Table 1: Description of the sample
Number of Firms Share
Small 1203 75.47
Large 391 24.53
Industry/ M anufacturing (NACE-Codes D-F)
906 56.84
Hereby: M anufacturing 736 46.17
Electricity, Gas and Water 33 2.07
Construction 137 8.59
Service (NACE-Codes G-K) 688 43.16
Hereby: Wholesale/ Retail-Trade 263 16.50
Hotels and Restaurants 37 2.32
Transport, Storage and Communication 156 9.79
Financial Intermediation 61 3.83
Real Estate, Renting and Business Activity 171 10.73
Table 2: Categories of Eco-Innovations
Categories of Eco-Innovations Share of firms stating each category of Eco-Innovations (in % )
Product 17 %
Service 12 %
Distribution System 8 %
Process 36 %
Organizational method 13 %
Recycling system 32 %
Pollution control 32 %
Table 3: Factor Analysis of Categories of Eco-Innovations
Categories of Eco-Innovations
Rotated factor loadings
Factor 1:
ORGANIZATIONAL INNOVATION
Factor 2:
PROCESS INNOVATION
Factor 3:
PRODUCT INNOVATION
Uniqueness
Product -0.03394 -0.09957
0.79583
Service
0.52413
-0.03220 0.35038Distribution System
0.71807
-0.06868 0.06579Process -0.07929
0.61351
0.01315Organisation M ethod
0.69002
0.02722 -0.28051Recycling System -0.11052 -0.62261 -0.50499
Pollution Control -0.02441
0.67917
-025896Table 4: Factors of Competition
Factors of Competition Share of firms stating the importance of each factor of competition (in % )
Price 35 %
Quality 41 %
Environmentally friendly features 3 %
Innovative products and services 6 %
Corporate image 8 %
16 Solothurn University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, Series A: Discussion Paper 2000-07
Table 5: Factor Analysis of Factors of Competition
Factors of competition Rotated factor loadings
Factor 1:
PRICE
COM PETITION
Factor 2:
CORPORATE IM AGE COM PETITION
Factor 3:
INNOVATION COM PETITION
Uniqueness
Price
0.91046
-0.23879 -0.27131Quality -0.88707 -0.26994 -0.31380
Environmentally friendly features 0.00534 0.12197 0.25814
Innovative products or services -0.00527 -0.17316
0.93785
Corporate Image -0.00128
0.97426
0.03233Table 6: Reasons for Introducing Eco-Innovations
Reasons Share of firms stating the importance of
the Different reasons for introducing eco-innovations (in % )
Comply with environmental regulations 66 %
Secure existing markets 32 %
Increase market share 27 %
Reduce costs 58 %
Improve the firm’s image 71 %
Respond to a competitor’s innovation 15 %
Achieve an accreditation 30 %
Table 7: Analysis of Reasons for Eco-Innovations
Reasons for Eco-Innovations
Rotated factor loadings
Factor 1:
M ARKET STRATEGY
Factor 2:
ENVIRONM ENTAL STRATEGY
Factor 3:
COST REDUCTION STRATEGY
Uniqueness
Comply with environmental regulations
-0.13090
0.77675
-0.10949Secure existing markets
0.84786
0.10865 -0.04809Increase M arket Share
0.86306
0.01789 0.01730Reduce Costs 0.03064 -0.01255
0.98417
Improve Firm’s Image 0.20047
0.60314
0.03820Respond to a competitor’s innovation
