1.3.6 95% confidence interval
1.5 Limb bones and biceps brachii muscle
1.5.2 Biceps brachii muscle
1.5.2.2 Relationship between the weight and the length of brachial muscle and leg weakness
Both the weight and length of biceps brachii muscle are significantly greater (P
< 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively) in leg weakness than in normal or leg soundness lines. But the weights and lengths of other brachial muscles show no differences between these lines except for the tensor fascia antibrachii, which is significantly longer (P < 0.01) in the leg weakness than in normal or soundness lines (Draper et al., 1991). Biceps brachii muscle is the most important brachial muscle that affects the front leg soundness. With the increase of the weight and length of biceps brachii muscle the front legs become weaker.
1.6 References
Andersson-Eklund L., Uhlhorn H., Lundeheim N., Dalin G. and Andersson L. (2000) Mapping quantitative trait loci for principal components of bone measurements and osteochondrosis scores in a wild boar × large white intercross. Genet Res 75, 223-30.
Andersson L., Haley C.S., Ellegren H., Knott S.A., Johansson M., Andersson K.,
Andersson-Eklund L., Edfors-Lilja I., Fredholm M., Hansson I., Håkansson J.
and Lundström K. (1994) Genetic mapping of quantitative trait loci for growth and fatness in pigs. Science 263, 1771-4.
Andersson L. and Sandberg K. (1984) Genetic linkage in the horse. II. Distribution of male recombination estimates and the influence of age, breed and sex on recombination frequency. Genetics 106, 109-22.
Archibald A.L., Brown J.F., Haley C.S., Fredholm M., Wintero A.K., Coppieters W., Van de Weghe A., Signer E., Larsen N.J., Nielsen V.H., Johansson M. and Andersson L. (1992) Linkage mapping in the domestic pig (Sus scrofa). Anim Genet 23, 88.
Archibald A.L., Haley C.S., Brown J.F., Couperwhite S., McQueen H.A., Nicholson D., Coppieters W., Van de Weghe A., Stratil A., Winterø A.K., Fredholm M., Larsen N.J., Nielsen V.H., Milan D., Woloszyn N., Robic A., Dalens M., Riquet J., Gellin J., Caritez J.-C., Burgaud G., Ollivier L., Bidanel J.-P., Vaiman M., Renard C., Geldermann H., Davoli R., Ruyter D., Verstege E.J.M., Groenen M.A.M., Davies W., Høyheim B., Keiserud A., Andersson L., Ellegren H., Johansson M., Marklund L., Miller J.R., Anderson Dear D.V., Signer E., Jeffreys A.J., Moran C., Le Tissier P., Muladno, Rothschild M.F., Tuggle C.K., Vaske D., Helm J., Liu H.-C., Rahman A., Yu T.-P., Larson R.G.
and Schmitz C.B. (1995) The PiGMaP consortium linkage map of the pig (Sus scrofa). Mamm Genome 6, 157-75.
Balint-Kurti P.J., Zwonitzer J.C., Wisser R.J., Carson M.L., Oropeza-Rosas M.A., Holland J.B. and Szalma S.J. (2007) Precise mapping of quantitative trait loci for resistance to southern leaf blight, caused by Cochliobolus heterostrophus race O, and flowering time using advanced intercross maize lines. Genetics 176, 645-57.
Bennewitz J., Reinsch N., Grohs C., Leveziel H., Malafosse A., Thomsen H., Xu N., Looft C., Kuhn C., Brockmann G.A., Schwerin M., Weimann C., Hiendleder S., Erhardt G., Medjugorac I., Russ I., Forster M., Brenig B., Reinhardt F.,
Combined analysis of data from two granddaughter designs: A simple strategy for QTL confirmation and increasing experimental power in dairy cattle.
Genet Sel Evol 35, 319-38.
Bereskin B. (1979) Genetic aspects of feet and leg soundness in swine. J Anim Sci 48, 1322-28.
Bridges C.B. (1915) A linkage variation in Drosophila. J. Exp. Zool. 19, 1-21.
Broman K.W., Murray J.C., Sheffield V.C., White R.L. and Weber J.L. (1998) Comprehensive human genetic maps: individual and sex-specific variation in recombination. Am J Hum Genet 63, 861-9.
