U. S. Regulatory Actions and Marketing History
2. Study Design and Analysis
2. Study Design and Analysis
Two separate experiments, one in male mice and one in female mice were conducted. As indicated in Table 1, in each of these two experiments there were three treated groups, one vehicle control group, and one water group. One hundred twenty-five CByB6F1/Tg rasH2
hemizygous (transgenic) mice of each sex were assigned randomly to the treated, vehicle control, and water control groups in equal size of 25 mice per group. The dose levels for treated groups were 8, 20, and 50 mg/kg/day for male mice and 20, 50, and 125 mg/kg/day for female mice, respectively. In this review these dose groups were referred to as the low (Group 3), mid (Group 4), and high (Group 5) dose groups, respectively. The mice in the vehicle control group (Group 2) and the water control group (Group 1) were administered with the reference item [0.5%
polysorbate 80 NF; 0.5% methylcellulose (4000 cps), (final concentrations) and purified (Type I) water ] and water, respectively, and handled for the same duration and in the same manner as the treated groups.
Table 1: Experimental Design in Mice Study
Group No.
No. of Toxicity Animalsa Test Material Dosae Level (mg/kg/day)b
Male Female Male Female
The animals were observed for general health/mortality and moribundity twice daily, once in the morning and afternoon, throughout the study. Cage side observations were performed once daily, beginning during Week -1 and continuing throughout the dosing period. During the dosing phase, these observations were performed 1 to 3 hours postdose. The animals were removed from the cage and a detailed clinical observation was performed weekly, beginning during Week -1. A necropsy was conducted for carcinogenicity animals that died on study and specified tissues were saved. When necessary, animals were refrigerated before necropsy to minimize autolysis. If necessary for humane reasons, carcinogenicity animals were euthanized as per Testing Facility SOPs. These animals underwent necropsy and specified tissues were retained.
When necessary, animals were euthanized and refrigerated before necropsy to minimize autolysis. When possible, the animals were euthanized rotating across dose groups such that similar numbers of animals from each group, including controls, were necropsied at similar times throughout the day.
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(b) (4) (b) (4)
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2.1. Sponsor's analyses 2.1.1. Survival analysis
In the sponsor’s report, Kaplan-Meier estimates of group survival rates were calculated, by sex, and shown graphically. A log-rank test for survival was used to make the following comparisons:
I) pairwise comparisons of groups 2-5 with water control group I; and 2) pairwise comparisons of groups 3-5 with vehicle control group 2. All tests were 2-sided and conducted at the 0.05 significance level. Survival times in which the status of the animal's death was classified as an accidental death or terminal sacrifice were considered censored values for the purpose of the Kaplan-Meier estimates and survival rate analyses.
Sponsor’s findings:
The sponsor’s analysis showed that the numbers of mice surviving to their terminal necropsy were 25 (100%), 24 (96%), 23 (92%), 24 (96%), and 23 (92%) in the water control, the vehicle control, and the low, mid, and high dose groups (Groups 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5) for male mice,
respectively, and 24 (96%), 24 (96%), 23 (92%), 25 (100%), and 23 (92%) for female mice, respectively. There were no statistically significant findings among male or female mice for survival rates.
2.1.2. Tumor data analysis
In the sponsor’s report, the tumor incidence data was conducted in accordance with the
FDA draft Guidance for Industry: Statistical Aspects of the Design, Analysis, and Interpretation of Chronic Rodent Carcinogenicity Studies of Pharmaceuticals.
The incidence of tumors in groups 1-5 were analyzed by Peto's method (Peto et, 1980), without continuity correction, incorporating the context (incidental, fatal, or mortality-independent) in which tumors were observed. The following fixed intervals were used for incidental tumor analyses:
Weeks 1-18 and 19-end of study (EOS) including scheduled terminal sacrifice. There were no incidental tumors detected prior to week 19 and a minimum exposure of 19 weeks was considered sufficient to be included with animals surviving through scheduled termination. Tumors that were detected after the first animal of that sex was terminally sacrificed were considered incidental for the purpose of statistical analysis.
Tumors classified as mortality-independent were analyzed with Peto's onset rate method incorporating the day of detection.
Each diagnosed tumor type was analyzed separately and, at the discretion of the Study Director, analysis of combined tumor types was performed as described by McConnell (see Table 4.2.1).
Grouping of tissues was performed for analysis purposes. In addition, all leukemias or other systemic tumors were grouped under "hemolymphoreticular tissue". Finally, all metastases and invasive tumors were considered secondary and not included in the analyses unless the primary tumor could not be identified.
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All analyses were conducted separately for each sex. For each tumor type, the following analyses were conducted: 1) sided pairwise comparison of groups 2-5 with water control group 1; 2) 1-sided pairwise comparison of groups 3-5 with vehicl control group 2; and 3) 1-1-sided trend test with groups 2-5 utilizing ordinal coefficients.
An exact permutation test was conducted for tumor types with small numbers of total tumor bearing animals across treatment groups.
Adjustment for multiple testing:
In the sponsor's report, statistical significance was determined according to the following level of significance: all pairwise tests were made at the 0.05 significance level; trend tests were made at the 0.01 and 0.05 significance levels for common and rare tumors, respectively. A rare tumor was defined as one in which the historical spontaneous tumor rate was less than 1%.
Sponsor’s findings:
In the sposor’s report, there was one finding in male mice with a p-value less than 0.05 (trend test with vehicle control p=0.0279 for hemangiosarcoma in the spleen). Because this is a common tumor it was not considered statistically significant. Therefore there were no statistically significant tumor findings among both male and female mice.
