THE SQUARE PERISTYLE AND ITS PR FEDECESSORS
2. Pollux 8.117-121 (includes Lysias Fl 16, Androtion F59) 2nd century C.E
ALxaopaTxpa -a A0voaLcv. 3Apeio? &ayo' &8&xaCe 8 cp6vou xacl Tpa'u'a-To? ex tpovo(ao, xal Xiupxata c; aVxal (papdx &ov, ,av TI , &TOXTIV)t 8o6;. eTo ~ tl@toata, xatl jec&a xrv
tLAOaEoav xpLtc' 7tpooL4tLaCeaOaLt B oOx T)lv, o0W' otx'tCroa T. rta& 8 Ir6v itp6Tepov X6yov T V CpuyetV, tXrv d e TUt; yoveaq E7 &itexT'ov6g. xa0' Exaaoov U8 ~tIva Tcptlv ftlmepor)V ixacov qcp0gre, TeTapTt)Y cp9v0ovTog, 'prTt, 8ev, repa. ot 8&' vvia &pXovtes ot xaO' Exacrrov &vtauor6v
sera Tr6 BoOvat T& O; e06voac &es T'ro Apeoay[rLat; TpoaETOevroTO. 67atOpLtot 8' 8(xCaov. y6vou B8 &inV LneLiVvaL t XPt; &VeLCOv, xal Ev tVxL 6pxC)L 7tepWTav Tl<; tpOajxo)v WVTtI T() TeLVe6TV X&V o[x'T7)r; ~L, &7xta'xTTetv OUYXcXop7)TaL.
T6 7tl IIacXX8[zot. :v TOU6t'L X;aYX&aveTaL t:epi tiCv &xoucEaov y6vov .er'a yap TpoEa &Xo.- av 'Apye((tov T'LVO; T6 IIacXXOa&ov {)Xov'a;g taXXr)pct TpooaaXeLV, &yvotat 8: 67n6 'tov rYX(gpt[(v
&vaype60vTa; &Toppt(p0vat. xal TO v Vi?v o68:v xpoa5T:T'eo (itOV, AxOia<ca; 8: :75vuaev &tL eteV ApyeotL T6 IIabXXaBov ?XOVTeg. xal ot Viv TaYCpvreq &yv&T?e xpoo7)YOp?e06ovaav TOU 6eo0 Xp5acvTvog, a6T6OL 8' tl8pu6O T6 HaXXBiov, xat 7Cept TOv &xouvotv Ev aCT5) BLxa'ouaLV. Tb
tnl AeXpYiVlVO ltBppiuOaL [iv 6no A7y&w XiyeaL ATc6XX(xcvL AeXYpLvEl xat APTi8L& AeXYpvLaL, xpt6O7 8* &V aUTL)L,
7tcpG)Toq E)naeua ; &(poaLOUlevoc T6 &yO; T)V U7t' aZTOt &V)iLpv)(tlvo)v XLCrT&T)V
xat T')V IIaXXaTVItL8)v, o?; I0oXoyELt tev &7toxTsevat, 8Lxatox 8' &P7) ToOro 8e8paX4vat. TO
:tt IIpUTaVE Gl 8X:a?et 1:epL T( :V (T:oxT'LvaVTOv, x&V Sawv cX(pavet;, 8&XaceL 8e xat 7iept Txov
&iu6X&)v T)v i:ieO6vT(:)v xact &ToxT:eav(VT:v. TcpoeLtoToxecaav 8: to6TOV TOO 8txoaOctplou ot YpUXopacFLXet, ois; SeL TO Li7Taov &kuXov tiepopECaL. TO 4V $peaTro-. iv TOOT6) xp(vCTeo el
TLC TCOv cpeuyovTxv n' &xouVatou yovou alTlc 8uT-pav atrlav txou(ou tpoaXd(3oL. hv 8' & l oaXdTT)L TO 8ixactnpLov, xacl dv T? iVa Tliat E pOTXe'avca TIf yiq o 7itpoaCa7cT6Vevov a76 Ti(; ve6; i:XpiV x7To;XOYetaOcL, 'nT' &ita7opaOpav .Tjt' &yxvpav et; :V yiv PC0XXo6Uevov.
