Table 1. Feeding rates of I. ricinus nymphs after in vitro feeding and infection with TBEV 2018 and 2019.
2018
April May June July
Tick origin Feeding
rate (%) p value Feeding
rate (%) p value Feeding
rate (%) p value Feeding
rate (%) p value
Haselmühl 5.33
p< 0.001 43.81
1.84 x 10-6 58.24
0.9967 20.00
0.1209
Hanover 28.00 19.44 43.01 38.57
2018
August October
Tick origin Feeding
rate (%) p value Feeding
rate (%) p value
Haselmühl 33.13
p< 0.0001 68.04
0.0830
Hanover 78.08 51.11
2019
April May June July
Tick origin Feeding
rate (%) p value Feeding
rate (%) p value Feeding
rate (%) p value Feeding
rate (%) p value
Haselmühl 82.66
5.20 x 10-8 47.33
4 x 10-15 8.00
0.1176 15.83
0.6841
Hanover 53.33 0 2.00 26.00
Publications
25
References
1. Domingo, E. Mutation rates and rapid evolution of RNA viruses. The Evolutionary Biology of Viruses. 1994, 161-184.
2. Drake, J.W.; Holland, J.J. Mutation rates among RNA viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999, 96, 13910-13913, doi:10.1073/pnas.96.24.13910.
3. Bogovic, P.; Strle, F. Tick-borne encephalitis: A review of epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and management. World J Clin Cases 2015, 3, 430-441, doi:10.12998/wjcc.v3.i5.430.
4. Völker, H., Nessler , Baumgärtner , Wohlsein First tick-borne encephalitis in a dog resident in Northern Germany. Berliner und Münchener Tierärztliche Wochenschrift 2017, 130, 114–160, doi:10.2376/0005-9366-16039.
5. Süss, J. Tick-borne encephalitis 2010: epidemiology, risk areas, and virus strains in Europe and Asia-an overview. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2011, 2, 2-15, doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2010.10.007.
6. Beauté, J.; Spiteri, G.; Warns-Petit, E.; Zeller, H. Tick-borne encephalitis in Europe, 2012 to 2016. Euro surveillance 2018, 23, 1800201, doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.45.1800201.
7. Hellenbrand, W.; Kreusch, T.; Böhmer, M.M.; Wagner-Wiening, C.; Dobler, G.; Wichmann, O.;
Altmann, D. Epidemiology of Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE) in Germany, 2001⁻2018. Pathogens 2019, 8, 42, doi:10.3390/pathogens8020042.
8. Pavlovsky, E. Fundamentals of the theory of natural focality of transmissible human diseases.
Zh Obshch Biol 1946, 7, 3-33.
9. Michelitsch, A.; Wernike, K.; Klaus, C.; Dobler, G.; Beer, M. Exploring the Reservoir Hosts of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus. Viruses 2019, 11, doi:10.3390/v11070669.
10. Uzcategui, N.Y.; Sironen, T.; Golovljova, I.; Jaaskelainen, A.E.; Valimaa, H.; Lundkvist, A.;
Plyusnin, A.; Vaheri, A.; Vapalahti, O. Rate of evolution and molecular epidemiology of tick-borne encephalitis virus in Europe, including two isolations from the same focus 44 years apart. J Gen Virol 2012, 93, 786-796, doi:10.1099/vir.0.035766-0.
11. Lambrechts, L.; Halbert, J.; Durand, P.; Gouagna, L.C.; Koella, J.C. Host genotype by parasite genotype interactions underlying the resistance of anopheline mosquitoes to Plasmodium falciparum.
Malar J 2005, 4, 3, doi:10.1186/1475-2875-4-3.
26 12. Růzek, D.; Bell-Sakyi, L.; Kopecký, J.; Grubhoffer, L. Growth of tick-borne encephalitis virus (European subtype) in cell lines from vector and non-vector ticks. Virus Res 2008, 137, 142-146, doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2008.05.013.
13. Randolph, S.E.; Storey, K. Impact of microclimate on immature tick-rodent host interactions (Acari: Ixodidae): implications for parasite transmission. J Med Entomol 1999, 36, 741-748, doi:10.1093/jmedent/36.6.741.
14. Cagnacci, F.; Bolzoni, L.; Rosà, R.; Carpi, G.; Hauffe, H.C.; Valent, M.; Tagliapietra, V.;
Kazimirova, M.; Koci, J.; Stanko, M., et al. Effects of deer density on tick infestation of rodents and the hazard of tick-borne encephalitis. I: empirical assessment. Int J Parasitol 2012, 42, 365-372, doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.02.012.
15. Carpi, G.; Cagnacci, F.; Neteler, M.; Rizzoli, A. Tick infestation on roe deer in relation to geographic and remotely sensed climatic variables in a tick-borne encephalitis endemic area.
Epidemiol Infect 2008, 136, 1416-1424, doi:10.1017/S0950268807000039.
16. Vor, T.; Kiffner, C.; Hagedorn, P.; Niedrig, M.; Rühe, F. Tick burden on European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). Exp Appl Acarol 2010, 51, 405-417, doi:10.1007/s10493-010-9337-0.
17. Lefevre, T.; Vantaux, A.; Dabire, K.R.; Mouline, K.; Cohuet, A. Non-genetic determinants of mosquito competence for malaria parasites. PLoS Pathog 2013, 9, e1003365, doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003365.
