Welche Leistungen erbringen grosse Waldschutzgebiete für den Biodiversitätsschutz?
5 Schlussfolgerungen – Vor- Vor-teile und Grenzen grosser
Schutzgebiete
Welche Schlussfolgerungen können aus den neuen Erkenntnissen in Bezug auf die SLOSS-Debatte gezogen wer-den? Brauchen wir mehr kleine, wenige grosse oder eine Kombination von klei-nen und grossen Schutzgenbieten, um die Biodiversität in mitteleuropäischen Wäldern effektiv zu schützen? Die ak-tuelle Forschung zur Waldbiodiversität und deren Treiber zeigt, dass weder der häufig zu hörende Slogan «Schützen durch Nutzen» noch ein einzelner Na-tionalpark auf grosser Fläche die Wald-biodiversität in Mitteleuropa erhalten kann. Eine Mischung grosser und klei-ner Schutzgebiete unter starker Be-rücksichtigung lokaler und regionaler Hotspots der Biodiversität ist der ziel-führendste Weg für den Biodiversitäts-schutz, weil sowohl grosse wie kleine Schutzgebiete Vor- und Nachteile ha-ben und die Vergrösserung der Habi-tatmenge im Umfeld von Hotspots am wirksamsten sein dürfte (siehe auch Primack 2014). Natürliche Prozesse fangen am einzelnen Objekt wie dem Baum oder Kadaver an und übersetzen sich in ihrer Wirkung auf Landschaften.
Hierbei ist es allerdings entscheidend, die Vielfalt der unterschiedlichen Um-weltbedingungen auf nationaler und Länder-übergreifender Ebene zu be-rücksichtigen, da diese unterschiedli-che Artengemeinschaften fördern und somit essenziell zur Gesamtbiodiversi-tät beitragen. Hier werden die Grenzen von Grossschutzgebieten vor allem in der Limitierung ihrer Anzahl in einer dicht besiedelten Landschaft wie Mit-teleuropa deutlich. Die sich ändernden Umweltbedingungen und der damit verbundene hohe Wechsel von Arten (b-Diversität) zwischen verschiede-nen Wäldern fördert die Diversität auf Landschaftsebene (g-Diversität) (Mül-ler und Gossner 2010). Somit haben viele kleine Flächen häufig einen grös-seren Naturschutzwert als eine
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54 Forum für Wissen 2020
Abstract
What services do large protected forest areas provide for biodiversity conservation?
A decline in biodiversity is being observed worldwide and is expected to conti-nue as a result of climate change. Large protected forest areas are an important element in the protection of biodiversity. In the context of climate change, an in-crease in extreme events, such as windthrow, insect mass propagation and drought, can be expected both in protected areas and in the managed landscape, but proba-bly of different extent. These might be negative for biodiversity but could als pro-vide opportunities. This requires a new discussion on the effectiveness of different strategies to protect biodiversity and related ecosystem functions. Here we discuss the chances and limits of large protected areas in Central Europe under these new conditions in the light of ecological principles and new research results.
Keywords: biodiversity, protected areas, heterogeneity, disturbance, deadwood, re-source availability, natural dynamics