YV(tOpLita 8xacrxaTpa 'HXLata, T' Tptyovov o6 ~ve-VVTXa Aelvapxoq, Meaov, HIapa,&3puov, Melov. IIHapapu3 ou xat MeLCovog 8? iVV)CTaL AuaLca;' ~v VAVTOL TOL IIHXapaputTox ot Ev8exa
&8&xacov. Tb MTTI[Xou, KaXXLov o0 iVVtVOV?eue 'Av8poTlov, -TO :i AU6xoL &(p' o6 xatl Auxou BeXd<, xal p&o); 8M T8puTo acTOZOL r xV TOO 67)pLou ViopcprpV 7tXaL 8' &xed oUVVelOaEV ot auv- 8exd^ovTV xea BLxacXCpLca. To 8e MTLOU 8xaapov atyiLOV IaYX, oTxt6 XX7)6eV &71 &PXL)trXTOVOq
The text and punctuation of the last paragraph are those given by Lipsius 1905-1915, p. 170, note 19, following George F. Schomann and followed by Otto Schulthess (RE XV. 1, 1931, col. 362, s.vu. etCov). Jacoby (FGrHist 324 Androtion F59) shifts the position of the first IIap&puoTov, but his reading does not change the sense or the number of courts named. For an emendation M7)TTXreov, see 151.
The lawcourts at Athens: the Areopagos used to try cases of homicide and wounding with intent, arson, and poison, if the one who gave the poison succeeded in killing. An oath was taken by both parties, and the trial was held after the oath. Neither an introductory speech nor lamenting was permitted. After the first speech the accused could go into exile, but not if he had killed his parents.
They would judge every month on three successive days, namely, the fourth, third, and second days from the end of the month. The nine annual archons, after giving their accounts, were on each occasion always added to the Areopagites. They held the trials under the open sky. Cousins [and closer relatives only] could prosecute for homicide, and in the oath they could ask who was related to the man who had been killed. And if he be a house servant, one is allowed to denounce him.
The [court] at Palladion: in this court, cases of involuntary homicide are tried. After the sack of Troy, some Argives who had the Palladion landed at Phaleron and were killed and their bodies cast away by some natives who did not know who they were. And no living creature would touch them. But Akamas gave information that they were Argives and that they had the Palladion. After
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they were buried they were called the Unknown at the command of an oracle; on that spot the Palladion was set up, and cases of involuntary homicide are tried there.
The [court] at Delphinion is said to have been founded by Aigeus for Apollo Delphinios and Artemis Delphinia. The first to be tried there was Theseus, who was averting the curse of the robbers and the Pallantidai he killed. He admitted that he had killed them but said that he had done it justly.
The [court] at Prytaneionjudges cases of homicides whose identity is unknown and of inanimate objects that have fallen and killed someone. The phylobasileis [tribal kings] presided at this court, and it was their duty to cast beyond the border the inanimate object which had fallen.
The [court] in Phreatto: here was tried a person in exile by reason of an involuntary homicide who received in addition a second charge of voluntary homicide. The court was on the seacoast, and the accused had to make his defense from a ship, sailing close to land but not touching it. Neither a gangway nor an anchor could be thrown to the land.
Well-known lawcourts are the Heliaia; the Trigonon, which Deinarchos mentions; the Middle;
the Parabyston; the Greater. Lysias mentions the Parabyston and the Greater. The Eleven pronounced judgment in the Parabyston. [Others are] that of Metichos; the Kallion, which Androtion mentions; and that at Lykos from which comes the phrase "the company of Lykos".
A statue of a hero in the form of the animal was set up there, and formerly those who bribed dikastic panels assembled there. The court of Metichos is large and is named from the architect Metichos.
