aged 4 to 10 years
9.5 Vegetables, fruit, meat and fish consumption, including from composite dishes, by equivalised household
This section reports consumption of vegetables, fruit, meat and fish based on disaggregated data. This includes the contribution from composite dishes, but excludes the other components of those dishes.2 The number of portions of fruit and vegetables consumed per day has also been calculated from the disaggregated data in line with the “5-a-day” criteria, including up to one portion each of fruit juice and baked beans or pulses per day (see Appendix A).
Mean total fruit and vegetable consumption was significantly lower in income quintile 1
compared with quintile 5 in all age/sex groups, with the exception of adults aged 65 years and over. In addition, mean consumption of total fruit and vegetables was also significantly lower in quintile 2 compared to quintile 5 for children aged 1.5 to 3 years, boys aged 4 to 10 years, boys aged 11 to 18 years and women aged 19 to 64 years. In quintile 3, children aged 1.5 to 3 years, boys aged 11 to 18 years, men aged 19 to 64 years, girls aged 4 to 10 years and women aged 19 to 64 years also had significantly lower mean consumption of total fruit and vegetables compared to quintile 5. For quintile 4, the difference was significant for the 1.5 to 3 years age group only.
Mean consumption of “5-a-day” portions was significantly lower in quintiles 1, 2 and 3 compared to quintile 5 for boys aged 11 to 18 years, men aged 19 to 64 years and women aged 19 to 64 years. For girls aged 11 to 18 years, mean consumption of “5-a-day” portions was significantly lower in quintile 1 only, compared to quintile 5.
The percentage achieving 5 portions of fruit and vegetables per day was significantly lower in some age/sex groups in some quintiles compared with quintile 5: boys aged 11 to 18 years in quintiles 1 (3%) and 2 (5%) compared with those in quintile 5 (18%); men aged 19 to 64 years in quintiles 2 (26%) and quintile 3 (26%) compared with quintile 5 (39%) and women aged 19 to 64 years in quintiles 1 (23%) and 2 (23%) compared with those in quintile 5 (36%).
Mean total meat consumption, decreased in children aged 1.5 to 3 years from quintile 1 to quintile 5. The consumption was significantly higher in quintiles 1 (49g) and 2 (48g) compared with quintile 5 (32g). The same pattern was seen for red meat consumption in this age group though the differences did not reach statistical significance. No other clear patterns were
observed for the other age/sex groups.
Women aged 19 to 64 years in quintiles 1 (15g), 2 (16g) and 3 (20g) had significantly lower consumption of total fish compared with those in quintile 5 (28g). No other clear pattern was observed in the other age/sex groups.
Consumption of oily fish in adults aged 19 to 64 years and older adults aged 65 years and over tended to be lower in the lower income quintiles compared with the highest. In men aged 19 to 64 years, mean consumption of oily fish was significantly lower in quintile 1 (5g) compared with quintile 5 (9g). In women aged 19 to 64 years consumption was significantly lower in quintiles 1 (4g), 2 (5g) and 3 (8g) compared with quintile 5 (11g). Differences in the 65 years and over age group were not tested for statistical significance because of the low numbers in the reference quintile (quintile 5).
(Tables 9.6a – 9.6f)
9.6 Summary of main findings by equivalised household income
In summary, there were some differences observed in food consumption and energy and nutrient intakes by equivalised household income quintile, particularly for fruit and vegetable consumption. Differences were clearest between the lowest and highest income quintile but were not seen in all age/sex groups.
Income differences in mean intake of energy and macronutrients were observed in women aged 19 to 64 years and to some extent in men aged 19 to 64 years. Total energy and protein intake in women aged 19 to 64 years was significantly lower in quintiles 1, 2 and 3 than in quintile 5. The lowest quintile in this age group also had a higher intake of carbohydrate and a lower intake of protein as a percentage of energy than did the highest quintile. To some extent alcohol intake in men aged 19 to 64 years and women aged 19 to 64 years also increased through the quintiles.
Men and women aged 19 to 64 years had a lower percentage of energy from saturated fat and a higher percentage energy from NMES in the lowest quintile compared with the highest
although intakes exceeded recommended levels in almost all quintiles. NSP intakes were
significantly lower in the lowest quintile groups compared with the highest in all age/sex groups but intakes for adults were below the recommendation in all quintiles.
