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The study of Egypt also supports the theory presented here. It also exposes the difficulties of popular movements to articulate a coherent deeply democratic strategy without clarity about

class and gender issues in particular. While avoiding narrow, sectarian and dogmatic class

analysis, a new deeper, richer analysis that addresses the complexities of the economy, polity and society in the 21

st

century global political economy is required. The current analysis is best viewed as a first tentative step towards this goal.

In Egypt, this means that politically a democratic platform and organization is a prime necessity if the revolution is to lead to genuine capabilities enhancement. Inter alia, such a movement will follow an economic strategy of growth plus poverty reduction. But beyond this, the increase of well-being of all marginal members of society, particularly women is a must. For Egypt, it will also mean rethinking the neoliberal strategy and adopting a more heterodox political economic strategy along the lines outlined in part II of this paper. In attempting such progressive reforms Egyptians will need the help from all progressive governments, NGOs, intellectuals and activists from all over the world. This is the ultimate global challenge for capabilities enhancement thrown up by the Egyptian revolution.

     

40 See Cafruny and Ryner(2011) p.25.

39  

References A. References for the Egyptian Economy:

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Abdel Hakim, Rasha (1997), "Effects of the Egypt- EU Partnership Agreement on the Textile Industry", ECES Working Paper No. 15, Cairo: Egyptian Center of Economic Studies.

Abdel-Latif, Abla and Jeffery Nugent (1995), "Export Promotion Policies: Transaction Costs and Export Channel Choices in Egypt", paper presented at the 70th Western Economic Association International Conference in San Diego, California, July 5-9, 1995.

Abou-6WDLW )RXDG ³$UH Exports the Engine of Economic Growth? An Application of Co-integration and Causality Analysis for Egypt 1977-2003", Economic Research Working Paper No. 76, African Development Bank.

Buigues, P. and C. Martinez-Mongay (2000), "Trade Resistance and Global Competiveness: The Cases of Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, and Tunisia", paper presented at the ERF 7th Annual Conference, Amman 26-29 October, 2000.

Cassing, Jamed, Samiha Fawzy, Denis Gallagher, and Hanaa Kheir El Din (2000), "Enhancing Egyptian Exports", in Jamel Zarrouk and Bernard Hoekman (eds.), Caching Up with the Competition: Trade Opportunities and Challengesfor Arab Countries, University of Michigan Press.

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40  

Ministry of Finance. Submitted to USAID Economic Growth/Sector Policy Cairo, Egypt by Nathan Associates Inc. and Contract #263-C-00-96-00001-00).

Djankov, Simon and Bernard Hoekman (1997), "Towards a Free Trade Agreement with the European Union: Issues and Policy Options for Egypt", in Ahmed Galal and Bernard Hoekman (eds.), Regional Partners in Global Markets: Limits and Possibilities of the Euro-Med Agreements, Cairo and London:

ECES and CEPR.

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Galal, Ahmed and Robert Lawrence (1998), "Egypt-US and Morocco-US Free Trade Agreements", in Ahmed Galal and Robert Lawrence (eds.), Building Bridges: An Egypt-US F ree Trade Agreement, Cairo and Washington D.C.: ECES and Brookings Institution.

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*KRQHLP $KPHG )DURXN ³,QVWLWXWLRQDO 5HIRUP WR SURPRWH ([SRUWV (J\SW DQG WKH (8´ LQ Handouss, Heba and Noha El-Mikawy (eds), Institutional Reform and Economic Development in Egypt: Which Institutions and Why, Bonn: Center for Development Research, Bonn University. Republished by the American University in Cairo (AUC)

*KRQHLP$KPHG)D³5XOHVRI2ULJLQDQGWKHLU,PSDFWRQ(J\SWZLWKLQWKHFRQWH[WRIWKH(8 -0HG 3DUWQHUVKLS $JUHHPHQW´ Journal of World Trade, June 2003 Vol. 37 No. 3, pp. 597-622. First presented at the annual conference of Economic Research Forum, 14-17 January 2002.

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Ghoneim, Ahmed F. D³7KH$XGLR-YLVXDO6HFWRULQ(J\SW´LQ*XHUULHUL3DROR3/HOLR,DSDGUH and Georg Koopman, Cultural Diversity and International Economic Integration: The Global Governance of the Audio-Visual Sector(GZDUG(OJDU)LUVWSXEOLVKHGDV³&RPSHWLWLRn, Cultural Variety DQG*OREDO*RYHUQDQFHWKH&DVHRIWKH*OREDO$XGLRYLVXDO6\VWHP&DVHRI(J\SW´+::$-Report No.

246, Hamburg: Hamburg Institute of International Economics, ISSN 0179-2253.Research project undertaken for the IAI and the HWWA.