THE HOMICIDE COURTS GENERAL
3. Aristotle, Ath. Pol. 57.2-4 ca. 329-322 B.C.E.
XayXavovxacL B xd al t xoO (p6vou BLxaLt ntaaOLt 7p6o TOUTOV, xal 6 otpoayopeuov ElpyeOaoct rOv vo..tuJv o6roc; cTarLV. toal 8e (p6v[o]u BLxat xal TpaOucaTo;, &v .iv &x tpovotac; &tOXtelVtL ) Txp6T)GSL, iv ApeLt t:ayi)L, xacx (papa&x6v, &av &nTOXTeIVT)L Bou, xdal iupxcataq. [x]ao-a yap * pouX'n [i.ova B&xceL. xxV 5' &ixouot)v xal PouXe6ae<(;, x&v otxtiETv &TOXTe(vZL VT; f VdTtoIxov f {vov, ol 1 IIa[HX]XaS'lo. &av 8' &7ioxTewVaL Vv tLI 6,uoXoyTL, (YpL BS xaxa rou< v6oouV;, [oqtov VoLXov Xaap6)v, ' ev TKoXFo6)L, &avofacq, ?q 6v OX&l, &ayov`6oVt0voq, xTOU9TO ..l AieXyVClo
&BXacouawLV &av 8e (pEUyov (uPyiv 6v a8?.et crvL, oatlCtav gx[7L] i7oxTeLatV L Tp oaa -Tiva, TOUTCl 8 iv $peaTou &Sxaoouav. 6 y' [&ai]oXoyet(aL 7npooopVL[aa&vooq iV kLXOLtlo. LXa&Zouol 8' ol XaX6vTeq Ta[T']a.[.].[.] 7TXV TOV &V 'ApeL'Ol TCEayL yLyVoievV eloaycreL 8' 6 Pat.Xeuq;, xatl &Bxcoumav ... xat U6atOpLOl, xal 6 pafiUXE; 6Tav BLxa)Lt xrepLaLpeTaL TOv Carepavov. 6 Be
Trv alT-aYv Xov T6v Vi{v &XXov Xp6vov eLpyETaL Tr&v lepIv, xal oCB' eti v &yop&v v6ouo9 4paXeiv a6C&OL. To`e &' stl TO lepOv elaeX6Ov a7ToXoyLtcaL. crav S fl) elta rO%l To zo\ avTa, tGL BXpaavtL XcayxaveL, Btxae4L B' 6 paiXeCu xalt ot cpuXopaaeo L xal -at tr :v &46x)v xal T)V &SXX(GV 6l)GUV.
All cases of homicide are assigned to him [the basileus], and it is he who makes the proclamation that the [defendant] is to keep away from the customary things prescribed by law. Trials for homicide and wounding, if the killing or wounding is intentional, are held on the Hill of Ares; and so are those for poison, if one causes death by giving it, and arson. These are the only cases which the council tries.
Cases of unintentional homicide and of a counsel or plan that results in a death, and anyone who kills a slave or a metic or a foreigner, the [judges] at Palladionjudge. If a man admits killing, but says that he did it in accordance with the laws-for example catching an adulterer [with his wife], or unknowingly in war, or competing in a contest-they judge him at Delphinion. If a man living
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in banishment on a charge for which reconciliation is possible is accused of killing or wounding someone, he is tried in [the court] of Phreatos and makes his defense from a boat, anchored near the shore. These cases, except those held in the Areopagos, are judged by [?fifty-one] men who are appointed by lot. The basileus brings in the case and the trials are held in a [sanctuary] and in the open air, and the basileus when he judges removes his crown. The defendant must keep away from the sanctuaries for the rest of the time, and the law is for him not ever to enter the Agora.
Entering the sanctuary at the time of the trial he makes his defense. When one does not know who did it, one brings a case against "the perpetrator", and the basileus and phylobasileis try the case, and also the cases of inanimate objects and of animals as well.
