× ÅÄÅÒà ÁÌÑÁmÁÑ Ê ÂÖÖ Ø ÁÌ ÄËÅ ÖÂ É ÏÒÂÄÏÒ ØÈ ÂÄ ÖÅÂÃÄ ÐÏÒ ÄËÅ × ÏÃÄ Á× ÕÏÒÄÂÌÄ ÄÒÂÌÃÁÄÁÏÌÃÓ²mÅÌ ÃÏ È ÖÂÒlÅ Ã Ø ÃÄÅ× ÂÄÁÎ ÅÒÒÏÒà ÂÒÅ Á̾ ÄÒÏÑ Ê ÎÅÑ Þ ËÅÌ × ÅÂÃ Ê ÒÁÌl ÄËÅÃÅ ÕÂÒÂ× ÅÄÅÒÃ È Âà ËÂÃ É ÅÅÌ ÑÅ× ÏÌÃÄÒÂÄÅÑ ÉØ õ Â× ÂÎËÅ ÅÄ ÂÖÓ qtÆwÓ ÅÌÎÅ È ÅÒÒÏÒà ÎÏ× ÁÌl ÐÒÏ× ÄËÅ ÁÌÂÎÎ Ê ÒÂÄÅ ÕÒÅÃÃ Ê ÒÅ É ÒÏÂÑÅÌÁÌl ÕÂÒÂ× ÅÄÅÒà ËÂmÅ ÄÏ É Å ÂÎÎÏ Ê ÌÄÅÑ ÐÏÒ Â ÎÏ× ÕÖÅÄÅ ÅÒÒÏÒ ÂÌÂÖ Ø ÃÁÃÓ ßà àø ù ú ä å æ ç û Ì ÂÌÂÖ Ø ÃÁÃ Þ Âà ÎÂÒÒÁÅÑ Ï Ê Ä Âà  ÕÂÒÄ ÏÐ ÂÌ üýzüþ ÃÄ Ê Ñ Ø qÿ Â Ê ÅÒ ÅÄ ÂÖÓ È t w Þ ÁÄË ÄËÅ ÂÁ× ÄÏ Á× ÕÒÏmÅ ÄËÅ ÃÕÅÎÄÒÏÃÎÏÕÁÎ ÑÂÄÂ É ÂÃÅ ÉØ ÕÅÒÐÏÒ× ¾ ÁÌl ÌÅ Þ ÖÂ É ÏÒÂÄÏÒ Ø × ÅÂÃ Ê ÒÅ× ÅÌÄÃÓ û ÌÅ Þ ÃÕÅÎÄÒÏÃÎÏÕÁÎ ÑÂÄÂ É ÂÃÅ È z{|} È Þ Âà ÅÃÕÅÎÁÂÖÖ Ø ÎÏ× ÕÁÖÅÑ Þ ÁÄËÁÌ ÄËÅ ÕÅÎÄÒÏÃÎÏÕÁÎ Ä Ê Ñ Ø × Å̾ ÄÁÏÌÅÑ Â É ÏmÅ ÄÏ ÎÏmÅÒ ÄËÅ ÐÒÅé Ê ÅÌÎ Ø É ÂÌÑà ÏÐ ÄËÅ | ýzü{ q~ Å ÉÊ ÒÌ ÅÄ ÂÖÓ È t w È ÂÌÑ ýo{|} qÿËÖÅÒ ÅÄ ÂÖÓ È tw ÁÌÃÄÒ Ê × ÅÌÄÃÓ k Ä ÎÏ̾ ÄÂÁÌà ÅÌÄÒÁÅà ÐÒÏ× ÂmÂÁÖÂ É ÖÅ ÃÕÅÎÄÒÏÃÎÏÕÁÎ ÑÂÄÂ É ÂÃÅà qnop ÂÌÑ x yz{|}w ÂÃ Þ ÅÖÖ Âà ÒÅÃ Ê ÖÄà ÏÐ ÑÅÑÁÎÂÄÅÑ |ýzü{ ÂÌÑ ý o{|} × ÅÂÃ Ê ÒÅ× ÅÌÄÃÓ ²ÏÒÄà ÄÏ Á× ÕÒÏmÅ ÄËÅ ÃÕÅÎÄÒÏÃÎÏÕÁÎ ÑÂÄÂ É ÂÃÅ ËÂmÅ ÂÖÃÏ É ÅÅÌ × ÂÑÅ ÂÄ ÃÅmÅÒÂÖ ÖÂ É ÏÒÂÄÏÒÁÅÃ È Ã Ê ÎË Âà ÅÄ rÒÏÕ Ê ÖÃÁÏÌ Â É ÏÒÂÄÏÒ Ø q è w È è ÌÁ¾ mÅÒÃÁÄ Ø ÏÐ Â× É ÒÁÑlÅ q è Ç w È ÂÌÑ k É ÂÒÂsÁ è ÌÁmÅÒÃÁÄ Ø qÂÕÂÌwÓ ßà à ÅÒÑÂÌÑÁ q²ÒÁsÃÃÏÌ È tw Áà  ÃÕÅÎÄÒÏÃÎÏÕÁÎ ÑÂÄÂ É ÂÃÅ lÅÌÅÒÂÄÅÑ ÂÄ ËÂÖ× ÅÒà è ÌÁmÅÒÃÁÄ ØÈ õ ÄÅ É ÏÒl È Þ ÅÑÅÌÓ k ÄÃ × ÂÁÌ ÕÂÒÄ Áà ÎÒÅÂÄÅÑ ÉØ × ÅÒlÁÌl ÑÂÄ ÐÒÏ× nop qrÁÎsÅÄÄ ÅÄ ÂÖÓ È t u w ÂÌÑ xyz{| } q~ ÏÄË× ÂÌ ÅÄ ÂÖÓ È t u w ÉÊ Ä ÂÖÃÏ Þ ÁÄË ÄËÅ ÕÏÃÃÁ É ÁÖÁÄ Ø ÄÏ ÁÌÎÖ Ê ÑÅ ÁÌÐÏÒ× ÂÄÁÏÌ ÐÒÏ× ÏÄËÅÒ ÃÏ Ê ÒÎÅÃÓÔ ËÅ ÃÕÅÎÁÅà ÁÌÎÖ Ê ÑÅÑ ÁÌ ÄËÅ ÑÂÄÂ É ÂÃÅ ÂÒÅ Â ÎÒÏÃþÃÅÎÄÁÏÌ ÏÐ ÄËÅ ÃÕÅÎÁÅà ÐÏ Ê ÌÑ ÁÌ nop ÂÌÑ xyz{| } È Þ ÁÄË ÂÌ ÂÑÑÁÄÁÏÌ ÏÐ Ú ÂÌÑ Â ÐÅ Þ ÁÃÏÄÏÕÅà ÄËÂÄ ÂÒÅ ÏÌÖ Ø ÐÏ Ê ÌÑ ÁÌ nopÓ Ô ËÅ nop ÖÁÌÅ ÎÂÄÂÖÏl ÁÃ Ê ÃÅÑ Âà ÄËÅ × ÂÁÌ ÃÏ Ê ÒÎÅ ÄÏ ÎÒÅÂÄÅ ÅÒÑÂÌÑÁ É Ê Ø Ê