3. Trends in working and employment conditions
3.5. Safety and health
During the studied period 1995-2006 safety and health conditions at working place had changed significantly due to changes in economic conditions and in the system of regulation and observation of healthy and safety at work place. The changed were not in one way – the period 1990-2000 could be characterized mostly with destructive process in both directions, while in the period after 2000 some constructive signs occurred, namely: (a) safety and health conditions at working place became debated problems both at political and social level; (b) practical steps were undertaken towards more regular observation and monitoring of the events; (c) a system for assessment of health risks was introduced in practice; (d) the specialised medical offices for prevention and regular control became an important part of the whole system, since their controlling functions as an integral part of the whole system were legally announced.16
The Labour Code and the Law on Safe and Healthy Labour Conditions and the regulations under this law are the legal bases for ensuring safety and health in work. Bulgaria has introduced all EU directives in the field of labour safety and health.
The system of safe labour conditions follows the logic of identifying and evaluating the risk of work. This system is legally constructed following the European standards and criteria in the field. As prescribed by the Law on Safe and Healthy Labour Conditions:
(a) The responsibilities for healthy and safety work conditions is on behalf of employers;
(b) The preventive approach should be applied regarding the risks at work place;
16 The detailed analyses and further political steps are available in the Report for the health of the nation in the beginning of 21 century, Ministry of Health, 2004 http/en/ncphp.government.bg/files/Docl.mz.11.2004.
(c) For solving the problems in the field a tripartite principle should be in force;
(d) The General Labour Inspection (GLI) is obliged for the integral control over the system;
(e) Labour medicine services are built up as a relevant infrastructure for healthy and safety work conditions.
Within these main principles a relatively good institutional frame operates for their implementation and control. The social partnership in this area is built through the collective labour bargaining and the labour conditions committees operating in the enterprises. The established labour medicine services have consulting functions for supporting the employers in planning and maintaining safe labour conditions. The General Labour Inspection reported that in 2006 the share of firms that had implemented this system was 65%, compared with 50% in 2005.17
Of course, there are some problems related to the internal control of the institutional system.
The relatively high provision with legal acts (over 700 legal acts should be observed and controlled) marked some of the problems. The following of the available legislation is one of them. For example out of all violations determined by the General Labour Inspectorate in 2005 43.2% were in the field of company organization and management of safe and healthy labour conditions, 16.5% in the field of labour safety and 12.5% related to labour hygiene.
The evaluation of risk in labour activity is done through evaluation of the factors of working environment and the labour process. The evaluation includes monitoring of the level, the structure and the dynamics of professional illness, the labour accidents and the labour related illness and professional mortality.
The ranking of risk factors as indicated in the figure below includes: unfavourable micro-climate; noise; physical burdening; dust; toxic substances; lighting; vibrations and ionising radiation. In 2002 20% of the employed have worked in such conditions, and in 2003 – 36.1%. The lack of more present information impedes a more general conclusion regarding the risk factors – whether the working environment deteriorate or improve in terms of the pointed factors.
Figure 10. Unfavourable factors of working environment in Bulgaria 2002-2003
0
Source: According to data of Labour Inspectorate, based on 27081 monitored enterprises with 1091920 employed people, in Report for the Health of the Nation in the Beginning of 21st Century, Ministry of Health, August 2004
17 Annual Report, 2006.
Among the branches with unfavourable environment the Report outlined as more risky the following one: “production of refined petrol products”, “railway, water and road transport”;
“coal and peat extraction”, “wood, paper and cardboard production”, “non-ferrous metals extraction”, “cement, lime and plaster production”, “vehicles’ production”, “extraction of non-metal materials”, “production of textile and textile products”, etc. Workers in these branches are compensated for unfavourable working conditions. In comparison to the other sectors these wage compensations takes a significant part in total wage (see table 5).
Work accidents are one of the indicators of safe and healthy work conditions. The trends in work accidents by types are presented in Fig.11
Figure 11. Total number of work accidents, and work accidents that caused death or disability –trends in development
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
numbers
7000
Total work accidents-numbers
Work accidents that caused death or invalidization
Source: National Insurance Institute (www.noi.bg); National Register of professional Illness, Ministry of Health.
The decreasing work accidents after 2000 could be a result of many factors, among which the better organization of the control over labour conditions carried out by the units of the General Labour Inspection, should not be neglected. In 2006 the General Labour Inspection performed 36036 controls compared with 29683 in 2001 or by 21% more.
The number of working hours, lost due to work accidents, also decreased by 18% for the period 2000-2006 both for total number of accidents and accidents causing death or disability.18
Data on professional illnesses points out similar downturn trends for the period 1995-2000 with a slight increase between 2000 and 2004 and again downturn tendency since than.
18 In 2000 the number of total hours lost decreased from 302578 to 247842. The number of hours lost due to accidents that caused death or disability decreased from 256704 to 208926 according to National Insurance Institute data.