The last sentence refers to cases tried at the Prytaneion. See Demosthenes 23.76 etal. and Rhodes 1981, pp. 648-650. The second sentence repeats almost verbatim a law quoted by Demosthenes 23.22 (20).
4. Aristotle, Politics 1300b24-30 ca. 336-322 B.C.E.
Aristotle, in listing the various kinds of courts according to the types of cases they tried, includes the following note on homicide courts:
OVLXOU pjiv o0v i8n, &V x' V TOKg a6OLcog 8cxatacL &v T' iv &XXoLt, ept{ Te TEV ix ipovolaq xal swpl Txv &xouoGav xal 86a 6boXoyeLrxat liv &Ui ppt37)TgtTat 5E rgpl TOO &xatou, Txraprov 8e 6aa ToL; CpUyoUoL (96vou i.n xa068xLt tCLEpcTaL, otov 'AO0vyTL XeyeTaL xal TO6 ev pearrTo BtxacfOt?pLov, oup3alveLt xra TOiaOxra v x)Lt tavrxl Xp6vWt 6Xcya xal. v Tao peyiXaLt 76XEaev. X The homicide courts are of these kinds, whether the dikasts are the same or different, namely, for cases of deliberate homicide, of involuntary homicide, of homicide admitted but where there is a question of legality, and fourth, to deal with charges of homicide brought against men [already] in exile from their country for homicide with a view to their return, such as the dikasterion in Phreatto at Athens is said to be, although in all time such cases are few, even in the great cities.
MacDowell (1963, p. 84) translates int xa068ot as "with a view to their return".
These subdivisions of the homicide courts are based on the Athenian system. The first is that on the Areopagos, the second the one at the Palladion, and the third the court at the Delphinion. An explicit reference to the court in the sanctuary in Phreatto confirms the Athenian identity of the other three kinds of courts.
5. Bekker, Anecdota Graeca 1.311.3-22
IIa XXcXaiCtL. Ot &X poUvLot 6voi TOT6:L txplvovTo. (9pCa ya p AVYovpcv'x, &pa7oavca ALOVB)Boug xr6 IIaXXaBLov, (euytw &cP' &ptlatTO?, 7toXXOU; t iv TitL Ypuy7)L &veXeiv, oupia-aaavra TOK; TtotLc. 60ev 7Tp6Tov yevoiaOat Tau'c )v B&x7v &xovuoov (p6vcov 6v t IIaXXaBlot. Btx&aoutL 8e iv xouT(x ot 'p'eTaL.
:epi '
Apl.ou a:you. cx7) xplvEt nag& (povx&; Bixag xca cpappaxov xalt iupxacaq. etq TauT7xv avapai.vouCTv ot xaXc &SpcavTrE O9eaOOeataL, &vu7xeuOuvo yev6ovo L.
ttl AeXCptvl.o6 6UoXoyoUVO(vo . 5p6vo? ivvo Vio? Btx6&exaL.
i IIHpuTavExLt. a&v XiOo alo8 7) )pog c u6Xov YavttL, To6v b S
p'oavTa ayVOTL.
iv ZaXL. T6iroq; `il 7tXapapXLO. vx
aO(Xc0 xpEveasXL 6 in' (&xouoLKO)L ev Yp6vot (peycv, atclTav be sX V TtEL exoua&Li.) (p6vOL.
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iv PpearTTo. ol in' &xou0CL7 (p6vt ypeuyovtes, in' &XXL Bi rLVL xpLv6.eVOl ot it1 nXOtWl
toTTeg; &noXoOyoOvTaL.
At Palladion: involuntary homicides were tried in this court. They say that Demophon robbed Diomedes of the Palladion and fled in a chariot, killing many in his flight by trampling them down with his horses. Hence for the first time there came into existence this trial for involuntary homicide at Palladion. The ephetai serve as judges in it.
About the Areopagos: this [council] judges homicide cases and those of poison and arson.
