Divingpatterns of Grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) in the Baltic sea
This work was searching for answers to the question what are the differences between gray seal diving patterns during migrations and at feeding grounds. Additional objectives were to classify the main diving behaviours and distinguish feeding from migrations - analyze the alternation of these two main biological function. Six gray seals (Halichoerus grypus) were equipped with GPS radio transmitters in the islets of West-Estonia in 2007.
Trajectory were classified into two different behaviours: intensive and extensive foraging where seals behave accordingly by the slow - angled and fast - straight line movement. In this paper 5 different diving patterns were found for the studied gray seal. Compared to the other studies that are published from the Northwest Atlantic there were 3.8% flat-bottomed and 2.8% V -shaped dives less and 6.1% skewed-left and 0.8% skewed-right dives more than in this work. In this work it was found that all animals used during the intensive foraging behaviour proportionally much more shallow flat-bottomed diving and while foraging extensively significantly more skewed-left, deep flat-bottomed and V -shaped dives were measured. It turned out that compared to the gray seals of the Atlantic Ocean here seals feed substantially more while foraging extensively which may be caused by different spatial distribution of the target species. It was possible to detect various foraging strategies by different specimens which can be remnant of interspecific competition since the recent drastic decrease in abundance as well as the physical and chemical properties of the Baltic Sea.
33
Tänuavaldused
Tänan oma juhendajaid Mart Jüssit, Randel Kreitsbergi ning Ivar Jüssit. Tänan ka Ants Kaasikut, kes andis nõu statistika osas.
34
Kasutatud kirjandus
Baird, R. W., Hanson, M. B. and Dill, L. M. 2005. Factors influencing the diving behaviour of fish-eating killer whales: sex differences and diel and interannual variation in diving rates. Canadian Journal of Zoology-Revue Canadienne De Zoologie 83(2): 257-267.
Beck, C. A., Bowen,W. D., McMillan, J. I., Iverson, S. J. 2003. Sex differences in the diving behaviour of a size-dimorphic capital breeder: the grey seal. Anim Behav 66:777–
789
Beck, C. A., Iverson, S. J., Bowen, W. D. and Blanchard, W. 2007. Sex differences in grey seal diet reflect seasonal variation in foraging behaviour and reproductive expenditure:
evidence from quantitative fatty acid signature analysis. Journal of Animal Ecology 76(3):
490-502.
Bivand, R., Keitt, T., Rowlingson, B., Pebesma, E., Sumner, M., Hijmans, R., Rouault, E.
2014. rgdal: Bindings for the Geospatial Data Abstraction Library. R package version 0.8-16 Available: http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=rgdal Accessed: 07.02.2014
Bluhm, B. A. and Gradinger, R. 2008. Regional variability in food availability for arctic marine mammals. Ecological Applications 18(2): S77-S96.
Bowen, W. D. and Harrison, G. D. 1994. Offshore diet of grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) near Sable Island, Canada. Marine Ecology Progress Series Vol. 112: 1-11
Breed, G. A., Bowen, W. D., Leonard, M. L. 2011. Development of foraging strategies with age in a long-lived marine predator. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 431:267-279
Calenge, C. 2011. adehabitatHR: Home range Estimation. R package version 0.4.11.
Available: http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=adehabitatHR Accessed: 08.03.2014 Campagna, C., Quintana, F., le Boeuf, B. J., Blackwell, S. and Crocker, D. E. 1998. Diving behaviour and foraging ecology of female southern elephant seals from Patagonia. Aquatic Mammals 24(1): 1-11.
Cardinale, M., Casini, M., Arrhenius, F., Håkansson, N., 2003. Diel spatial distribution and feeding activity of herring (Clupea harengus) and sprat (Sprattus sprattus) in the Baltic Sea.
Aquatic Living Resources, Volume 16, Issue 3, Pages 283-292, ISSN 0990-7440
Casini, M., Rouyer, T., Bartolino, V., Larson, N. and Grygiel, W. 2014. Density-Dependence in Space and Time: Opposite Synchronous Variations in Population Distribution and Body Condition in the Baltic Sea Sprat (Sprattus sprattus) over Three Decades. Plos One 9(4).
Chappell, M. A., Shoemaker, V. H., Janes, D. N., Bucher, T. H., and Maloney, S. K. 1993.
Diving Behavior During Foraging in Breeding Adelie Penguins. Ecology, 74, 1204-1215.
Crocker, D. E., le Boeuf, B. J. and Costa, D. P. 1997. Drift diving in female northern elephant seals: implications for food processing. Can. J. Zool. 75, 27-39.
Cronin, M. A. and McConnell, B. J. 2008. SMS seal: A new technique to measure haul-out behaviour in marine vertebrate. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 362 (2008) 43–48.