Burt A. and Bell G. (1987) Mammalian chiasma frequencies as a test of two theories of recombination. Nature 326, 803-5.
Callan H.G. and Perry P.E. (1977) Recombination in male and female meiocytes contrasted. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 277, 227-33.
Churchill G.A. and Doerge R.W. (1994) Empirical threshold values for quantitative trait mapping. Genetics 138, 963-71.
Conneally P.M., Edwards J.H., Kidd K.K., Lalouel J.M., Morton N.E., Ott J. and White R. (1985) Report of the Committee on Methods of Linkage Analysis and Reporting. Cytogenet Cell Genet 40, 356-9.
Darvasi A. and Soller M. (1995) Advanced intercross lines, an experimental population for fine genetic mapping. Genetics 141, 1199-207.
de Koning D.J., Harlizius B., Rattink A.P., Groenen M.A., Brascamp E.W. and van Arendonk J.A. (2001) Detection and characterization of quantitative trait loci for meat quality traits in pigs. J Anim Sci 79, 2812-9.
Dequeker J., Nijs J., Verstraeten A., Geusens P. and Gevers G. (1987) Genetic determinants of bone mineral content at the spine and radius: a twin study.
Bone 8, 207-9.
Doerge R.W. and Churchill G.A. (1996) Permutation tests for multiple loci affecting a quantitative character. Genetics 142, 285-94.
Draper D.D., Rothschild M.F. and Christian L.L. (1991) Effects of Divergent
Duroc Swine. American Journal of Veterinary Research 52, 164-68.
Dunn L.C. and Bennett D. (1967) Sex differences in recombination of linked genes in animals. Genet Res 9, 211-20.
Edwards D.B., Ernst C.W., Tempelman R.J., Rosa G.J., Raney N.E., Hoge M.D. and Bates R.O. (2008) Quantitative trait loci mapping in an F2 Duroc × Pietrain resource population: I. Growth traits. J Anim Sci 86, 241-53.
Ellegren H., Chowdhary B.P., Johansson M., Marklund L., Fredholm M., Gustavsson I. and Andersson L. (1994) A primary linkage map of the porcine genome reveals a low rate of genetic recombination. Genetics 137, 1089-100.
Elston R.C., Lange E. and Namboodiri K.K. (1976) Age trends in human chiasma frequencies and recombination fractions. II. Method for analyzing recombination fractions and applications to the ABO: nail-patella linkage. Am J Hum Genet 28, 69-76.
Fink C., Cooper H.J., Huebner J.L., Guilak F. and Kraus V.B. (2002) Precision and accuracy of a transportable dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry unit for bone mineral measurements in guinea pigs. Calcif Tissue Int 70, 164-9.
Groenen M.A., Crooijmans R.P., Veenendaal A., Cheng H.H., Siwek M. and van der Poel J.J. (1998) A comprehensive microsatellite linkage map of the chicken genome. Genomics 49, 265-74.
Grondalen T. (1974) Osteochondrosis, arthrosis and leg weakness in pigs. Nord Vet Med 26, 534-7.
Grushko T.A., Korochkina S.E. and Klimenko V.V. (1991) Temperature control of the crossing-over frequency in Drosophila melanogaster. Effect of infra- and super-optimal shock temperatures in early ontogenesis on the recombination frequency. Genetika 27, 1714-21.
Haley C.S. and Knott S.A. (1992) A simple regression method for mapping quantitative trait loci in line crosses using flanking markers. Heredity 69, 315-24.
Haley C.S., Knott S.A. and Elsen J.M. (1994) Mapping quantitative trait loci in
Hetzer H.O., Hankins O.G., King J.X. and Zeller J.H. (1950) Relationship between certain body measurements and carcass characteristics in swine. J Anim Sci 9, 37-47.
Hetzer H.O. and Miller R.H. (1972) Correlated responses of various body measurements in swine selected for high and low fatness. J Anim Sci 35, 743-51.
Heyen D.W., Weller J.I., Ron M., Band M., Beever J.E., Feldmesser E., Da Y., Wiggans G.R., VanRaden P.M. and Lewin H.A. (1999) A genome scan for QTL influencing milk production and health traits in dairy cattle. Physiol Genomics 1, 165-75.
Hill M.A. (1990a) Causes of degenerative joint disease (osteoarthrosis) and dyschondroplasia (osteochondrosis) in pigs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 197, 107-13.