18. Boelke, M.; Bestehorn, M.; Marchwald, B.; Kubinski, M.; Liebig, K.; Glanz, J.; Schulz, C.; Dobler, G.; Monazahian, M.; Becker, S.C. First Isolation and Phylogenetic Analyses of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus in Lower Saxony, Germany. Viruses 2019, 11, doi:10.3390/v11050462.
19. Reed, L.J.; Muench, H. A simple method of estimating fifty per cent endpoints. Am J Epidemiol 1938, 27, 493-497, doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a118408.
20. Liebig, K.; Boelke, M.; Grund, D.; Schicht, S.; Springer, A.; Strube, C.; Chitimia-Dobler, L.; Dobler, G.; Jung, K.; Becker, S. Tick populations from endemic and non-endemic areas in Germany show differential susceptibility to TBEV. Sci Rep 2020, 10, 15478, doi:10.1038/s41598-020-71920-z.
21. Schwaiger, M.; Cassinotti, P. Development of a quantitative real-time RT-PCR assay with internal control for the laboratory detection of tick borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) RNA. J Clin Virol 2003, 27, 136-145, doi:10.1016/s1386-6532(02)00168-3.
22. Kupca, A.M.; Essbauer, S.; Zoeller, G.; de Mendonca, P.G.; Brey, R.; Rinder, M.; Pfister, K.;
Spiegel, M.; Doerrbecker, B.; Pfeffer, M., et al. Isolation and molecular characterization of a tick-borne
Publications
27 encephalitis virus strain from a new tick-borne encephalitis focus with severe cases in Bavaria, Germany. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2010, 1, 44-51, doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2009.11.002.
23. Heinz, F.-X.; Stiasny, K. Chapter 2b: The molecular and antigenic structure of TBEV. Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book 2019, 10.33442/978-981-14-0914-1_2b, doi:10.33442/978-981-14-0914-1_2b.
24. Danet, L.; Beauclair, G.; Berthet, M.; Moratorio, G.; Gracias, S.; Tangy, F.; Choumet, V.;
Jouvenet, N. Midgut barriers prevent the replication and dissemination of the yellow fever vaccine in Aedes aegypti. PLoS Neglect Trop Dis 2019, 13, e0007299-e0007299, doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0007299.
25. Arias-Goeta, C.; Mousson, L.; Rougeon, F.; Failloux, A.-B. Dissemination and transmission of the E1-226V variant of chikungunya virus in Aedes albopictus are controlled at the midgut barrier level.
PloS One 2013, 8, e57548, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057548.
26. Mitzel, D.N.; Best, S.M.; Masnick, M.F.; Porcella, S.F.; Wolfinbarger, J.B.; Bloom, M.E.
Identification of genetic determinants of a tick-borne flavivirus associated with host-specific adaptation and pathogenicity. Virology 2008, 381, 268-276, doi:10.1016/j.virol.2008.08.030.
27. Pettersson, J.H.; Golovljova, I.; Vene, S.; Jaenson, T.G. Prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus in Ixodes ricinus ticks in northern Europe with particular reference to Southern Sweden. Parasit Vector 2014, 7, 102, doi:10.1186/1756-3305-7-102.
28. Ott, D.; Ulrich, K.; Ginsbach, P.; Ohme, R.; Bock-Hensley, O.; Falk, U.; Teinert, M.; Lenhard, T.
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) prevalence in field-collected ticks (Ixodes ricinus) and phylogenetic, structural and virulence analysis in a TBE high-risk endemic area in southwestern Germany. Parasit Vector 2020, 13, 303, doi:10.1186/s13071-020-04146-7.
29. RKI. SurvStat@RKI 2.0. Availabe online: https://survstat.rki.de/ (accessed on 14.10.2020).
30. Leggewie, M.; Badusche, M.; Rudolf, M.; Jansen, S.; Borstler, J.; Krumkamp, R.; Huber, K.;
Kruger, A.; Schmidt-Chanasit, J.; Tannich, E., et al. Culex pipiens and Culex torrentium populations from Central Europe are susceptible to West Nile virus infection. One health 2016, 2, 88-94, doi:10.1016/j.onehlt.2016.04.001.
31. Vega-Rúa, A.; Marconcini, M.; Madec, Y.; Manni, M.; Carraretto, D.; Gomulski, L.M.; Gasperi, G.; Failloux, A.-B.; Malacrida, A.R. Vector competence of Aedes albopictus populations for chikungunya virus is shaped by their demographic history. Commun Biol 2020, 3, 326, doi:10.1038/s42003-020-1046-6.
28 32. Bennett, K.E.; Flick, D.; Fleming, K.H.; Jochim, R.; Beaty, B.J.; Black, W.C.t. Quantitative trait loci that control dengue-2 virus dissemination in the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Genetics 2005, 170, 185-194, doi:10.1534/genetics.104.035634.
33. Ciota, A.T.; Chin, P.A.; Ehrbar, D.J.; Micieli, M.V.; Fonseca, D.M.; Kramer, L.D. Differential effects of temperature and mosquito genetics determine transmissibility of arboviruses by Aedes aegypti in Argentina. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018, 99, 417-424, doi:10.4269/ajtmh.18-0097.
34. Steele GM, Nuttall PA. Difference in vector competence of two species of sympatric ticks, Amblyomma variegatum and Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, for Dugbe virus (Nairovirus, Bunyaviridae). Virus Res. 1989 Sep;14(1):73-84. doi: 10.1016/0168-1702(89)90071-3. PMID: 2510418.