Seasonality and diffuse pollution characteristics

Monthly changes of water quality can be seen in data from the Korean MOE, comparing industrial WWTP discharges (mean values from 69 monitoring stations, urban streams (49 stations), rivers (840 stations) and lakes (189 stations), in Figures 3.6–3.7. The following water quality parameters were measured:

Figure 3.6 Monthly mean data for BOD, COD, Temp and TN from industrial WWTPs, urban streams, rivers and lakes in Korea.

Industrial estates as sources of water pollution 49

Figure 3.7 Monthly mean data for TP from industrial WWTPs, urban streams, rivers and lakes in Korea.

pH, organics, coliforms, nutrients (2 ~ 5 times per every month), metals (4 times/year for lakes and rivers, 12 times/year for industrial WWTP discharges), other toxic chemicals (2 ~ 4 times/year).

Most pollutant concentrations in industrial WWTP and urban streams are very high compared to water quality in rivers and lakes. Even though the average concentrations during the Korean summer season (rainy periods) is lower because of the dilution effect on the point source effluent discharges, total mass loadings are very high, due to the huge amount of stormwater runoff volume. It also means that toxic chemicals and metals are discharging to the main stream during rainy periods;

mobilised from the industrial areas by storm events. Limited biological data in some small watercourses impacted by diffuse pollution from industrial estates suggest the best quality is in dry summer periods, presumably associated with less frequent wash out of pollutants from the industrial areas (Gillard & Clayton, 2011).

3.5 CONCLUSIONS

Industrial estates are typically sources of pollution. The most numerous sources are diffuse – spread across the estate or area, and contamination is mobilised by rainfall or seepage into soil and groundwater. The worst case type of diffuse source pollution can be industrial estate hotspots. This is likely to be valid anywhere in the world, wherever a variety and significant quantity of potential pollutants are handled and processed, with outdoors loading/unloading and storage/cleaning areas, and road (or rail or boat) traffic. There are two broad categories of pollution events (albeit with great overlap grading to indistinct differences):

(a) Major accidents and incidents

(b) More or less continuous or frequent intermittent pollution; anthropogenic levels of background contamination.

If an estate is given the name ‘Industrial’ ‘Trading’ ‘Business’ or ‘Eco-’ there should be a high probability of being able to undertake reasonable business activities without coming into conflict with downstream neighbours and businesses, and without constraints on business likely to be imposed by government agencies or water utilities owing to poor design and lack of appropriate infrastructure. This is rarely the case unfortunately, unless planning requirements have specified use of SUDS infrastructure to enable site managers to see and address pollution risks on the premises under their direct control, prior to surface drainage leaving the site, and waste regulations regarding storage of materials in open vessels outdoors are in place and enforced.

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© IWA Publishing 2017. Wealth Creation without Pollution: Designing for Industry, Ecobusiness Parks and Industrial Estates

Brian D’Arcy, Lee-Hyung Kim, Marla Maniquiz-Redillas doi: 10.2166/ 9781780408330_53