Hill M.A. (1990b) Economic relevance, diagnosis, and countermeasures for degenerative joint disease (osteoarthrosis) and dyschondroplasia (osteochondrosis) in pigs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 197, 254-9.
Iraqi F. (2000) Fine mapping of quantitative trait loci using advanced intercross lines of mice and positional cloning of the corresponding genes. Exp Lung Res 26, 641-9.
Iraqi F., Clapcott S.J., Kumari P., Haley C.S., Kemp S.J. and Teale A.J. (2000) Fine mapping of trypanosomiasis resistance loci in murine advanced intercross lines. Mamm Genome 11, 645-8.
Jørgensen B. and Andersen S. (2000) Genetic parameters for osteochondrosis in Danish Landrace and Yorkshire boars and correlations with leg weakness and production traits. Animal Science 71, 427-34.
Jansen R.C. (1996) A general Monte Carlo method for mapping multiple quantitative trait loci. Genetics 142, 305-11.
Jansen R.C. and Stam P. (1994) High resolution of quantitative traits into multiple loci via interval mapping. Genetics 136, 1447-55.
Jorgensen B., Arnbjerg J. and Aaslyng M. (1995) Pathological and radiological
Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 42, 489-504.
Karsenty G. and Wagner E.F. (2002) Reaching a genetic and molecular understanding of skeletal development. Dev Cell 2, 389-406.
Kim J.J., Rothschild M.F., Beever J., Rodriguez-Zas S. and Dekkers J.C. (2005) Joint analysis of two breed cross populations in pigs to improve detection and characterization of quantitative trait loci. J Anim Sci 83, 1229-40.
Knott S.A., Marklund L., Haley C.S., Andersson K., Davies W., Ellegren H., Fredholm M., Hansson I., Hoyheim B., Lundstrom K., Moller M. and Andersson L. (1998) Multiple marker mapping of quantitative trait loci in a cross between outbred wild boar and large white pigs. Genetics 149, 1069-80.
Lander E. and Kruglyak L. (1995) Genetic dissection of complex traits: guidelines for interpreting and reporting linkage results. Nat Genet 11, 241-7.
Lander E.S. and Botstein D. (1989) Mapping mendelian factors underlying quantitative traits using RFLP linkage maps. Genetics 121, 185-99.
Lange K., Page B.M. and Elston R.C. (1975) Age trends in human chiasma frequencies and recombination fractions. I. Chiasma frequencies. Am J Hum Genet 27, 410-8.
Lee G.J., Archibald A.L., Garth G.B., Law A.S., Nicholson D., Barr A. and Haley C.S.
(2003) Detection of quantitative trait loci for locomotion and osteochondrosis related traits in Large White × Meishan pigs. Anim Sci 76, 155-65.
Lopez-Serrano M., Reinsch N., Looft H. and Kalm E. (2000) Genetic correlations of growth, backfat thickness and exterior with stayability in Large White and Landrace sows. Livest Prod Sci 64, 121-31.
Lu B.C. (1974) Genetic Recombination in Coprinus. IV. a Kinetic Study of the Temperature Effect on Recombination Frequency. Genetics 78, 661-77.
Lynch M. and Walsh B. (1998) Genetics and Analysis of Quantitative Traits. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA.
Mangin B., Goffinet B. and Rebai A. (1994) Constructing confidence intervals for QTL location. Genetics 138, 1301-8.
selective DNA pooling to map QTL in dairy cattle using a half-sib design by comparison to individual genotyping and interval mapping. Genet Sel Evol 39, 267-83.
Marklund L., Johansson Moller M., Hoyheim B., Davies W., Fredholm M., Juneja R.K., Mariani P., Coppieters W., Ellegren H. and Andersson L. (1996) A comprehensive linkage map of the pig based on a wild pig-Large White intercross. Anim Genet 27, 255-69.
Maynard Smith J. (1978) The evolution of sex. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Melton L.J., 3rd, Kan S.H., Frye M.A., Wahner H.W., O'Fallon W.M. and Riggs B.L.
(1989) Epidemiology of vertebral fractures in women. Am J Epidemiol 129, 1000-11.
