6.4 An advanced domain model
7.1.3 Use in vaccine design
Marker or DIVA (Differentiation of Infected and Vaccinated Animals) vaccines are vaccines that enable serological differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals (Dong and Chen, 2006). They are regarded as important tools for the eradication of CSF (Anonymous, 2001).
Most approaches for the development of marker vaccines include “negative markers”;
vaccines in which one protein, domain or epitope is absent compared to the wild-type virus (Dong and Chen, 2006). To decide which part of the virus can be used for replacement, it is vital to know which domains or epitopes are involved in interaction with the host.
On the basis of epitope maps the development of life chimeric marker vaccines, in which only smallest parts of the virus are modified can be achieved. Such tailor made vaccines are close to the natural structure of the virus and are therefore a promising solution for vaccine development and maintenance of animal health.
From this study it can be seen that it is possible to replace certain parts of a CSFV with the corresponding parts of BVDV or BDV and to maintain the folding and glycosylation of the protein. In addition the location and minimum number of epitopes are revealed. Virus specificity tests and alignments performed during epitope mapping give information about the genetic properties of an epitope, in terms of being either a pan-CSFV or a virus strain specific epitope.
Outlook Domain A / II and domain BC / I are the major immunogenic areas of the protein. For a marker vaccine it would be possible to replace either one of the domains, or even epitopes within domains, with the corresponding part of BVDV or BDV. Field infected animals will have antibodies against this domain or epitope, whereas vaccinated animals will not produce these antibodies.
First promising approaches for a vaccine in which the TAVSPTTLR epitope is replaced with BDV Gifhorn are ongoing (EU project CSFVaccine and wild boar, Project No.: SSP1- 501599).
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Appendix
9 Appendix
9.1 Sequences