Mean iron intake for girls aged 11 to 18 years and women aged 19 to 64 years was below 90%
of the RNI in all income quintiles. In women, but not in girls, the lowest income quintile had a significantly lower mean intake than the highest quintile and a significantly higher proportion below the LRNI. For both men and women aged 19 to 64 years, mean intake of calcium
increased from the lowest to highest quintile and a substantial proportion of girls aged 11 to 18 years in all income quintiles had calcium intakes below the LRNI. There were clear differences in intakes of both vitamin C and folate by income quintile with lower intakes in the lowest quintile. For vitamin C mean intake was above the RNI in all quintiles while for folate girls aged 11 to 18 years had a mean intake below the RNI in the lowest income quintile.
Mean fruit and vegetable consumption expressed in grams was significantly lower in children and adults aged 19 to 64 years in income quintile 1 compared with quintile 5. Mean fruit and vegetable consumption expressed as “5-a-day” portions was significantly lower in children aged 11 to 18 years and adults aged 19 to 64 years in income quintile 1 compared with quintile 5. No clear pattern in total meat or red meat consumption was observed, with the exception of
children aged 1.5 to 3 years where mean consumption of total meat was significantly higher in income quintiles 1 and 2 than in quintile 5. Oily fish consumption increased from the lowest to highest quintile for men and women aged 19 to 64 years.
1 Equivalisation is a standard methodology that adjusts household income to account for different demands on resources, by considering the household size and composition.
2Report on Health and Social Subjects 41 Dietary Reference Values (DRVs) for Food Energy and Nutrients for the UK, Report of the Panel on DRVs of the Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy (COMA) 1991. The Stationery Office. London
3 All composite dishes in the NDNS Nutrient Databank have been disaggregated into their constituent ingredients.
This enables the fruit, vegetables, meat and fish in mixed dishes such as stews and pies to be included in consumption figures.The methodology for the disaggregation of composite dishes is provided in Appendix A.
Disaggregation has not been carried out for previous surveys.
4 For total fat, saturated and trans fatty acids and non-milk extrinsic sugars (NMES) the DRVs are the recommended maximum contribution these nutrients should make to the population average diet. For total
carbohydrate, cis-monounsaturated fatty acids and non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) the DRVs are recommended population averages. For protein, the Reference Nutrient Intakes (RNIs) are set at levels of intake considered likely to be sufficient to meet the requirements of 97.5% of the population.
5 Consumers also include those who consumed alcohol in recipes and other foods.
6 The RNI for a vitamin or mineral is the amount of the nutrient that is sufficient for 97.5% of people in the group. If the average intake of the group is at the RNI, then the risk of deficiency in the group is judged to be very small.
However, if the average intake is lower than the RNI then it is possible that some of the group will have an intake below their requirement.
7 The adequacy of vitamin or mineral intake can be expressed as the proportion of individuals with intakes below the LRNI. The LRNI for a vitamin or mineral is set at the level of intake considered likely to be sufficient to meet the needs of only 2.5% of the population.
10 Comparisons within the NDNS Rolling
Programme (RP) and between the RP and previous NDNS surveys
Authors: Toni Steer, Caireen Roberts, Sonja Nicholson, David Pell, Polly Page & Alison Lennox
10.1 Introduction
This chapter presents comparisons within the RP (Years 1 and 2 combined (Y1&2) compared with Years 3 and 4 combined (Y3&4)) and between the current RP and previous NDNS.
Results are presented by standard age groups 1.5 to 3 years, 4 to 10 years, 11 to 18 years, 19 to 64 years and 65 years and over and are also subdivided by sex (except for children aged 1.5 to 3 years). Further details of the dietary data collection methods and interpretation are given in Chapter 5, section 5.1.
Nutrient intakes in this chapter have been limited to key macronutrients and micronutrients of policy interest and are described from food sources only (not including supplements). Unless stated otherwise, all Dietary Reference Values (DRVs) discussed in this chapter are those presented in the 1991 COMA report on Dietary Reference Values for Food Energy and
Nutrients for the United Kingdom.1 Results for food consumption are presented for comparisons within the RP only (i.e. Y1&2 compared with Y3&4) and have been limited to fruit and
vegetables and meat and fish after disaggregation (i.e. including the contribution from composite dishes containing these ingredients but excluding other components of these dishes), 2 and refer to mean values for the total survey population, including non-consumers.