Who are the integrators? In order to answer this question we have looked at all authors who have had at least 5 references. Given our division of the world of political science into 8 substantive subfields, these authors might in principle be present in more than half of the subfields distinguished (1 reference in 5 sections). Our starting point, then, is with the 72 authors who appear in reference lists of at least 5 chapters; they make up 4.4 % of the 1630 authors.
We define an 'integrator' as an author who is to be found at least once in the reference sections of more than half of the eight subfield sections (that is in 5 of them). Out of the total of 1630 authors 21 (or 1.3%) qualify as integrators. Their names are listed shown in Table Al.E.
Table Al.E: Integrators of the profession Number of
sections in which
they appear Author 2
Appear in sections:
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
8 Ostrom, E. X X X X X X X X
(2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9)
6 Barry, B. X X X X X X
(2 3 4 5 6 8 9)
Downs, A. X X X X X X
(2 3 4 6 7 8 9)
March, J. X X X X X X
(2 3 4 5 7 8)
Olson, M. X X X X X X
(2 3 4 6 7 8)
5 Almond, G. X X X X X
(2 3 4 8 9)
Dahl, R. X X X X X
(2 3 4 6 9)
Erikson, R. X X X X X
(3 4 7 8 9)
Table Al.E: (contd.)
Number of sections in which
they appear Author
Appear in sections:
8 9
2 3 4 5 6 7
5 Laver, M. X X X X X
(2 3 4 6 8)
Lijphart, A. X X X X X
(2 3 4 6 9)
Lipset, S. M. X X X X X
(2 3 4 7 9)
Olsen, J. X X X X X
(2 4 5 7 8)
Ordeshook, P. X X X X X
(2 6 7 8 9)
Polsby, N. X X X X X
(2 5 6 7 9)
Riker, W. X X X X X
(2 6 7 8 9)
Scharpf, F. X X X X X
(2 4 6 7 8)
Shepsle, K. X X X X X
(2 4 6 7 8)
Simon, H. X X X X X
(2 3 7 8 9)
Skocpol, T. X X X X X
(2 4 6 7 9)
Verba, S. X X X X X
(3 4 5 6 9)
Weingast, B. X X X X X
(2 4 5 7 8)
Appendix l.F: Most-frequently-referenced Authors, by Subdiscipline
The rank-order of most-frequently-referenccd authors contained in Appendix l.C might reflect either strong prominence in one of the subfields (differentiation) or across subfields (integration) or both. In order to sort out that issue, we look next at the top three ranks for the subfields.
Who, then, dominates the subdisciplines? We define the group of authors who are prominent in any particular subfield as those among the top three tiers of 'most-frequently- referenced' within the section of the New Handbook devoted to that subfield. By this criterion, we find that 59 authors (3.6% of the total authors referenced) are prominent in one - or, in the case of three authors, more (McCubbins, Secs. II and VIII; Stokes, Secs. Ill and VII; Verba, Secs. I and IV) - subfields. They are listed in Table A l.F below.
Table Al.F: Most-frequently-referenced authors, by subdiscipline
Tiers Authors
Number of times referenced Section I: The Discipline
1 Dahl, R. 10
2 Lipset, S.
Verba, S.
9
3 Lasswell, H. 9
Section II: Political Institutions
1 North, D. 9
2 Elster, J.
McCubbins, M.
8
3 Ferejohn, J. 7
Table Al.F: (conld.)
Tiers Authors
Number of times referenced Section III: Political Behavior
1 Converse, P.
Sprague, J.
9
2 Campbell, A.
Sniderman, P.
Stokes, D.
6
3 Heath, A.
Miller, W.
5
Section TV: Comparative Politics
1 Almond, G. 11
2 Verba, S. 8
3 Inglehart, R. 7
Lijphart, A.
Section V: International Relations
1 Keohane, R. 10
2 Waltz, K. 8
3 Holsti, K.
Krasner, S.
5
Table Al.F: (contd.)