Mikawa S., Akita T., Hisamatsu N., Inage Y., Ito Y., Kobayashi E., Kusumoto H., Matsumoto T., Mikami H., Minezawa M., Miyake M., Shimanuki S., Sugiyama C., Uchida Y., Wada Y., Yanai S. and Yasue H. (1999) A linkage map of 243 DNA markers in an intercross of Göttingen miniature and Meishan pigs. Anim Genet 30, 407-17.
Milan D., Jeon J.T., Looft C., Amarger V., Robic A., Thelander M., Rogel-Gaillard C., Paul S., Iannuccelli N., Rask L., Ronne H., Lundstrom K., Reinsch N., Gellin J., Kalm E., Roy P.L., Chardon P. and Andersson L. (2000) A mutation in PRKAG3 associated with excess glycogen content in pig skeletal muscle.
Science 288, 1248-51.
Mitchell A.D., Scholz A.M. and Pursel V.G. (2000) Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements of the body composition of pigs of 90- to 130-kilograms body weight. Ann N Y Acad Sci 904, 85-93.
Mitchell A.D., Scholz A.M. and Pursel V.G. (2001) Total body and regional measurements of bone mineral content and bone mineral density in pigs by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. J Anim Sci 79, 2594-604.
Morgan T.H., Bridges C.B. and Sturtevant A.H. (1925) The genetics of drosophila.
Neff M.W., Broman K.W., Mellersh C.S., Ray K., Acland G.M., Aguirre G.D., Ziegle J.S., Ostrander E.A. and Rine J. (1999) A second-generation genetic linkage map of the domestic dog, Canis familiaris. Genetics 151, 803-20.
Nielsen D.H., McEvoy F.J., Madsen M.T., Jensen J.B. and Svalastoga E. (2007) Relationship between bone strength and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements in pigs. J Anim Sci 85, 667-72.
Nii M., Hayashi T., Mikawa S., Tani F., Niki A., Mori N., Uchida Y., Fujishima-Kanaya N., Komatsu M. and Awata T. (2005) Quantitative trait loci mapping for meat quality and muscle fiber traits in a Japanese wild boar x Large White intercross. J Anim Sci 83, 308-15.
Nii M., Hayashi T., Tani F., Niki A., Mori N., Fujishima-Kanaya N., Komatsu M., Aikawa K., Awata T. and Mikawa S. (2006) Quantitative trait loci mapping for fatty acid composition traits in perirenal and back fat using a Japanese wild boar x Large White intercross. Anim Genet 37, 342-7.
Perez-Enciso M., Mercade A., Bidanel J.P., Geldermann H., Cepica S., Bartenschlager H., Varona L., Milan D. and Folch J.M. (2005) Large-scale, multibreed, multitrait analyses of quantitative trait loci experiments: the case of porcine X chromosome. J Anim Sci 83, 2289-96.
Redfield H. (1966) Delayed mating and the relationship of recombination to maternal age in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 53, 593-607.
Reiland S., Ordell N., Lundeheim N. and Olsson S.E. (1978) Heredity of osteochondrosis, body constitution and leg weakness in the pig. A correlative investigation using progeny testing. Acta Radiol Suppl 358, 123-37.
Reiner G., Kliemt D., Willems H., Berge T., Fischer R., Kohler F., Hepp S., Hertrampf B., Daugschies A., Geldermann H., Mackenstedt U. and Zahner H. (2007) Mapping of quantitative trait loci affecting resistance/susceptibility to Sarcocystis miescheriana in swine. Genomics 89, 638-46.
Ren J., Guo Y.M., Ma J.W. and Huang L.S. (2006) Growth and meat quality QTL in pigs with special reference to a very large Erhualian×White Duroc resource
Production, Brazil.
Renwick J.H. and Schulze J. (1965) Male and female recombination fractions for the nailpatella: ABO linkage in man. Ann. Hum. Genet. 28, 379-92.
Rohrer G.A., Alexander L.J., Hu Z., Smith T.P., Keele J.W. and Beattie C.W. (1996) A comprehensive map of the porcine genome. Genome Res 6, 371-91.
Rohrer G.A., Alexander L.J., Keele J.W., Smith T.P. and Beattie C.W. (1994) A microsatellite linkage map of the porcine genome. Genetics 136, 231-45.
Rohrer G.A., Thallman R.M., Shackelford S., Wheeler T. and Koohmaraie M. (2006) A genome scan for loci affecting pork quality in a Duroc-Landrace F population. Anim Genet 37, 17-27.
