,,'\A _'_/< > {}#@+_=*
a~y8Es~OLKA~v~orrp~~Tv¢X~W r~e/\=nLy<t>'I'
n
.J-
~ ~= - =
~- - r ! x
-7±
Un
C::> k d
00a
§ \1.., J
0: 0 Et.---@
IO(llJ{ H lJ f11
Table II
Input Naming Conventions for " ',and and for Non-ASCII Special Characters
N on-ASCII characters and minus on the standard fonts.
Input Character Input Character
Char Name Name Char Name Name
close quote fi \(fi fi
open quote fl \ (fl fl
\(em 3/4 Em dash ff \(tf ff
hyphen or ffi \(Fi ffi
\(hy hyphen ft1 \(FI ft1
\- current font minus \(de degree
•
\(bu bullett
\(dg dagger0 \(sq square \(fm foot mark
\(ru rule ¢ \(ct cent sign
1/4 \(14 1/4 ~ \(rg registered
112 \(12 1/2 ~ \(co copyright
3f4 \(34 3/4
Non-ASCII characters and', " _,
+, -, -,
and • on the special font.The ASCII characters @, #, ", " .,
<, >, \, {, }, -, ",
and _ exist only on the special font and are printed as a l·em space if that font is not mounted. The following characters exist only on the special font except for the upper case Greek letter names followed byt
which are mapped into upper case English letters in whatever font is mounted on font position one (default Times Roman). The special math plus, minus, and equals are provided to insulate the appearance of equations from the choice of standard fonts.Input Character Input Character
Char Name Name Char Name Name
+
\ (pi math plus K \(*k kappa\(mj math minus ~ \ (*1 lambda
\ (eq math equals J1. \(*m mu
• \(
..
math star 1I \(*n nu§ \(sc section ~ \(*c xi
\faa acute accent 0 \(*0 omicron
\(ga grave accent rr \(*p pi
\ (ul underrule p \(·r rho
/ \ (sl slash (matching backs lash) 0- \(*s sigma
a \(*a alpha f) \ (ts terminal sigma
f3 \ (*b beta j \ (*t tau
y \(*g gamma u \ (*u upsilon
8 \ (*d delta (/) \(*f phi
E \(*e epsilon X \ (*x chi
,
\(*z zeta I/J \e.q psiT'J \(*y eta w \(,"w omega
() \<*h theta A V*A Alphat
\ (*j iota B \<*B Betat
4-51
Input Character Input Character
Char Name Name Char Name Name
r
V*G GammaI
\ (br box vertical ruleA \(*0 Delta
*
\(dd . double daggerE V*E Epsilont
...
\(rh right handZ \(*Z Zetat
....
\(Ih left handH
\(.y Etat@)
\(bs Bell System logoe
\(·H Theta I \(or orI \ (·1 lotat 0 \ (ci circle
K \(·K Kappat
f
\ (It . \ left top of big curly bracketA \(·L Lambda
l
\(Ib left bottomM V·M Mut
1
\ (rt right topN \(·N Nut J \ (rb right bot
-
\(·C Xi ~ \Ok left center of big curly bracket0 \(·0 Omicront
l
\(rk right center of big curly bracketn
\ (.p PiI
\(bv bold verticalP \(·R Rhot
l
\ (If left floor {left bottom of big1: \(·S Sigma square bracket)
T V-T Taut J \ (rf right floor (right bottom)
y \(*U Upsilon
r
\(Ie left ceiling (left top)<I> V-F Phi
1
\(re right ceiling (right top)X \(*X Chit 'I' \(-Q Psi
n
\(-W Omega.J
\ (sr square root\(rn root en extender
~
\(=
>-~
\«_ <:II:
-
\ (= .. identically equal-
V-a=:: approx-\(ap approximates -;e.
\0
-= not equal\(->
right arrowV<-
left arrow\(ua uparrow
\(da down arrow x \(mu multiply
\(di divide
± \(+-
plus-minus U \(cu cup (union)n
\(ca cap (intersection) C \(sb subset of~ \(sp superset of k \(ib improper su bset
;d \(ip improper superset
00 \(if infinity
a
\(pd partial derivative\l \(gr gradient ..., \(no not
J
\ (is integral sign ex: \ (pt proportional to0 \(es empty set .. '
E \(mo member of
Options -h
-z
Old Requests .ad c
. so name
~ew Request .ab text
.fz F N
Summary of Changes to N/TROFF Since October 1976 Manual
(Nroff only) Output tabs used during horizontal spacing to speed output as well as reduce Ol,ltput byte count. Device tab settings assumed to be every 8 nominal character widths. The default settings of input (logical) tabs is also initialized to every
8
nominal character widths.Efficiently suppresses formatted output. Only message output will occur (from "tm"s and diagnostics).
The adjustment type indicator "c" may now also be a number previously obtained from the".j" register (see below).
The contents of file "name" will be interpolated at the point the "so" is encountered . Previously. the interpolation was done upon return to the file-reading input level.
Prints "text" on the message output and terminates without further processing. If "text"
is missing, "User Abort." is printed. Does not cause a break. The output buffer is flushed.
forces [ont "F" to be in si~e N. N may have the form N,
+
N, or -N. For example, .fz 3 -2will cause an implicit \5-2 every time font 3 is entered, and a corresponding \s
+
2 when it is left. Special font characters occurring during the reign of font F will have the same size modification. If special characters are to be treated differently,.fz S F N
may be used to specify the size treatment of special characters during font F. For example .
.fz 3 -3 .fz S 3 -0
will cause automatic reduction of font 3 by 3 points while the special characters would not be affected. Any ~~ Jp" request specifying a font on some position must precede
".fl" requests relating to that position.
~ew Predefined Number Registers.
.k
.J
. P . L c.
Read-only. Contains the horizontal size of the text portion (without indent) of the current partially collected output line, if any, in the current environment.
Read-only. Anum ber representing the current adjustment mode and type. Can be saved and later given to. the "ad" request to restore a previous mode.
Read-only .. 1 if the current page is being printed, and zero otherwise . Read-only. Contains the current line-spacing parameter ("Is") .
General register access to the input line-number in the current input file. Contains the same value as the re:,1d-only ".c" register.
4-53
ATROFF Tutorial
Brian W. Kernighan Bell Laboratories Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974
ABSTRACT
trofl' is a text-formatting program for driving the Graphic Systems photo-typesetter on the UNIxt and
Geos
operating systems. This device is capable of producing high quality text~ this paper is 'an example of trofl' output.The phototypesetter itself normally runs with four fonts, containing roman, italic and bold letters (as on this page), a full greek alphabet, and a sub-stantial number of special characters and mathematical symbols. Characters can be printed in a range of sizes, and placed anywhere on the page.
trofl' ailows the user full control over fonts, sizes, and character positions, as well as the usual features of a formatter -right-margin justification, automatic hyphenation, page titling and numbering, and so on. It also provides macros, arithmetic variables and operations, and conditional testing, for compli-cated formatting tasks.
This document is an introduction to the most basic use of trofl'. It presents just enough information to enable the user to do simple formatting tasks like making viewgraphs, and to make incremental changes to existing packages of trofl' commands. In most respects, the UNIX formatter nrofl' is identical to trofl', so this document also serves as a tutorial on nroff.
August 4, 1978
tUN IX IS a Trademark of Bell Laboratories.