0.54069
0.32544 0.17236Achieve an accreditation 0.23559 0.626910.626910.626910.62691 0.05848
18 Solothurn University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, Series A: Discussion Paper 2000-07
Table 8: Descriptive Statistics of Model-Variables
Var i abl e Label N Mean St d Dev Mi ni mum Maxi mum
y1 1594 0. 0922208 0. 2894282 0 1. 0000000
pr i ceC 1594 0. 1122961 0. 3158295 0 1. 0000000
sal esC 1594 0. 2013802 0. 4011573 0 1. 0000000
comp1 1594 7. 577934E- 17 1. 0000000 - 1. 0562924 1. 2384847 comp2 1594 6. 131301E- 16 1. 0000000 - 0. 6876244 3. 3830798 comp3 1594 1. 121367E- 16 1. 0000000 - 0. 3736654 3. 7242417 I _SHARE 1284 1. 7531153 0. 9437564 1. 0000000 4. 0000000 i nnovt y 1 1591 2. 075998E- 16 1. 0000000 - 0. 8579669 4. 4633396 i nnovt y 2 1591 - 7. 41009E- 16 1. 0000000 - 1. 9069414 2. 0003029 i nnovt y 3 1591 1. 529959E- 17 1. 0000000 - 2. 1137574 2. 9072070
ecost C 1594 0. 1737767 0. 3790362 0 1. 0000000
mcost C 1594 0. 1913425 0. 3934815 0 1. 0000000
wcost C 1594 0. 2026349 0. 4020888 0 1. 0000000
l cost C 1594 0. 2158093 0. 4115117 0 1. 0000000
goal 1 1579 6. 270405E- 16 1. 0000000 0. 9519553 2. 4833215 goal 2 1579 - 5. 27338E- 18 1. 0000000 - 2. 1190611 1. 7946973 goal 3 1579 6. 609307E- 17 1. 0000000 - 1. 5798322 1. 4695321 I _SUBSI D 1521 1. 8948060 0. 3069041 1. 0000000 2. 0000000
si ze1 1594 0. 2427854 0. 4289010 0 1. 0000000
br 1 1594 0. 4617315 0. 4986898 0 1. 0000000
br 3 1594 0. 0859473 0. 2803742 0 1. 0000000
br 4 1594 0. 1649937 0. 3712914 0 1. 0000000
br 6 1594 0. 0978670 0. 2972280 0 1. 0000000
br 7 1594 0. 0382685 0. 1919040 0 1. 0000000
count 1 1594 0. 2509410 0. 43369070 0 1. 0000000
count 3 1594 0. 1260979 0. 3320638 0 1. 0000000
count 4 1594 0. 1304893 0. . 3369467 0 1. 0000000
Labels:
comp1 = 'PRICE COM PETITION'
comp2 = 'CORPORATE IM AGE COM PETITION' comp3 = 'INNOVATION COM PETITION' innovty1 = 'ORGANISATIONAL INNOVATION' innovty2 = 'PROCESS INNOVATION'
innovty3 = 'PRODUCT INNOVATION' goal1 = 'M ARKET STRATEGY'
goal2 = 'ENVIRONM ENTAL STRATEGY' goal3 = 'COST REDUCTION STRATEGY' priceC = 'product price changes'
salesC = 'sales changes'
ecostC = 'energy costs changes' mcostC = 'material costs changes' wcostC = 'waste disposal cost changes' lcostC = 'labour costs changes'
Size1 = 'less than 50 employess'
I-Share = '% of total firm's innovation expenditure' I-subsid = 'state subsidy or grants'
br 1 = manufacturing br 2= electricity br 3 = construction
br 4 = wholesale, retail, trade br 5 = hotels and restaurants br 6 = transport, storage and communication
br 7 = financial intermediation br 8 = real estate, renting, business activity
count 1= UK count 2=Germany count 3=Switzerland count 4=Netherlands count 5=Italy
Table 9: Analysis of Parameter Estimates (Logit-M odel )
Var i abl e DF Est i mat e st andar d Er r or Chi - Squar e Pr >Chi Sq I nt er cept 1 - 2. 61137 0. 65974 15. 6673 <. 0001