Tiers Authors
Number of times referenced Section VI: Political Theory
1 Goodin, R.
Habermas, J.
Kymlicka, W.
6
2 Barry, B,
Cohen, J.
Gutmann, A.
Rawls, J.
Taylor, C.
5
3 Dowding, K.
Galston, W.
Hardin, R.
Miller, D.
Pateman, C.
Walzer, M.
4
Section VII: Public Policy <& Administration
1 Lindblom, C.
Wildavsky, A.
5
2 Merriam, C.
Skocpol, T.
Wilson, J. Q.
4
Table Al.F: (contd.)
Number of times
Tiers Authors referenced
Section VII: Public Policy & Administration
3 Derthick, M.
deLeon, P.
Esping-Anderson, G.
Flora, P.
Klingemann, H.-D.
Lowi, T.
Olson, M.
Sharkansky, I.
Stokes, D.
3
Section VIII: Political Economy
1 Weingast, B. 10
2 McCubbins, M. 8
3 Shepsle, K. 7
Section IX: Political Methodology
1 Achen, C.
King, G.
6
2 Beck, N.
Brady, H.
Campbell, D.
Palfrey, T.R.
5
3 Kinder, D.
Lodge, M.
4
Appendix l.G: The Integration of Subdisciplines into the Discipline
Among the 59 most-frequently-referenced authors within subdisciplines (listed in Appendix l.F), 20 (or 34%) of them are among those most-frequently-referenced in the discipline as a whole (see Table Al.C). Nearly two-thirds of those prominent in subdisciplines are prominent predominantly in those subfields, which constitutes a measure of differentiation within the discipline as a whole. This point is underscored by the fact that only 10 (or 17 %) of the 59 authors most-frequently-referenced authors within subdisciplines are also among the 21 'integrators' of the discipline as a whole listed in Appendix l.E. A more detailed account is contained in Table A l.G below.
Table Al.G: Integration of Subdisciplines into the Discipline
col. 1 col. 2 col. 3
Section number of most- number of col 1 number of
frequently- who are also col 1 who
referenced authors most-frequently- are also within the referenced within disciplinary subdiscipline the discipline
as a whole
integrators
I
Discipline 4 4 3 (Dahl, Lipset, Verba)
II
Polit.Instns 4 4 0
III
Polit.Behav. 7 1 0
IV
Comp.Pol. 4 4 3 (Almond,
V
Intl.Rela 4 1
Lijphart, Verba) 0
Table Al.G: (contd.)
Looking at this result from the perspective of differentiation and integration, it seems that 'Political Behavior', 'International Relations', 'Political Theory', 'Public Policy &
Administration', and 'Political Methodology' in particular are subfields with quite a lot of independent development. Relatively few of those subfields' most-frequently-referenced authors figure among the most-frequently-referenced authors of the discipline as a whole
(Appendix l.C), and relatively few of them are among the integrators of the discipline as a whole (Appendix l.E).
Appendix l.H: Summary of Leading Figures in the Discipline
Table Al.H is a summary of results from Appendices C through G combines three types of information.
- Column 1 addresses the question, 'Is the author among the most-frequently-referenced in the discipline as a whole?' Scholars listed in Appendix l.C get an 'x' in that column for being 'Prominent in the Discipline'.
- Column 2 addresses the question, 'Is the author among the most-frequently-referenced in one or more of the eight subdisciplinary sections of the New Handbook?' Scholars listed in Appendix l.F get an 'x' in that column for being 'Prominent in their Subdisciplines'.
- Column 3 addresses the question, 'Is the author an integrator within the discipline as a whole?' Scholars listed in Appendix l.E get an 'x' in that column for being 'Integrators'.
Table Al.H: Leading figures in political science
Prominent in
the discipline Prominent in
as a whole their subdiscipline Integrators Group 1:
The 'powerhouses' are those authors who are integrators and who are also among the most- frequently-referenced both across the discipline as a whole and within one or more of its subdisciplines. According to these criteria we find 10 (0.6%) powerhouses. These are:
Almond, G. X X X
Barry, B. X X X
Dahl, R. X X X
Lijphart, A. X X X
Lipset, S. M. X X X
Olson, M. X X X
Shepsle, K. X X X
Skocpol, T. X X X
Weingast, B. X X X
Verba, S. X X X
Table Al.H: (contd.)
