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Deriving Atmospheric Temperature and Instrumental Pointing from Millimeter/Sub-millimeter Limb Sounding Measurements

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10

−14

10

−12

10

−10

10

−8

10

−6

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10

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20

30

40

50

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(14)

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(15)

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Frequency [GHz]

Intensity in K units

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(37)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

10

−14

10

−12

10

−10

10

−8

10

−6

10

−4

10

−2

Frequency [GHz]

k

[1/m]

altitude =4 km

altitude =10 km

altitude =15 km

"H2O−MPM87"

"H2O−MPM89"

"H2O−MPM93"

"H2O−PWR"

"H2O−CKD"

lmnopq rs/u 012 {|xm|oo~ zˆ{p€xm{| {q3 mq|xÕ 4Õ z{p„m|n x{ „mw‡ wqpq|x €zpz~ qxqpmÑzxm{| ~ {„qƒ zx x}pqq zx~ {€}qpm ƒqŠqƒu É 5~ Õ r6 5~ Õ z|„ r/ 5~ sÊ }q €pqq|xq„ zƒoƒzxm{| ‚ qpq €qpw{p~ q„ w{p ~ m„‡ƒzxmxo„q o~ ‡ ~ qp {|„mxm{| Ò ³©².·ª Õ † |„qp{| qx zƒsÕ r7Î8Ós

0

200

400

600

800

1000

10

−12

10

−10

10

−8

10

−6

10

−4

Frequency [GHz]

k

[1/m]

altitude =4 km

altitude =10 km

altitude =15 km

"N2−PWR"

"N2−MPM93"

"N2−MPM93"

lmnopq rs8u 9{|‡pq{|z|x : 1 {|;<|==~ >ˆ?@A;<?B C?D3 C<DB;Õ 4 Õ >CC?@EF <BG ;? E<HD@DB; A>@>I D;D@<Ñ>;<?B I ?EDJK >; ;L@DD >;I ?KALD@<C JDMDJKNÉ 5I Õ O6 5I Õ >BE O/ 5I P Ê LD A@DKDB;DE C>JC=J>;<?BK Q D@D AD@R?@I DE R?@ I <EF J>;<;=ED K=I I D@ C?BE<;<?BK ÒST UV W Ë Õ TBED@K?B D; >JPÕ O7Î8ÓP

(38)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

x 10

−7

Frequency [GHz]

k

[1/m]

altitude =4 km

altitude =10 km

altitude =15 km

"O2−PWR88"

"O2−PWR93"

"O2−MPM93"

"O2−MPM92"

"O2−MPM89"

"O2−MPM87"

"O2−MPM85"

S<G=@D OPÔN 9?BF@DK?B>B; 21 C?B;<B==I >[K?@A;<?B C?D3 C<DB;Õ 4Õ >CC?@EF <BG ;? E<HD@DB; A>@>I D;D@<Ñ>;<?B I ?EDJK >; ;L@DD >;I ?KALD@<C JDMDJKN É 5I Õ O6 5I Õ >BE O/ 5I P Ê LD A@DKDB;DE C>JC=J>;<?BK Q D@D AD@R?@I DE R?@ I <EF J>;<;=ED K=I I D@ C?BE<;<?BK ÒSTUV WË ÕT BED@K?B D; >JPÕ O7Î8ÓP \ ]^ _ ` a bcd e fb e ` gb h i ci j i fa f k                    í                     l              m             $       ì  l       m    l    nop l qr s    t ××u  uvv tw   x yz{|} l q~     t ×× Y w k                   € z{| }         Ùڂ ÚÙ ƒ„… $  nop                      q  w          † í        l  k         uvv     l     í

(39)