Ghoneim$KPHG)E³$FKLHYLQJ7KH7ZR2EMHFWLYHV([SRUW3URPRWLRQDQG-RE&UHDWLRQ´in Ibraim Awad (editor), Towards An Employment Policy in Egypt, Cairo: International Labor Office and haiaa masria Amma llikitab.

42  

Ghoneim, Ahmed Farouk (2007) (coordinator and main author with M. El Garf, M. Gasiorek, and P.

+ROPHV ³Examining the Deep Integration Aspects of the EU-South Mediterranean Countries:

&RPSDULQJWKH%DUFHORQD3URFHVVDQG1HLJKERXUKRRG3ROLF\WKH&DVHRI(J\SW´)(0,6(3URMHFW1R FEM31-08, financed by European Commission.

*KRQHLP$KPHG)³7R:KDW([WHQW6KRXOG(J\SWJR'HHSLQ,WV )UHH7UDGH$UHDZLWKWKH 8QLWHG6WDWHVLI$Q\´Journal of World Investment and Trade, Vol. 9, No. 2 April Edition, pp. 163-186.

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7KH6WDWXVRIWKH3UHVHQWDQGWKH3URVSHFWVRIWKH)XWXUH´KHOGDW&DLUR8QLYHUVLW\-20 April, 2006.

Ghoneim, Ahmed F. and Amal Refaat (2006), "The Impact of Inefficient Services on Competitiveness of Manufacturing in Egypt", ECES unpublished paper.

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+DYU\O\VK\Q2DQG3.XQ]HO³,QWUD-Industry Trade or Arab Countries: An Indicator of Potential

&RPSHWLWLYHQHVV´,0):RUNLQJ3DSHU1R:3

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Hoekman, Bernard and Denise Konan (2000), "Rents, Red Tape, and Regionalism: Economic Effects of Deeper Integration", in Jamel Zarrouk and Bernard Hoekman (eds.), Caching Up with the Competition: Trade Opportunities and Challengesfor Arab Countries, University of Michigan Press.

,0)³(J\SW%H\RQG6WDELOL]DWLRQ7RZDUG$'\QDPLF0DUNHW(FRQRP\´ , IMF Occasional Paper No. 163, Washington D.C.: IMF.

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Kheir-El-Din, Hanaa DQG $KPHG ) *KRQHLP D ³7KH (FRQRPLF DQG 5HJXODWRU\ 3ROLF\

,PSOLFDWLRQVRI2YHUODSSLQJ3UHIHUHQWLDO7UDGH$JUHHPHQWVLQWKH$UDE&RXQWULHV7KH&DVHRI(J\SW´

Research project undertaken for IDRC. Project Coordinator Hanaa Kheir-El-Din The Economic and Regulatory Policy Implications of Overlapping Preferential Trade Agreements in the Arab Countries. Published as ERF Special Report, Research Report Series No. 0425.

Kheir-El-Din, Hanaa DQG$KPHG)*KRQHLPE³Trade relations Between the European Union and the Southern Mediterranean Countries: Prospects for Export Based on the Enlargement of the European Union, the New Neighbourhood Policy and the Barcelona Process in Franco Praussello (editor), Sustainable Development and Adjustment in the Mediterranean Countries Following the E U Enlargement. Franco Angeli - Milan, 2006, 540 p.

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Kheir-El-Din, Hanaa $KPHG)*KRQHLPDQG+DOD6DNU³,PSDFWRI/LEHUDOL]DWLRQRI7UDGHLQ Services: Banking, Telecommunications and 0DULWLPH7UDQVSRUWLQ(J\SW´5HVHDUFKSURMHFWXQGHUWDNHQ for FEMISE. Project Coordinator Subidey Togan Impact of Liberalization of Trade in Services: Banking, Telecommunications and Maritime Transport in Egypt Morocco, Tunisia and Turkey. Available at www.femise.org.

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.RQDQ'HQLVH³$OWHUQDWLYH3DWKVWR3URVSHULW\(FRQRPLF,QWHJUDWLRQDPRQJ$UDE&RXQWULHV´

in Galal, Ahmed and Bernard Hoekman (eds.) Arab Economic Integration: Between Hope and Reality, Brookings Institution Press and ECES.

Konan, Denise and Keith Maskus (1997), "A Computable General Equilibrium Analysis of Egyptian Trade Liberalization Scenarios", in Ahmed Galal and Bernard Hoekman (eds.), Regional Partners in Global Markets: Limits and Possibilities of the Euro-Med Agreements, Cairo and London: ECES and CEPR.

.RUD\HP.DULPD³(J\SW¶V(FRQRPLF5HIRUPDQG6WUXFWXUDO$GMXVWPHQW(56$3´