Time* Final Energy Density lo9 hrs 10' kgoe kgoe/hr
At Home* 835.5* 236.6 0.28
At Work 291.1 660.0t 2.27
Services 183.5 152.0 0.83
Travel$ 107.6 279.0$ 2.59
Total 1417.7 1328.4 0.94
10' kg
c
kg C/hrCarbon Emissions 1201.6 0.85
Excluding sleep
t Including industry transportation, industrial energy use, agriculture, feedetocke
3 Only passenger travel
Figure 19. Energy and carbon intensiveness of different activities for the US population. Excluding physiological time (i.e., time required for eating and sleeping) each US citizen consumes on average about one kg of oil equivalent energy per hour and emits roughly the same amount of carbon. Note in particular the high carbon intensiveness per unit time of transportation. Source: Griibler, 1991b.
T I M E BUDGET CHANGES I N 7 COUNTRIES, 1960s to 1980s
Leisure
(m) male population (f) female population
Unpaid
7 - I I I
work Paid work
Figure 20. Relative allocation of time budgets to different activities, male and female population of seven countries, 1960s to 1980s. The Figure illustrates an international and gender convergence away from formal, contracted work to unpaid work (e.g., family care) and leisure activities. This transition from work to non-work in activity pat terns can be clearly discerned also in energy demand statistics.
In
industrial- ized countries today about two-thirds of final energy is consumed out- side the productive sphere (i.e., industry) for services and leisure uses of energy. Source: Gershuny,
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