Dietz, R., Teilmann, J., Henriksen, O. D. ja Laidre, K. 2003. Movements of seals from Rødsand seal sanctuary monitored by satellite telemetry. Relative importance of the Nysted Offshore Wind Farm area to the seals. National Environmental Research Institute, Denmark pp 44 – NERI technical Report No 429. http://faglige rapporter.dmu.dk
35
Dodge, K. L., Galuardi, B., Miller, T. J. and Lutcavage, M. E. 2014. Leatherback Turtle Movements, Dive Behavior, and Habitat Characteristics in Ecoregions of the Northwest Atlantic Ocean. Plos One 9(3).
Fancy, S. G., Pank, L. F., Douglas, D. C., Curby, C. H., Garner, G. W., Amstr, S. C. ja Regelin, W. L. 1988. Satellite telemetry: A new tool for wildlife research and management.
US. Fish and Wildlife Service, Resource Publication 172. 54 pp.
Fauchald, P. and Tveraa, T. 2003. Using first-passage time in the analysis of area-restricted search and habitat selection. Ecology 84(2): 282-288.
Fedak, M. A., Lovell, P. and McConnell, B. J. 1996. MAMVIS: A marine mammal behaviour visualization system. Journal of Visualization and Computer Animation 7:141-147.
Fedak, M. A. 2012. The impact of animal platforms on polar ocean observation. Deep-Sea Res. II (2012), http://dx.d oi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2012.07.007
Field, C. B., Behrenfeld, M. J., Randerson, J. T. and Falkowski, P. 1998. Primary production of the biosphere: Integrating terrestrial and oceanic components. Science 281(5374): 237-240.
Freitas, C. 2012. argosfilter: Argos locations filter. R package version 0.63 Available:
http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=argosfilter Accessed: 01.11.2012
Friedlaender, A. S., Halpin, P. N., Qian, S. S., Lawson, G. L., Wiebe, P. H., Thiele, D. and Read, A. J. 2006. Whale distribution in relation to prey abundance and oceanographic processes in shelf waters of the Western Antarctic Peninsula. Marine Ecology Progress Series 317: 297-310.
Gurarie, E. 2013. bcpa: Behavioral change point analysis of animal movement. R package version 1.0 Available: http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=bcpa Accessed: 23.10.2013 Gurarie, E., Andrews, R. D. and Laidre, K. L. 2009. A novel method for identifying behavioural changes in animal movement data. Ecology Letters 12(5): 395-408.
Hall, A. 2002. Gray seal (Halichoerus grypus). In: Perrin, W. F., Wursig, B. Jr. ja Thewissen, G. M. (eds), Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, pp. 522-524. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA.
Hammond, P. S., Hall, A. J. and Prime, J. H. 1994. The diet of grey seals in the Inner and Outer Hebrides. Journal of Applied Ecology 31: 737-746.
Harcourt, R. G., Bradshaw, C. J. A. and Davis, L. S. 2001. Summer foraging behaviour of a generalist predator, the New Zealand fur seal (Arctocephalus forsteri). Wildlife Research 28(6): 599-606.
Hartigan, J. A. and Wong, M. A. 1979. Algorithm AS 136: A k-means clustering algorithm". In: Applied Statistics 28.1, pp. 100{108.
Harvey, V., Hammill, M. O., Swain, D. P., Breed, G. A., Lydersen, C. and Kovacs, K. M.
2012. Winter foraging by a top predator, the grey seal Halichoerus grypus, in relation to the distribution of prey. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 462:273-286
Haug, T. and Nilssen, K. T. 1995. Ecological implications of harp seal Phoca groenlandica invasions in northern Norway. Developments in Marine Biology. L. W. Arnoldus Schytte BlixjaU. Øyvind, Elsevier Science. Volume 4: 545-556
Hauksson, E. and Bogason, V. 1997. Comparative feeding of grey ((Halichoerus grypus)) and common seals (Phoca vitulina) in coastal waters of Iceland, with a note on the diet of
36
hooded (Cystophora cristata) and harp seals (Phoca groenlandica). Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science 22: 125-135.
Heithaus, M. R. and Frid, A. 2003. Optimal diving under the risk of predation. Journal of Theoretical Biology 223(1): 79-92.
Hennicke, J. C. and Weimerskirch, H. 2014. Coping with variable and oligotrophic tropical waters: foraging behaviour and flexibility of the Abbott's booby Papasula abbotti. Marine Ecology Progress Series 499: 259-273.
Hindell, M. A. 2002. Elephant Seals. In: Perrin, W.F., Würsig, B. and Thewissen, J.G.M.
(Eds) Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press, London, UK.