Prominent in
the discipline Prominent in
as a whole their subdiscipline Integrators Group 2:
The next group are the 'highly visible integrators'. These are defined as integrators who are among the most-frequently-referenced across the discipline as a whole but not in any particular subfield, There are 7 (0.4%) highly visible integrators. These are:
Downs, A. X X
March, J. X X
Olsen, J. X X
Ordeshook, P. X X
Ostrom, E. X X
Riker, W. X X
Simon, H. X X
Group 3:
There are 4 (0.2%) integrators with a lower degree of visibility, meaning, that they qualify as integrators but are neither among the most-frequently-referenced either across the discipline as a whole or within any particular subfield. These are:
Erikson, R. x
Laver, M. x
Polsby, N. x
Scharpf, F. x
Table Al.H: (contd.)
Prominent in
the discipline Prominent in
as a whole their subdiscipline Integrators Group 4:
The first three groups exhaust the 'integrators'. Next we come to a group of 'generally prominent subfield representatives', defined as those who are among the most-frequently- referenced both across the discipline as a whole and within their own subfields. We have 10 (0.6%) such scholars:
Converse, P. X X
Elster, J. X X
Ferejohn, J. X X
Inglehart, R. X X
Keohane, R. X X
Lasswell, H. X X
McCubbins, M. X X
North, D. X X
Rawls, J. X X
Wildavsky, A. X X
Group 5:
Another 7 (0.4%) authors are just 'generally prominent'. That is, they are among the most- frequently-referenced in the discipline overall but neither among the most-frequently- referenced within any particular subfield nor among the integrators. These are:
Buchanan, J. x
Easton, D. x
Fiorina, M. x
Moe, T. x
Rokkan, S. x
Sartori, G. x
Schmitter, P. x
Table Al.H: (contd.)
Prominent in
the discipline Prominent in
as a whole their subdiscipline Integrators Group 6:
Groups 1-5 exhaust those who are integrators of the discipline or who are most-frequently- referenced across the discipline as a whole. Finally, we have a group of authors who are among the most-frequently-referenced within their own subfields but do not qualify according to the two other criteria. They may be called the 'special subfield representatives'. There are 39 (2.4%) authors of this type. They are:
Achen, C. x
Beck, N. x
Brady, H. x
Campbell, A. x
Campbell, D. x
Cohen, J. x
deLeon, P. x
Derthick, M. x
Dowding, K. x
Esping-Anderson, G. x
Flora, P. x
Galston, W. x
Goodin, R. x
Gutmann, A. x
Habermas, J. x
Hardin, R. x
Heath, A. x
Holsti, O. x
Kinder, D. x
King, G. x
Klingemann, H.-D. x
Krasner, S. x
Kymlicka, W. x
Table Al.H: (contd.)
Prominent in the discipline
as a whole
Prominent in
their subdiscipline Integrators Group 6: (contd.)
Lindblom, C. X
Lodge, M. X
Lowi, T. X
Merriam, C. X
Miller, D. X
Miller, W. X
Palfrey, T. X
Pateman, C. X
Rawls, J. X
Sharkansky, I. X
Skocpol, T. X
Sniderman, P. X
Stokes, D. X
Sprague, J. X
Taylor, C. X
Walzer, M. X
Waltz, K. X
Wilson, J. Q. X
Group 7:
The 76 (4.7%) scholars in groups 1-6 above exhaust the list of those who, by our criteria, count as integrators of the discipline as a whole or the most-frequently-referenced authors either across the discipline as a whole or within any particular subfield of it. There are another 1523 authors referenced in the New Handbook whose contributions to the discipline are sufficiently substantial to merit notice in what is, in and of itself, a very selective list.
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