Figure 12. Professional illness – numbers and per 100 000 employed people
0 500 1000 1500 2000
1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
numbers
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000
professional illness - cases per100 000emp
Sources: Authors calculations based on absolute numbers of professional illness and number of employed people
The profile of professional ill people outlined as most risky groups that of miners (19.1%), drivers (18.2%), metal workers and fitters (14.6%),19 as well as people in age 45-55 years old (42.8%), followed by people aged 35-44 (30.2%) and also people with length of service between 20 and 30 years. According to the same source of information the most often cases of professional illness in 2006 were: illnesses of the locomotory system (27.7%); vegetative polyneuropathy (19.5%); silicosis, asbestosis and other pneumoconiosis (19.5%); respiratory illnesses (21.7%); neuritis of the auditory nerve (11.5).20
The risk groups regarding working conditions and workers’ health result from the branches where the people are employed. They have already been pointed, however some additional details are summarized here:
According to data of the General Labour Inspection 44% of the workers in 2005 have worked in conditions of increasing risk for hearing deterioration. In this group the people aged 45-55 and with length of service over 10 years were particularly threatened with hearing deterioration.
The people working in small and medium enterprises were exposed to a higher degree of risk related to noise, because no regular monitoring of working environment and elimination of health risk factors is done.
The people working in stress in Bulgaria were 25.4% according to Eurobarometer (2002), compared to 17% for the EU25 countries. This is an important factor because it results from the high employment uncertainty at relatively high unemployment in the country. The fear from losing work determines a behaviour of compromise regarding the working conditions, working time duration and other factors that have negative impact on health. A national survey indicates that 48.3% of the people working in unfavourable conditions do this due to the lack of another alternative and 22.1% – because of better remuneration.21
The working organization and the working atmosphere were also factors of unhealthy nature for part of the enterprises. A survey indicates that 46.6% of the employed have
19 Tzacheva, N., K. Dinkova, M. Yancheva. Occupational Environment and Workforce Health – Harmonization with European Legislation. – Archives, Balcan Medical Union, vol. 42, 2007, 4, p. 197-203.
20 I.e.
21 Working Time, Labour Conditions and Demographic Behaviour.
stressful situations due to the nature of the work itself, 33.5% determine the relations with clients as stressful; 23.7% define the relations with their colleagues as stressful; and the relations with the people with superior positions in the professional hierarchy are stressful for 35.6%.22
The changes in labour conditions show better results for women than for men. During the period 1990-2000 the working environment for men has deteriorated in relation to the intensity of rhythm of work; increase of manual monotonous work with repeating operations; increase of painful poses in the working process; carrying of heavy burdens;
increased work in vibrations; noise over the permitted level and inhalation of hazardous substances.
Although better trends were monitored for the women by particular indicators, there is also deterioration of working conditions for this group, like increase of work’s intensity because of high rhythm of work, carrying heavy burdens, work at higher temperatures, work with hazardous substances, etc. The increase of work in weekends for the women is also greater (29.8%, compared to 16 % for the men).
Having breaks during work was not monitored – 44% of women and 40% of men declare that they work without breaks during work according to the pointed national survey.23
The prophylaxis of illnesses, which is part of the commitments of employers, was very reduced. According to the cited survey on labour conditions and working time during the last three years almost half of the interviewed (48.5%) have not passed any prophylactic examination, 28.1% have done it only once and 12.1% – twice. Only 6.2% of the employed have been examined over three times.
The Bulgaria OSH monitoring system includes registration of accidents and diseases and annual reporting as well as three months activity accounts of the GLI. The data are grouped in sectors, branches and regions.24 Every year the inspections cover representative parts of all the sectors and branches and different sized economic operators. During recent years special attention is being turned to the small and medium size enterprises. The data of those subjected to controls are being compiled in files. Check-ups are made in connection with complaints and signals from citizens.
The staff of the GLI numbers 389 people in 2006. During the year these people realized 36036 controls in 29291 enterprises with 1 233823 employees (691034 man and 542789 women). The number of registered offenders was 212116 or by 8% more compared with 2005. Nearly 74% of the registered offenders were linked to safe working conditions.25:
In conclusion it could be summarized that:
The progress in healthy and safety work conditions in Bulgaria has been closely linked to macroeconomic prospect. The economic bloom after 2000 resulted in positive trends in some of the indicators, presenting safety and healthy work conditions.
22 Changes in the Working Conditions and the Demographic Behaviour in Bulgaria. – In: Working Time and Labour Conditions, University of National and World Economy, Sofia, 2005, p. 158.
23 Ibid, p. 184
24 Data files for the companies are prepared and supported, covering the inspections, findings, prescriptions and recommendations and for other measures attempted and penalties levied. Source of the data is the total GLI activity.
25 Annual Report of GLI, 2006, http://git.mlsp.government.bg/
The international firms operating in the country transfer good practices in this field and positively influence the process of improvement of this element of working conditions.
The implemented policy of prevention is based on joint efforts of all stakeholders on tripartite principle.
However, the economic environment still contains a number of risks for employed people. These risks come from a number of objective and subjective factors, e.g.
origin of technology, intensity of work organization, way of conciliation of family and work life, etc.
The more strict control of the GLI could be outlined as a factor for bettering the working environment.