Horning, M. ja Trillmich, F. 1999. Lunar cycles in diel prey migrations exert a stronger effect on the diving of juveniles than adult Galapagos fur seals. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B June 7, 1999 266 1424 1127-1132; doi:10.1098/rspb.1999.0753 1471-2954
Härkönen, T., Galatius, A., Bräeger, S., Karlsson, O. and Ahola, M. 2013. Population growth rate, abundance and distribution of marine mammals. HELCOM Core Indicator of Biodiversity
ICES. 2012. Report of the ICES Advisory Committee 2012. ICES Advice, 2012. Book 8, 158 pp.
Kabacoff, R. 2013. R in Action, Second Edition
Kareiva, M. P., Odell, G. 1987. Swarms of predators exhibit preytaxis if individual predators use area-restricted search. Am Nat 130:233–270
Karlsson, O., Hiby, L., Lundberg, T., Jüssi, M., Jüssi, I. and Helander, B. 2005. Photo-identification, site fidelity, and movement of female gray seals (Halichoerus grypus) Between Haul-outs in the Baltic Sea.
Le Boeuf, J. B., Crocker, E. D., Costa, P. D., Blackwell, B. S., Webb, M. P., Houser, S. D.
2000. Foraging ecology of northern elephant seals. Ecol Monogr 70:353–382
Lehtonen, E., Oksanen, S., Aalto, N., Lappalainen, A., Peuhkuri, N. and Kunnasranta, M.
2012. Rysillä Selkämereltä pyydystettyjen hallien satelliittiseuranta vuosina 2008–2009.
Riista- ja kalatalous – Tutkimuksia ja selvityksiä 2/2012. 40 s.
Lidgard, D. C., Bowen, W. D., Jonsen, I. D., Iverson, S. J. 2012. Animal-Borne Acoustic Transceivers Reveal Patterns of at-Sea Associations in an Upper-Trophic Level Predator.
PLoS ONE 7(11): e48962. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048962
Lundström, K., Hjerne, O., Lunneryd, S.-G., ja Karlsson, O. 2010. Understanding the diet composition of marine mammals: grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) in the Baltic Sea. ICES, Journal of Marine Science, 67: 000–000.
MacArthur, R. H. and Pianka, E. R. 1966. On the optimal use of a patchy environment.
American Naturalist, 100.
MacArthur, R. H. 1972. Geographical ecology: patterns in the distribution of species.
Pages: vii-xviii,1-269, Publisher: Harper & Row, New York, Evanston.
Matthiopoulos, J., McConnell, B., Duck, C. and Fedak, M. 2004. Using satellite telemetry and aerial counts to estimate space use by grey seals around the British Isles. Journal of Applied Ecology 41(3): 476-491.
37 Foraging Areas of Grey Seals in the North Sea. Journal of Applied Ecology, Vol. 36, No. 4 (Aug., 1999), pp. 573-590
Mikkelsen, B., Haug, T. and Nilssen, K. T. 2002. Summer diet of grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) in Faroese waters. North Atlantic Marine Science 87: 462-471.
Pante, E. and Simon-Bouhet, B. 2013. marmap: A Package for Importing, Plotting and Analyzing Bathymetric and Topographic Data in R. PLoS ONE 8(9): e73051.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073051
Pitcher , K. W. , Rehbert, M. J. , Raum-Suryan, K. L. , Gelatt, T. S. , Swain, U. G. , and Sigler, M. F. 2005. Ontogeny of dive performance in pup and juvenile Steller sea lions in Alaska. Can. J. Zool. 83 , 1214 – 1231 .
Planque, B., Loots, C. ,Petitgas, P., Lindstrom, U., Vaz, S. 2010. Understanding what controls the spatial distribution of fish populations using a multi-model approach. Fisheries Oceanography 20(1): 1-17.
Prime, J. H. ja Hammond, P. S. 1990. The diet of grey seals from the southwestern North Sea assessed from analyses of hard parts found in faeces. Journal of Applied Ecology 27:
435-447.
Pyke G. H. 1978. Optimal foraging: movement patterns of bumblebees between inflorescences. Theor Popul Biol 13:72–98
R Development Core Team 2014. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available:
http://www.R-project.org/. Accessed: 06.03.2014.
Salvador, L. C. M., Bartumeus, F., Levin, S. A. and Ryu, W. S. 2014. Mechanistic analysis of the search behaviour of Caenorhabditis elegans. Journal of the Royal Society Interface 11(92).
Schreer, J. F., and Testa, J. W. 1993. Statistical Classification of Diving Behavior:
Quantitative Analyses of Weddell Seal Diving: in Abstracts of the Tenth Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals, Galveston, TX, p. 96. 1996.