pr i ceC 1 - 0. 05815 0. 31685 0. 0337 0. 8544
sal esC 1 1. 01885 0. 25233 16. 3039 <. 0001
comp1 1 - 0. 16539 0. 11433 2. 0928 0. 1480
comp2 1 0. 03119 0. 10192 0. 0937 0. 7596
comp3 1 0. 08132 0. 10527 0. 5967 0. 4398
I _SHARE 1 0. 41554 0. 11315 13. 4869 0. 0002
i nnovt y 1 1 0. 07416 0. 10698 0. 4806 0. 4882
i nnovt y 2 1 - 0. 17632 0. 12264 2. 0671 0. 1505
i nnovt y 3 1 0. 21958 0. 11051 3. 9482 0. 0469
ecost C 1 0. 26395 0. 28691 0. 8464 0. 3576
mcost C 1 0. 23261 0. 26332 0. 7804 0. 3770
wcost C 1 - 0. 11820 0. 28971 0. 1665 0. 6833
l cost C 1 1. 32142 0. 25422 27. 0196 <. 0001
goal 1 1 0. 36402 0. 11487 10. 0417 0. 0015
goal 2 1 0. 10549 0. 11101 0. 9032 0. 3419
goal 3 1 0. 01037 0. 11592 0. 0080 0. 9287
I _SUBSI D 1 - 0. 52835 0. 28825 3. 3597 0. 0668
si ze1 1 0. 30528 1. 02741 0. 0883 0. 7664
br 1 1 - 0. 36849 0. 32204 1. 3092 0. 2525
br 3 1 - 0. 54362 0. 46975 1. 3392 0. 2472
br 4 1 - 0. 21139 0. 39280 0. 2896 0. 5905
br 6 1 - 0. 28908 0. 42424 0. 4643 0. 4956
br 7 1 1. 12044 0. 53593 4. 3708 0. 0366
count 1 1 - 1. 13351 1. 06877 1. 1248 0. 2889
count 3 1 - 0. 58204 0. 39719 2. 1474 0. 1428
count 4 1 0. 0031960 0. 32464 0. 0001 0. 9921
20 Solothurn University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, Series A: Discussion Paper 2000-07
Publications to date:
In Series A ' Discussion Papers' of Solothurn University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, the following publications have appeared:
No. 98-01 THOM AS M . SCHWARB (July 1998)
«Ich verpfeife meine Firma»... Einführung in das Phänomen «Whistle-Blowing».
No. 98-02 MATHIAS BINSWANGER (December 1998)
Stock M arket Booms and Real Economic Activity: Is this Time different?
No. 98-03 GÜNTER SCHINDLER (December 1998)
Unscharfe Klassifikation durch kontextbasierte Datenbankanfragen.
No. 99-01 MATHIAS BINSWAGER (January 1999)
Co-Evolution Between the Real and Financial Sectors:
The Optimistic «New Growth Theory» View versus the Pessimistic «Keynesian View».
No. 99-02 MATHIAS BINSWANGER (June 1999)
Die verschiedenen Rollen des Finanzsektors in der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung.
No. 99-03 LORENZ M . HILTY (June 1999)
Individuenbasierte Verkehrssimulation in Java.
No. 99-04 ALBERT VOLLM ER (June 1999)
M obile Arbeit in der Schweiz – Telearbeit und Desksharing.
No. 99-05 NAJIB HARABI (July 1999)
The Impact of Vertical R&D Cooperation on Firm Innovation: an Empirical Investigation.
No. 99-06 MAIKE FRANZEN (July 1999)
Konstruktives Lernen mit dem E-Book. Entwicklung einer Lernumgebung für konstruktives Lernen.
No. 99-07 MATHIAS BINSWANGER (December 1999)
Technological Progress and Sustainable Development: Different Perspectives on the Rebound Effect.
No. 2000-01 LORENZ M . HILTY, THOM AS RUDDY, DANIEL SCHULTHESS (January 2000)
Resource Intensity and Dematerialization Potential of Information Society Technologies.