Rose A.M. and Baillie D.L. (1979) The Effect of Temperature and Parental Age on Recombination and Nondisjunction in Caenorhabditis Elegans. Genetics 92, 409-18.
Rothschild M.F. and Christian L.L. (1988) Genetic control of front-leg weakness in Duroc swine. I. Direct response to five generations of divergent selection.
Livest Prod Sci 19, 459-71.
Rothschild M.F., Liu H.C., Tuggle C.K., Yu T.P. and Wang L. (1995) Analysis of pig chromosome 7 genetic markers for growth and carcass performance traits. J Anim Breed Genet 112, 341-8.
Rothschild M.F. and Ruvinsky A. (1998) The Genetic of the Pig. CAB International, Oxon, UK.
Seaton G., Haley C.S., Knott S.A., Kearsey M. and Visscher P.M. (2002) QTL Express:
mapping quantitative trait loci in simple and complex pedigrees.
Bioinformatics 18, 339-40.
Seaton G., Hernandez J., Grunchec J.A., White I., Allen J., De Koning D.J., Wei W., Berry D., Haley C.S. and Knott S.A. (2006) GridQTL: A Grid Portal for QTL Mapping of Compute Intensive Datasets. Proceedings of the 8th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production, August 13-18, 2006.
Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
Nature 222, 329-32.
Sternbergen E.J.v. (1989) Description and evaluation of a linear scoring system for exterior traits in pigs. Livest Prod Sci 23, 163-81.
van Ooijen J.W. (1992) Accuracy of mapping quantitative trait loci in autogamous species. Theor. Appl. Genet. 84, 803-11.
van Ooijen J.W. and Maliepaard C. (1996) MapQTL Version 3.0: Software for the Calculation of QTL Positions on Genetic Maps. Plant Genome IV (Abs.), p105.
Visscher P.M., Thompson R. and Haley C.S. (1996) Confidence intervals in QTL mapping by bootstrapping. Genetics 143, 1013-20.
Walling G.A., Archibald A.L., Cattermole J.A., Downing A.C., Finlayson H.A., Nicholson D., Visscher P.M., Walker C.A. and Haley C.S. (1998) Mapping of quantitative trait loci on porcine chromosome 4. Anim Genet 29, 415-24.
Walling G.A., Visscher P.M., Andersson L., Rothschild M.F., Wang L., Moser G., Groenen M.A., Bidanel J.P., Cepica S., Archibald A.L., Geldermann H., de Koning D.J., Milan D. and Haley C.S. (2000) Combined analyses of data from quantitative trait loci mapping studies. Chromosome 4 effects on porcine growth and fatness. Genetics 155, 1369-78.
Wang M., Lemon W.J., Liu G., Wang Y., Iraqi F.A., Malkinson A.M. and You M.
(2003a) Fine mapping and identification of candidate pulmonary adenoma susceptibility 1 genes using advanced intercross lines. Cancer Res 63, 3317-24.
Wang X., Le Roy I., Nicodeme E., Li R., Wagner R., Petros C., Churchill G.A., Harris S., Darvasi A., Kirilovsky J., Roubertoux P.L. and Paigen B. (2003b) Using advanced intercross lines for high-resolution mapping of HDL cholesterol quantitative trait loci. Genome Res 13, 1654-64.
Webb A.J., Russell W.S. and Sales D.I. (1983) Genetics of leg weakness in performance-tested boars. Animal Production 36, 117-30.
Weitkamp L.R. (1973) Human autosomal linkage groups. In: Proceedings of the 4th
International Congress Series.
Weitkamp L.R., van Rood J.J., Thorsby E., Bias W., Fotino M., Lawler S.D., Duausset J., Maryr W.R., Bodmer J., Ward F.E., Seignalet J., Payne R., Kissmeyer-Nielsen F., Gatti R.A., Sachs J.A. and Lamm L.U. (1973) The relation of parental sex and age to reombination in the HL-A system. Hum.
Hered. 23, 197-205.
Wood C.M. (2001) Don't Ignore Feet and Leg Soundness in Pigs, Livestock Update.
Animal & Poultry Sciences, VA Tech.
Zetka M.C. and Rose A.M. (1995) Mutant rec-1 eliminates the meiotic pattern of crossing over in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 141, 1339-49.