Classification of Weddell Seal Diving Behavior. Marine Mammal Science, 12, 227-250.
Schreer, J., Hines, O. H. and Kovacs, K. 1998. Classification of Dive Profiles: A Comparison of Statistical Clustering Techniques and Unsupervised Artifical Neural Networks. Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics 3(4): 383-404.
SCOS 2009. Scientific Advice on Matters Related to the Management of Seal Populations:
2009.
Sjöberg, M., and Ball, J. P. 2000. Grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) habitat selection around haulout sites in the Baltic: Bathymetry or central place foraging? Canadian Journal of Zoology 78:1661-1667.
Smout, S., Rindorf, A., Hammond, P. S., Harwood, J. and Matthiopoulos, J. 2014.
Modelling prey consumption and switching by UK grey seals. ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil 71(1): 81-89.
38
SMRU. GPS Phone Tag Specification. URL=http://www.smru.st-andrews.ac.uk/protected/downloads/GPS_Phone_Tag22.pdf
Sommerfeld, J., Kato, A., Ropert-Coudert, Y., Garthe, S. and Hindell, M. A. 2013.
Foraging Parameters Influencing the Detection and Interpretation of Area-Restricted Search Behaviour in Marine Predators: A Case Study with the Masked Booby. Plos One Atlantic grey seal population 1977-2007. Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat:
Research Document 2007/082 pp31.
Thompson, D., Hammond, P. S., Nicholas, K. S. and Fedak, M. A. 1991. Movements, diving and foraging behaviour of grey seals (Halichoerus grypus). Journal of Zoology 224(2): 223-232.
Thompson, D. and Fedak, M. A. 2001. How long should a dive last? A simple model of foraging decisions by breath-hold divers in a patchy environment. Animal Behaviour 61(2): 287-296.
Thums, M., Bradshaw, C. J. A. and Hindell, M. A. 2011. In situ measures of foraging success and prey encounter reveal marine habitat-dependent search strategies. Ecology 92(6): 1258-1270.
Wand, M. 2014. KernSmooth: Functions for kernel smoothing for Wand & Jones (1995).
R package version 2.23-12 Available: http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=KernSmooth Accessed: 28.03.2014
Walsh, P. D. 1996. Area-restricted search and the scale dependence of patch quality discrimination. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 183, 351-361.
Weimerskirch, H. 2007. Are seabirds foraging for unpredictable resources? Deep-Sea Research Part Ii-Topical Studies in Oceanography 54(3-4): 211-223.
Vincent, C., Fedak, M.A., Meynier, L., Saint-Jean, C. and Ridoux, V. 2005. Status and conservation of the grey seal Halichoerus grypus in France. Biol. Conserv. 126:62-73.
Wolanski, E. and Hamner, W. M. 1988. TOPOGRAPHICALLY CONTROLLED FRONTS IN THE OCEAN AND THEIR BIOLOGICAL INFLUENCE. Science 241(4862): 177-181.
Worm, B., Lotze, H. K. and Myers, R. A. 2003. Predator diversity hotspots in the blue ocean. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100(17): 9884-9888.
Worton, B. J. 1995. Using Monte Carlo simulation to evaluate kernel-based home range
39
Kintigh, K., W.1990. Intrasite Spatial Analysis: A Commentary on Major Methods. In Mathematics and Information Science in Archaeology: A Flexible Framework, edited by A. Voorrips, pp. 165-200. Studies in Modern Archaeology. vol. 3. HOLOS-Verlag, Bonn.
Stephens, D. W., Krebs, J. R. 1986. Foraging theory. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ
Wand, M.,P. and Jones, M.C. 1995. Kernel Smoothing. Chapman and Hall, London
40
Lisad
Lisa 1 Kõikide loomade sukeldumistüüpide proportsioonid toitumistüübi järgi (sukeldumist/100 sukeldumise kohta). Suhe näitab mitu korda on ekstensiivset tüüpi rohkem või vähem kui intensiivset toitumist. Keskm süg (m) – keskmine sügavus meetrites, Suk aeg (min) – keskmine sukeldumise aeg minutites, Pin aeg (min) – kahe sukeldumise vahel keskmine pinnal oldud aeg minutites.
41
Lisa 1 järg Hg17j
Intensiivne 5,5 6,3 62,4 20,0 5,9 33103
Ekstensiivne 6,2 10,8 40,5 29,4 13,2 13290
Suhe (eks/int) 1,1 1,7 0,6 1,5 2,3
Keskm süg (m) 36,4 34,4 26,7 41,3 46,2
Suk aeg (min) 3,66 3,26 4,63 3,84 3,29
Pin aeg (min) 1,46 0,88 0,75 0,89 1,35