Towns and cities are linked in a variety of ways with the countryside. In growing urban regions, the peripheral areas fulfil important functions, e.g.
for the housing market or as a space for recreation.
The economic structures of many towns and cities are closely intertwined with rural areas, through commuting, leisure and consumer behaviour, trade, and flows of money (Repp et al. 2012). Culture and tourism also have an urban-regional dimension, and it is also necessary to analyse how supply and disposal infrastructures and transport relationships are organised beyond the municipal boundaries (see Fig. 11). Many environmental aspects cannot be discussed in detail without considering urban-rural relationships. A clear case is the networking of mate-rial flows, because municipalities and rural areas are either source or sink for one another in many respects (e.g. regarding foodstuffs, building materials, energy, or waste). Technical infrastructures such as power grids, water supplies, wastewater disposal and waste handling installations form direct physical networks linking urban centres and surrounding rural areas.
The environmental impacts of urban traffic cannot be reduced without taking commuters and the flow of goods into and out of municipalities into account.
For historical reasons, town and country have often been considered separately (the urban-rural dichot-omy), although various functional relationships are now blurring these distinctions, and attention is be-ing directed to the urban-rural nexus. Municipalities and the surrounding rural areas are reacting to the growing need for cooperation by setting up admin-istratively anchored regional associations, sectoral associations for transport infrastructure, or supply and disposal infrastructures. Complex issues such as adaptation to climate change, demographic change, regional economic structures, education, and digital-isation are also increasingly being addressed in the urban-rural context. Spatial and regional research examines forms of cooperation and new spatial relationships; urban-rural relationships are also of growing importance for environmental and sustaina-bility research.
The cross-sectional topics of the research agenda
Research requirements
The following four categories of research topics reflect the scope of urban/peri-urban relationships.
Environmental impacts of urban development on surrounding areas
▸ How can peri-urban housing be made environ-mentally acceptable and the land consumption minimised?
▸ How can public health threats caused by envi-ronmental pollution be addressed at the urban- regional level (e.g. transport hubs, flight routes)?
Environmentally relevant urban-rural interactions
▸ Which instruments are suitable for registering exchange relationships and identifying potential for inter-municipal cooperation?
▸ What potential is there for agriculture anchored in urban regions regarding the quality and expe-riential value of regional urban green? How can local or regional material cycles be closed?
▸ How can material flows between municipalities and rural areas be analysed in terms of various substance groups?
Cooperation between municipalities
▸ How can environmental impacts be reduced by cooperation between municipalities? This includes the harmonised development of infra-structures e.g. by cooperation, synergies or by consolidated regional commercial development.
▸ How can it be made easier for municipalities to enter into cooperation agreements? What are the obstacles (fiscal, administrative, etc.)?
Intelligent supply strategies
▸ How can individual concepts for environmen-tally benign smart approaches be promoted in accordance with the framework conditions for regions and core municipalities? How can plan-ning for urban developments and the further development of rural areas be better coordinated (e.g. with public transport networks)?
▸ What framework conditions are necessary for the environmentally benign organisation of urban- rural logistics (e.g. by coupling supply and dis-posal infrastructures, avoidance of empty return trips, setting up central logistical hubs, etc.)?
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5
Implementing the research agenda and the use of the research results
Implementing the research agenda and the use of the research results
The issues raised in the UBA research agenda “Urban environmental protection” will form the basis for research activities to be initiated by the German Environment Agency in the coming years. An important instrument is the Departmental Research Plan (ReFoPlan) of the Federal Environment Ministry (BMU). On the basis of the research questions, with the participation of various UBA departments working in close consultation with the Ministry, interdisciplinary research projects will be developed and supervised by the UBA. The projects will be carried out with exchanges and close networking between disciplines in order to obtain integrated research results that provide practical benefits.
Apart from this, UBA also carries out its own research on selected topics, not only in the form of literature reviews and the desk-top analysis of available data, but also as measurement programmes on the state of the environment or experiments at various laboratory locations and trial stations and demonstration facilities located in Berlin Marienfelde. UBA also has an environmental samples bank which is a valuable archive covering the changing state of the environment over recent decades.