2.2. Reviewer's analyses
To verify the sponsor’s analyses and to perform additional analyses suggested by the reviewing toxicologist, this reviewer independently performed the survival and tumor data analyses using the data provided by the sponsor electronically.
2.2.1. Survival analysis
The survival distributions of mice in all five groups (Groups 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5) were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier product limit method. The dose response relationship was tested across groups using the likelihood ratio test, and the homogeneity of survival distributions was tested using the log-rank test. The Kaplan-Meier curves for survival rates are given in Figures 1A and 1B in the appendix for all five groups in male and female mice, respectively. The intercurrent mortality data of all five groups, and the results of the tests for dose response relationship and homogeneity of survivals for Groups 2, 3, 4, and 5 are given in Tables 1A and 1B in the appendix for male and female mice, respectively.
Reviewer’s findings:
This reviewer’s analysis showed that the numbers of mice surviving to their terminal necropsy were 25 (100%), 24 (96%), 23 (92%), 24 (96%), and 23 (92%) in the water control, the vehicle control, and the low, mid, and high dose groups (Groups 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5) for male mice,
respectively, and 24 (96%), 24 (96%), 23 (92%), 25 (100%), and 23 (92%) for female
micerespectively. No statistically significant findings in mortality were noted in male and female mice.
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2.2.2. Tumor data analysis
The tumor data were analyzed for dose response relationships across Groups Groups 2, 3, 4, and 5 and pairwise comparisons of each of the three treated groups (Groups 3, 4, and 5) and the water control group (Group 1) against the vehicle control group (Group 2), using the Poly-k method described in the paper of Bailer and Portier (1988) and Bieler and Williams (1993).
In the ploy-k method, the adjustment for differences in mortality among treatment groups is made by modifying the number of animals at risk in the denominators in the calculations of overall tumor rates in the Cochran-Armitage test to reflect less-than-whole-animal contributions for animals that die without tumor before the end of the study (Bailer and Portier 1988). The modification is made by defining a new number of animals at risk for each treatment group. The number of animals at risk for the i-th treatment group R* i is defined as R* i = ∑ W ij where w ij is the weight for the j-th animal in the i-th treatment group, and the sum is overall animals in the group.
Bailer and Portier (1988) proposed the weight w ij as follows:
wij = 1 to animals dying with the tumor, and
wij = ( tij / tsacr )kto animals dying without the tumor,
where tij is the time of death of the j-th animal in the i-th treatment group, and tsacr is the planned (or intended) time of terminal sacrifice. The above formulas imply that animals living up to the end of the planned terminal sacrifice date without developing any tumor will also be assigned wij
=1 since tij = tsacr.
Certain treatment groups of a study or the entire study may be terminated earlier than the planned (or intended) time of terminal sacrifice due to excessive mortalities. However, based on the principle of the Intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis in randomized trials, the tsacr should not be affected by the unplanned early terminations. The tsacr should always be equal to the planned (or intended) time of terminal sacrifice. For those animals that were sacrificed later than tsacr, regardless their actual terminal sacrifice time, tsacr was used as their time of terminal sacrifice in the analysis.
One critical point for Poly-k test is the choice of the appropriate value of k, which depends on the tumor incidence pattern with the increased dose. For long term 104 week standard rat and mouse studies, a value of k=3 is suggested in the literature. The present study is a 26 week study. For this kind of medium or short term study no such suggested value of k in the literature is known to this reviewer. Following the suggested value for long term studies, this reviewer analyzed the tumor data using k=3. Therefore, any significant finding form this analysis should be interpreted more carefully, including pathological consideration.
The tumor rates and the p-values of the tested tumor types are listed in Tables 2A and 2B in the appendix for male and female mice, respectively.
Adjustment for multiple testing:
For the adjustment of multiple testing, this reviewer used the methodologies suggested in the
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FDA guidance for statistical design and analysis of carcinogenicity studies (2001). In order to keep the overall false-water rate at the nominal level of approximately 10%, for both of the dose response relationship tests and the multiple pairwise comparisons of treated group with control group, the guidance suggests the use of a significance level α=0.01 for common tumors and α=0.05 for rare tumors (background rate of 1% or less) for a submission with one species, Reviewer’s findings:
The tumor types with p-values less than or equal to 0.05 for dose response relationship and/or pairwise comparisons of treated groups and combined control are reported in Table 2.
Table 2. Summary Table of Tumor Types with P-Values ≤ 0.05 for Dose Response Relationship and/or Pairwise Comparisons of Treated Groups and Vehicle Control Group in Mice
Water (NC) Vehicle (VC) Low (L) Mid (M) High (H)
& X/ZZ (YY): X=number of tumor bearing animals; YY=mortality weighted total number of animals; ZZ=unweighted total number of animals observed;
@: not statistically significant at 0.01 for common tumors for test of dose response relationship;
*: statistically significant at 0.01 for common tumors for test of dose response relationship;
NC = Not calculable.
The results of the reviewer’s analysis given in Table 2 above showed that p-value of 0.0245 (>0.01) and 0.0090 (<0.01) were noted for the dose response relationship of the
hemangiosarcoma in spleen and in the whole body for male mice, respectively. Based on the criteria of adjustment for multiple testing discussed previously, the trend for the
hemangiosarcoma in spleen was not statistically significant as this tumor was considered to be common, whereas the trend for the hemangiosarcoma in the whole body can be considered as statistically significant regardless whether this tumor was treated as rare or common.
No other observed tumor types were noted to be statistically significant for the dose response relationships or pairwise comparisons in both male and female mice.