No. 2000-02 LORENZ M . HILTY, ALBERT VOLLM ER, DANIEL SCHULTHESS, THOM AS RUDDY (February 2000) Lifestyles, M obility and the Challenge of Sustainability: A Survey of the Literature.
No. 2000-03 LORENZ M . HILTY, THOM AS RUDDY (M ay 2000)
The Information Society and Sustainable Development.
No. 2000-04 ROLF MEYER, NAJIB HARABI (June 2000)
Frauen Power unter der Lupe. Geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede der Jungunternehmerinnen und -unternehmer. Ergebnisse einer empirischen Untersuchung.
No. 2000-05 ROLF MEYER, MARION ALT, KERSTIN HÜFFM EYER, NAJIB HARABI (June 2000)
Selbständigerwerbende und ihre jungen Unternehmen – 9 Fallbeispiele.
No. 2000-06 NAJIB HARABI, ROLF SCHOCH, FRANK HESPELER (August2000)
Einführung und Verbreitung von Electronic Commerce. Wo steht die Schweiz heute im internationalen Vergleich? Ergebnisse einer empirischen Untersuchung.
No. 2000-07 NAJIB HARABI (December 2000)
Employment Effects of Eco-Innovations: An Empirical Analysis.
No. 2001-01 ROLF MEYER, NAJIB HARABI, RUEDI NIEDERER (January2001)
Der Einfluss der Beratung, Weiterbildung und des Beziehungsnetzes auf den Erfolg junger Unternehmen.
Nr. 2001-02 NAJIB HARABI (January2001)
Introduction and Diffusion of Electronic Commerce –
What is Switzerland’s position in an international comparison? Results of an empirical study
Nr. 2001-03 NAJIB HARABI, HESPELER FRANK (February 2001)
Electronic Commerce in der Schweiz: Lehren aus Einzelfallstudien
In Series B ' Reprints' of Solothurn University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, the following publications have appeared:
No. 98-01 NAJIB HARABI (October 1998)
Channels of R&D spillovers: An Investigation of Swiss Firms.
Reprinted from: Technovation, 17 (11/ 12) (1997) 627–635.
No. 98-02 MAX ZUBERBÜHLER (October 1998)
Virtualität – der zukünftige Wettbewerbsvorteil.
Reprinted from: io M anagement, 67 (1998), 18–23.
No. 98-03 NAJIB HARABI (October 1998)
Les facteurs déterminants de la R&D.
Reprinted from: Revue française de gestion, no 114, 1997, p. 39–51.
No. 98-04 NAJIB HARABI (December 1998)
Innovation through Vertical Relations between Firms, Suppliers and Customers:
a Study of German Firms.
Reprinted from: Industry and Innovation, Volume 5, Number 2, pp. 157–178.
No. 99-01 CHRISTOPH MINNIG, RUEDI NIEDERER, THOM AS SCHWARB (January 1999)
Imagestudie Erziehungsdepartement des Kantons Solothurn. Schlussbericht.
No. 99-02 NAJIB HARABI (January 1999)
Der Beitrag von Profit- und Nonprofit-Organisationen zum technischen Forstschritt:
Ergebnisse aus der Schweiz.
Reprinted from: Wagner, R. (1997). Festschrift zum 60. Geburtstag von Antonin Wagner. Zürich:
Turicum.
No. 99-03 LORENZ M . HILTY, KLAUS TOCHTERM ANN, JÖRG VON STEINAECKER (July 1999)
The Information Society and the Environment – A Survey of European Activities.
Reprinted from: Proc. 1st International Environmental M anagement Systems Conference, Vienna/ Austria 1998.
No. 99-04 THOM AS M . SCHWARB (August 1999)
Das Arbeitszeugnis als Instrument der Personalpraxis.
Reprinted from the dokumenation at the conference „ Arbeitszeugnis“ at Solothurn University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, Olten.