Third-party research on selected topics augments the resources and capabilities of UBA. Participation in research associations leads to net-working on an equal footing with partner institutes in Germany and Eu-rope, and also affords insights into the research field. In-house research together with third-party research represents an important strategic element of UBA research agenda “Urban environmental protection”.
Furthermore, where work on broader cross-thematic topics would exceed the resources of the Federal Environment Ministry, the German Envi-ronment Agency endeavours to feed relevant research, or proposals for model trials or living labs, into research programmes of other Federal Ministries, in particular Education and Research, Transport and Digital Infrastructure, or Health, or to initiate appropriate research programmes and to provide specialist accompaniment. This could also put UBA in a position to conduct evaluation projects, in order to transfer the varied results (e.g. from programmes of the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)) in a targeted manner into the work of the Federal Envi-ronment Ministry. As part of the BMBF programme “Stadt-Land-Plus” for improved cooperation of municipalities in the regional context, UBA has already supervised such an evaluation project within the framework of third-party research.
With regard to research projects and model trials, cooperation will be intensified with other institu-tions carrying out urban and environmental re-search, e.g. with the Federal Institute for Research on Building, Urban Affairs and Spatial Development (BBSR), and the German Federal Nature Conserva-tion Agency (BfN).
The results of the ReFoPlan project will feed into specific programmes, strategies, and legislation, but will also be reflected in information and com-munications instruments, and exchange and di-alogue platforms. In addition, they will support UBA’s implementation-oriented programmes, e.g.
the environmental innovation programme, project promotion, or association promotion. In the field of international politics and knowledge transfer, rele-vant programmes supervised by UBA are the “Ad-visory Assistance Programme” to support projects aiming for environmental protection in the states of Central and Eastern Europe, the Caucasian countries and Central Asia, as well as countries neighbouring the EU in the Mediterranean Region, or the “UNEP/
UNESCO/BMUB International Training Programme on Environmental Management for Developing and Emerging Countries”. The approach adopted will depend on the research questions being addressed and the process status of the specific programmes, strategies, and laws.
Examples of central options for implementation and further use include:
▸ National strategies and programmes: German Sustainability Strategy, Climate Action Plan 2050, Integrated Environmental Programme, German Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change (DAS) (DAS), German Resource Efficiency Programme (ProgRess), White Paper on Green in the City,
▸ International strategies and programmes: Imple-mentation of the SDGs, the New Urban Agenda, and the EU Circular Economy Package, further development and implementation of the Leipzig Charter and the EU Urban Agenda,
▸ Laws and regulations, e.g. the German Building Code, Federal Land Utilisation Ordinance, Region-al Planning Act, Waste Management Act, Model Building Regulations,
▸ Research programmes and research funding, e.g. from BMU, BMBF and the EU,
▸ Urban development funding programmes or the Joint Scheme for Improving Regional Economic Structures (GRW),
▸ Dissemination of information material, practical aids and tools, e.g. for (municipal) service centres, communicators, dialogue platforms; increased distribution of software tools such as Building Information Modelling (BIM),
▸ Further development of evaluation instruments, e.g. in cooperation with the German Sustaina-ble Building Council (DGNB) or on the basis of the Evaluation System for Sustainable Building (BNB), etc.
Implementing the research agenda and the use of the research results
The international context
The greatest challenges from urbanisation are faced primarily in the developing countries and emerging economies of Asia and Africa. Although the UBA Research Agenda focuses on Germany, the interna-tional context will also be considered where appro-priate. The activities of the UN (e.g. UN Habitat, SDGs) and the EU (e.g. the Leipzig Charter) offer important orientation for German urban development policies, particularly from an environmental point of view. The municipal implementation of the SDGs, for example, will be a key topic for German municipal policy-mak-ing in the compolicy-mak-ing years. Learnpolicy-mak-ing from and with other countries with similar framework conditions and spatial structures that are facing comparable challenges (particularly in Europe) can be benefi-cial for some research questions. As a next step, the nationally-oriented Research Agenda could be given broader international links.