Z*‡ ˆ‰Š.‹ŒŽ.‰.  ‘‹‘,‘ŽŠŽ X       v $ ’ “  X $ ’ “  $     l   nop l            ”• – —˜˜ Ø q™š›œ”•w $           ” q™š› œ” w   l  l      qr s    tžž u wŸ ™š› œ”  – ™š› œ”•   œ”    œ”• ¡¢£¤¥¦§ ¨ ¡¢£¤¥¦§©¨ ª « ¡¬­ © ¤¥¦§ ¨ ª « ¡¬­©¤¥¦§©¨ qt X® w             ¯›      l mm         °•    &          ±   ²&  qtt Y w k            l m   ²&  qt uv w  l  l     Ÿ   œ”•   œ”  –   ³´³µ œ”•   ¶·¸ œ”•   ¹º» œ”•   ³´³µ œ”    ¶·¸ œ”    ¹º» œ”  qt X¼ w (    ½     ³´³µ œ”     ½          ¾         '  ½    ¿À "  Á Âà  ÃÄÂÄÅ ÂÄ Æ ®Y Ç È ÉÊ Ä ÄËÅ ÁÌÍ Ê ÅÌÎÅ ÏÐ ÄËÁà ÃÄÂÄÅ Áà ÎÏÌÃÁÑÅÒÅÑ ÁÌ nop ÑÂÄÂ É ÂÃÅÓ ÔËÅ nop ÃÕÅÎÄÒÏÃÎÏÕÁÎ ÑÂÄÂ É ÂÃÅ ÏÐ Â ÃÕÅÎÁÅà ÁÌÎÖ Ê ÑÅà ÄËÅ ÒÏÄÂÄÁÏÌÂÖ¾ÃÕÁÌ ÕÂÒÄÁÄÁÏÌ Ð Ê ÌÎÄÁÏÌ ÐÏÒ ÃÏ× Å ÒÅÐÅÒÅÌÎÅ ÄÅ× ÕÅÒÂÄ Ê ÒÅß X vv Ç È uu ® Ç È ÂÌÑ t ® v Ç Ó Ô ËÅ ÑÂÄ ÐÏÒ ÏÄËÅÒ ÄÅ× ÕÅÒÂÄ Ê ÒÅà ÄËÂÌ ÄËÅ ÏÌÅà lÁmÅÌ ËÂà ÄÏ É Å Ï É ÄÂÁÌÅÑ ÉØ ÂÌ ÁÌÄÅÒÕÏÖÂÄÁÏÌÓ Ù Ï mÁ É ÒÂÄÁÏÌÂÖ ÕÂÒ¾ ÄÁÄÁÏÌ Ð Ê ÌÎÄÁÏÌ Áà ÁÌÎÖ Ê ÑÅÑ È ÄËÅ ÃÄÂÄÅÑ ÕÂÒÄÁÄÁÏÌ Ð Ê ÌÎÄÁÏÌ Áà ÎÂÖÎ Ê ÖÂÄÅÑ ÐÏÒ ÄËÅ ÄÏÄÂÖ ÎÏÌÎÅÌÄÒÂÄÁÏÌ ÏÐ ÄËÅ mÁ É ÒÂÄÁÏÌÂÖ¾ÅÖÅÎÄÒÏÌÁÎ ÃÄÂÄÅ ÏÐ ÄËÅ × ÏÖÅÎ Ê ÖÅÓ ²½ÎÅÕÄÁÏÌà ËÂmÅ É ÅÅÌ × ÂÑÅ ÐÏÒ ÃÏ× Å ÃÕÅÎÁÅÃ È ÅÓlÓ È Ú Û ÂÌÑ Ü Ý Ú È Þ ËÅÒÅ ÄËÅ mÁ É ÒÂÄÁÏÌÂÖ ÕÂÒÄÁÄÁÏÌ Ð Ê ÌÎÄÁÏÌ Áà ÂÖÃÏ ÁÌÎÖ Ê ÑÅÑÓ ßà‚ àá â ãä å æ ç è ÌÐÏÒÄ Ê ÌÂÄÅÖ ØÈ ÄËÅ nop ÎÂÄÂÖÏl ÑÏÅà ÌÏÄ ÁÌÎÖ Ê ÑÅ ÕÒÅÃÃ Ê ÒÅ É ÒÏÂÑÅ̾ ÁÌl ÕÂÒÂ× ÅÄÅÒÃÓ Ô ËÅÒÅÐÏÒÅ È ÄËÅ xyz{| } ÑÂÄÂ É ÂÃÅ q~ ÏÄË× ÂÌ ÅÄ ÂÖÓ È tžž u È tžž Y w È ËÂà ÄÏ É Å Ê ÃÅÑ ÄÏ ÕÒÏmÁÑÅ ÄËÁà ÁÌÐÏÒ× ÂÄÁÏÌÓ ÔËÅ xyz{| } ÑÂÄÂ É ÂÃÅ ÑÅÃÎÒÁ É Åà ÐÅ Þ ÅÒ ÃÕÅÎÁÅà ÄËÂÌ ÄËÅ nop ÎÂÄÂÖÏl È ÉÊ Ä ÁÄ ÎÏmÅÒÃ Â Þ ÁÑÅÒ ÐÒÅé Ê ÅÌÎ Ø ÒÂÌlÅ q Ê Õ ÄÏ Â É Ï Ê Ä ê vv Ô ’ “ w ÂÌÑ lÁmÅÃ × ÏÒÅ ÑÅÄÂÁÖÅÑ ÑÂÄ ÏÐ ÄËÅ ÄÒÂÌÃÁÄÁÏÌ È ÁÌÎÖ Ê ÑÁÌl ÕÂÒÂ× ÅÄÅÒà ÏÐ ÄËÅ ÕÒÅÃÃ Ê ÒÅ É ÒÏÂѾ Ê