No. 99-05 THOM AS M . SCHWARB, ALBERT VOLLM ER (December 1999) Telearbeit
Reprinter from: Schwarb Th. M . (ed.) (1999) Erfolgsfaktor Human Resource M anagement, Zürich:
22 Solothurn University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, Series A: Discussion Paper 2000-07 Weka.
No. 2000-01 NAJIB HARABI, ROLF MEYER (February 2000) Die neuen Selbständigen
A Study by order of NEFU (Netzwerk für Einfrau-Unternehmerinnen) Switzerland.
No. 2000-02 RUEDI NIEDERER, STEFANIE GREIWE, CHRISTOPH MINNIG, THOM AS SCHWARB (M arch2000) Projektmanagement – Praxis und Ausbildung.
A Study by order of Universities of Applied Sciences and SwissPM .
No. 2000-03 THOM AS SCHWARB, STEFANIE GREIWE, CHRISTOPH MINNIG, RUEDI NIEDERER (M arch2000) Olten ist eigentlich schön, aber ...
A Study of Attraktivity and Image of Olten by order of the Project Olten Plus.
No 2000-04 THOM AS SCHWARB, ALBERT VOLLM ER, RUEDI NIEDERER (M arch 2000)
TA-Studie „ M obile Arbeitsformen: Verbreitung und Potenzial von Telearbeit und Desksharing“
A Study by order of Swiss Science and Technology Council and Commission for Technology and Innovation.
No. 2000-05 THOM AS SCHWARB, STEPHANIE GREIWE, CHRISTOPH MINNIG, RUEDI NIEDERER (NOVEM BER 2000) Olten ist eigentlich schön, aber...
A Study of the Attractiveness of Olten as a Residential and Industrial Location and of the Image of Olten under Contract from the Project Olten Plus (POP).
No. 2000-06 THOM AS SCHWARB, STEPHANIE GREIWE, CHRISTOPH MINNIG (NOVEM BER 2000) Ich gehe nach Olten einkaufen, wenn ...
A Study of Shopping in Olten under Contract from the Project Olten Plus (POP).
No. 2000-07 THOM AS SCHWARB, STEPHANIE GREIWE (January 2001) Zofingen unter der Lupe.
Study of the Situation of Shopping in Zofingen.
In Series C ' Guest Lectures' of Solothurn University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, the following publications have appeared:
No. 99-01 PATRIK DUCREY, BARBARA HÜBSCHER (July 1999) Aktuelle Probleme der Wettbewerbspolitik
Lectured at University of Applied Sciences Solothurn Northwestern Switzerland on M ay 31st 1999.
No. 2000-01 ANDY STURM (April 2000)
Grundlagen der schweizerischen Geldpolitik
Lectured at University of Applied Sciences Solothurn Northwestern Switzerland on April 14th 2000.
No. 2000-02 PATRICIA SCHULTZ (September 2000)
Von M ännern und Frauen in Arbeitswelt und Privatleben
Lectured at University of Applied Sciences Solothurn Northwestern Switzerland on February 22nd 2000.
No. 2000-03 NILS GOLDSCHM IDT (September 2000)
Auf dem Weg zu einem kommunitaristischen Wohlfahrtsstaat. Ethische und ökonomische Anmerkungen zu einem nicht ganz neuen Leitbild
Lectured at University of Applied Sciences Solothurn Northwestern Switzerland on M arch 3rd 2000.
No. 2000-04 ELISABETH JORIS (September 2000) History and Herstory
Lectured at University of Applied Sciences Solothurn Northwestern Switzerland on November 30th 1999.
Orders
Price per copy: Discussion Papers (Series A):...SFr. Reprints (Series B):...SFr. Guest Lectures (Series C): ...SFr. 20.-Send orders to: Fachhochschule Solothurn Nordwestschweiz
-Sekretariat Weiterbildung-Postfach
CH-4601 Olten
Telephone: ++41 +848 821 011 Telefax: ++41 +62 296 65 01 e-M ail: ccc@fhso.ch