Reference points can be found above all in interna-tional knowledge transfer, for example concerning the high rates of consumption for natural resources.
Above all China and India, but also other rapidly growing countries are consuming far more natural resources than Germany, so that targeted knowledge transfer also influences urban development there and can help to conserve natural resources. Equally, Germany can benefit from knowledge transfer, for example regarding the further development of in-frastructure in heavily built-up agglomerations with growing populations.
UBA is active internationally in research projects and committees (e.g. Network of Environmental Protec-tion Agencies) as well as with consultancy projects.
However, there has so far been no particular focus on topics relating to environmentally oriented urbani-sation. Potential research topics and networking activities for UBA include:
▸ Screening of national and international Best- Practice concepts for the reduction of the urban consumption of natural resources and associated negative environmental impacts and deriving nationally applicable approaches (e.g. organ-isational forms, collection systems, incentive mechanisms, etc.);
▸ Checking the applicability of national strategies for urban environmental protection in an interna-tional context (EU, global), exchanges of concepts and testing their specific suitability;
▸ Potential for networking and expanding existing cooperation with international institutions and initiatives such as the Municipal Solid Waste Initiative (MSWI) of the Climate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC);
▸ Testing national strategies and measures for their applicability in the Post Habitat III process and for contributions to international environmental and sustainability goals; establishing adaptation requirements and possibilities for targeted imple-mentation.
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Future prospects
Future prospects
This Research Agenda addresses many aspects of urban environmental protection. Not all of the questions are new, but some remain unan-swered and in other cases possible solutions have not been adequately implemented. Therefore, the topic clusters also include items where the goal is to communicate existing knowledge and research results more ef-fectively. The Agenda focuses on research topics concerning the develop-ment of urban areas that are highly relevant from an environdevelop-mental perspective in view of current conditions, trends and challenges.
At the centre are research questions at the interface between envi-ronmental protection and urban development – mostly they are of national importance, but in some cases they are also of international relevance. The stance adopted to internationally significant topics of environmentally oriented urban development is a matter for separate consideration, particularly concerning the contributions which UBA could or should make to international debates and processes on global urbanisation and the consequences for the environment.
Many of the topics can only be implemented through cooperation with a range of partners. These include research institutions and universi-ties, as well as ministries and other agencies – in particular the Federal Institute for Research on Building, Urban Affairs and Spatial Devel-opment (BBSR) and the German Federal Nature Conservation Agency (BfN). Further cooperation partners are municipal actors, environmental associations, business associations, association of towns and cities, city networks, and representatives of companies, civil society organisations and other multipliers. Such cooperation is essential for the success of research projects and the implementation of results.
All Agenda topics focus on the implementation, but this can only be successful if existing knowledge is linked up with new findings, and research results are communicated in a targeted way to specific ad-dressees. This can reduce barriers to implementation and promote new approaches and concepts at the interface of environmental protection and urban development.
As the Agenda for urban environmental protection is made more specific and research projects are devel-oped in detail, within existing formats or new ones, it is important that a good network is established to link the projects working on the various focal topics.
This is necessary to ensure that use can be made of synergies and that research results can be combined in order to formulate convincing arguments for pol-icy-makers and society about transformative process-es to achieve environmental goals in the central fields of action relating to urban development.
With the concept paper “Tomorrow’s cities” (UBA 2017b), UBA has already presented a first step towards environmentally oriented urban devel-opment. Following on from this, it is necessary to identify target values and indicators which can be developed further and integrated in the various fields of actions of sustainable urban development, such as resource conservation, sustainable infrastructure development, and healthy living conditions.
The Agenda will be reviewed, updated and extended at intervals of five to ten years. This will make it pos-sible to react to the dynamic changes in cities and conurbations and to newly emerging environmental issues. This will also deliver an updated contribution that will raise awareness about the close ties between environmental protection and urban development.
Only in this way will it be possible to ensure that
“Living in the city” will in future not only be sustain-able, healthy, and adapted to climate change, but also environmentally benign and socially acceptable.
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