(40)

Æ Z ì ‘í‘‹îŠ ï Œ‘ðŽñŠŒ ð ‹òŠ ó‹ôŽ‰òŠŒŠ ÃÕÅÎÄÒÏÃÎÏÕÁÎ ÑÂÄÂ É ÂÃÅ ÕÖÅÂÃÅ ÒÅÐÅÒ ÄÏ õ Â× ÂÎËÅ ÂÌÑ ~ ÏÄË× ÂÌ qtžž u wö õ ÏÖÑ× ÂÌ ÅÄ ÂÖÓ q uvvv wÓ ’ Ï Þ ÅmÅÒ È × ÂÌ Ø ÏÐ ÄËÅ ÕÒÅÃÃ Ê ÒÅ É ÒÏÂÑÅÌÁÌl Õ¾ ÒÂ× ÅÄÅÒà ÂÒÅ ÷ Ê ÃÄ ÑÅÐÂ Ê ÖÄ mÂÖ Ê ÅÃÓ Ô ËÅ É ÅÃÄ ÏÕÄÁÏÌ Áà ÄÏ × ÅÂÃ Ê ÒÅ ÄËÅ × ÏÃÄ Á× ÕÏÒÄÂÌÄ ÕÂÒÂ× ÅÄÅÒà ÁÌÑÁmÁÑ Ê ÂÖÖ Ø ÁÌ ÄËÅ ÖÂ É ÏÒÂÄÏÒ ØÈ ÂÄ ÖÅÂÃÄ ÐÏÒ ÄËÅ × ÏÃÄ Á× ÕÏÒÄÂÌÄ ÄÒÂÌÃÁÄÁÏÌÃÓ²mÅÌ ÃÏ È ÖÂÒlÅ Ã Ø ÃÄÅ× ÂÄÁÎ ÅÒÒÏÒà ÂÒÅ Á̾ ÄÒÏÑ Ê ÎÅÑ Þ ËÅÌ × ÅÂÃ Ê ÒÁÌl ÄËÅÃÅ ÕÂÒÂ× ÅÄÅÒÃ È Âà ËÂÃ É ÅÅÌ ÑÅ× ÏÌÃÄÒÂÄÅÑ ÉØ õ Â× ÂÎËÅ ÅÄ ÂÖÓ qtžžÆwÓ ’ ÅÌÎÅ È ÅÒÒÏÒà ÎÏ× ÁÌl ÐÒÏ× ÄËÅ ÁÌÂÎÎ Ê ÒÂÄÅ ÕÒÅÃÃ Ê ÒÅ É ÒÏÂÑÅÌÁÌl ÕÂÒÂ× ÅÄÅÒà ËÂmÅ ÄÏ É Å ÂÎÎÏ Ê ÌÄÅÑ ÐÏÒ Â ÎÏ× ÕÖÅÄÅ ÅÒÒÏÒ ÂÌÂÖ Ø ÃÁÃÓ ßà‚ àø ù ú ä å æ ç û Ì ÂÌÂÖ Ø ÃÁÃ Þ Âà ÎÂÒÒÁÅÑ Ï Ê Ä Âà  ÕÂÒÄ ÏÐ ÂÌ üýzüþ ÃÄ Ê Ñ Ø qÿ Â Ê ÅÒ ÅÄ ÂÖÓ È tžž w Þ ÁÄË ÄËÅ ÂÁ× ÄÏ Á× ÕÒÏmÅ ÄËÅ ÃÕÅÎÄÒÏÃÎÏÕÁÎ ÑÂÄÂ É ÂÃÅ ÉØ ÕÅÒÐÏÒ× ¾ ÁÌl ÌÅ Þ ÖÂ É ÏÒÂÄÏÒ Ø × ÅÂÃ Ê ÒÅ× ÅÌÄÃÓ û ÌÅ Þ ÃÕÅÎÄÒÏÃÎÏÕÁÎ ÑÂÄÂ É ÂÃÅ È € z{|} È Þ Âà ÅÃÕÅÎÁÂÖÖ Ø ÎÏ× ÕÁÖÅÑ Þ ÁÄËÁÌ ÄËÅ ÕÅÎÄÒÏÃÎÏÕÁÎ Ä Ê Ñ Ø × Å̾ ÄÁÏÌÅÑ Â É ÏmÅ ÄÏ ÎÏmÅÒ ÄËÅ ÐÒÅé Ê ÅÌÎ Ø É ÂÌÑà ÏÐ ÄËÅ  | ýzü{ q~ Å ÉÊ ÒÌ ÅÄ ÂÖÓ È tžž w È ÂÌÑ ýo{|}  qÿËÖÅÒ ÅÄ ÂÖÓ È tžžžw ÁÌÃÄÒ Ê × ÅÌÄÃÓ k Ä ÎÏ̾ ÄÂÁÌà ÅÌÄÒÁÅà ÐÒÏ× ÂmÂÁÖÂ É ÖÅ ÃÕÅÎÄÒÏÃÎÏÕÁÎ ÑÂÄÂ É ÂÃÅà qnop ÂÌÑ x yz{|}w ÂÃ Þ ÅÖÖ Âà ÒÅÃ Ê ÖÄà ÏÐ ÑÅÑÁÎÂÄÅÑ  |ýzü{ ÂÌÑ ý o{|} × ÅÂÃ Ê ÒÅ× ÅÌÄÃÓ ²ÏÒÄà ÄÏ Á× ÕÒÏmÅ ÄËÅ ÃÕÅÎÄÒÏÃÎÏÕÁÎ ÑÂÄÂ É ÂÃÅ ËÂmÅ ÂÖÃÏ É ÅÅÌ × ÂÑÅ ÂÄ ÃÅmÅÒÂÖ ÖÂ É ÏÒÂÄÏÒÁÅÃ È Ã Ê ÎË Âà ÅÄ rÒÏÕ Ê ÖÃÁÏÌ  Â É ÏÒÂÄÏÒ Ø q è w È è ÌÁ¾ mÅÒÃÁÄ Ø ÏÐ Â× É ÒÁÑlÅ q è Ç w È ÂÌÑ k É ÂÒÂsÁ è ÌÁmÅÒÃÁÄ Ø qÂÕÂÌwÓ ßà‚ à‚    ÅÒÑÂÌÑÁ q²ÒÁsÃÃÏÌ È tžžžw Áà  ÃÕÅÎÄÒÏÃÎÏÕÁÎ ÑÂÄÂ É ÂÃÅ lÅÌÅÒÂÄÅÑ ÂÄ ËÂÖ× ÅÒà è ÌÁmÅÒÃÁÄ ØÈ õ ÄÅ É ÏÒl È  Þ ÅÑÅÌÓ k ÄÃ × ÂÁÌ ÕÂÒÄ Áà ÎÒÅÂÄÅÑ ÉØ × ÅÒlÁÌl ÑÂÄ ÐÒÏ× nop qrÁÎsÅÄÄ ÅÄ ÂÖÓ È tžž u w ÂÌÑ xyz{| } q~ ÏÄË× ÂÌ ÅÄ ÂÖÓ È tžž u w ÉÊ Ä ÂÖÃÏ Þ ÁÄË ÄËÅ ÕÏÃÃÁ É ÁÖÁÄ Ø ÄÏ ÁÌÎÖ Ê ÑÅ ÁÌÐÏÒ× ÂÄÁÏÌ ÐÒÏ× ÏÄËÅÒ ÃÏ Ê ÒÎÅÃÓÔ ËÅ ÃÕÅÎÁÅà ÁÌÎÖ Ê ÑÅÑ ÁÌ ÄËÅ ÑÂÄÂ É ÂÃÅ ÂÒÅ Â ÎÒÏÃþÃÅÎÄÁÏÌ ÏÐ ÄËÅ ÃÕÅÎÁÅà ÐÏ Ê ÌÑ ÁÌ nop ÂÌÑ xyz{| } È Þ ÁÄË ÂÌ ÂÑÑÁÄÁÏÌ ÏÐ   Ú ÂÌÑ Â ÐÅ Þ ÁÃÏÄÏÕÅà ÄËÂÄ ÂÒÅ ÏÌÖ Ø ÐÏ Ê ÌÑ ÁÌ nopÓ Ô ËÅ nop ÖÁÌÅ ÎÂÄÂÖÏl ÁÃ Ê ÃÅÑ Âà ÄËÅ × ÂÁÌ ÃÏ Ê ÒÎÅ ÄÏ ÎÒÅÂÄÅ ÅÒÑÂÌÑÁ É Ê Ø Ê

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