Thesmothetai who have completed their magistracies well go up to this council after having become no longer liable to an official accounting [of their archonship].
At Delphinion: a homicide confessed as lawful is judged here.
At Prytaneion: if a stone or piece of iron or wood [that caused a death] is in sight but it is not known who did the deed, [the case is tried here].
In Zea: it is a place on the seashore. Here one who is in exile for unintentional homicide is tried when he is charged with intentional homicide.
In Phreatto: those who are in exile for unintentional homicide and are being tried for some other [homicide are tried here]. They make their defense standing in a boat.
The Palladion as a court in which the ephetai serve is named in another entry in Bekker, Anecdota Graeca 1.257.23, s.v. &YpeTat, not quoted here. On the court "in Zea" and "in Phreatto", see "Sites,"
pp. 95, 98 above.
6. Demosthenes 23 (Aristokrates) 63, 65-67, 70-71, 73-78 352 B.C.E.
63 'AXX' iv xecpaXcaiLt Xeyo' 676o7ota v6iot 7iept Tv YovtxOv BtxaCOTl)pltv etalv, xacXeIaOa Xeyovtre; T) captupeLv T) B6oLvuacaL TOU ayocXVo ivouU; &)XX' 6tLoOv npoa&rTTovTe;, tavVaO;
Uneppe(Y)xe TroUToU xal TOEaLv ivavtlov ep7)XeV TO n(pLaVOa rouTr ... xacrom rara tivr' int
Tv:rte 8LxaCoT7)pLoL yyve:raLt ipooaeT:ayiteva TOL voLotgL;....
65 'Htet, > i &v8peg 'AOrjvaioiL, Xaplty~.tov iToL7)OtAeO6a 7oXLt7v, xal SL&a TT); BOpeaLc xTau6'r;
t?X?5ed)xavev aOUt&TL XOt tepOV xa 6CxL xO.a Vo.LV-)cv xaL tXavT(v 6o(ov 7Iep aUTOL; AiT-eatv /lALv. ioXXa M?V 8) stp'/a l Aiv iot r ToLaOW ot' oUX TepG)OL, EV 8' oNv tGtOarov stavTov xat aejAv6Tarov, T6 &v 'Ape[oLt tyYoL t xacxrT)ptov, tEp o5 otoaaOr' otLV eteWtv xaXa& iapat8eaovva xal. juO96r) xal. 'v a'rot a. pT&peu oFa?ev 6oa c:ept o68evO6; &XXou lxacrinpou' 6v 'ai:epeL
e.YxoaToc;: evex' &i.6v t: ?.V Sv n' 5S' (XxouaaL.
66 ToO3o Vev TOLVUV naxmiv Ta & ( ( ?ALV axoueLv tapaSbotaL, iv V0ovWL TOUT)L TbL 8LXa<TTcp[oL BLxaC; yovou OeoL xal BouvatL xat XcapLV Ig)caav xai &xacratl yeVoOaL BLeveXO9erLav &XX1XoL(;,
6; Xoyo?, Xapev JAv HOoEL8GV Ontep 'AXLppoOLOU TOO uloO nap' kApews, BLxaOaL 8' E6VevaLO xal 'OpeoTnti otl 86exa O9ol. xal T& iav 8 TEaMXca& -TOca, t& B' ao-epov, ToOUo ai6vov TO 8LxaatpLOv oOxl Tupavvo;, oux oXLyapXLa, ou 8nuoxpaOtLa Tao (povLX&c 8[xaq ai(peXeOaL TeToXtnxev, aXX& aidvTe aOevao-Tcpov &v TO Btxatov ?6pe?iv YoOvcat tept TOUTOV aoxot ToO 7tap& TOUTOL eU6p(VevOU B&txaou. 7ip6b; TOU'TOL TOLOUTOL: o6aLV, :vTau0Oo V6vov o6SUet
t6)7TOTe OUtSe (peuy)V aXou< OuSe &6)XG)V TTY)nO6eLq inXeyeV Ci &&xL)r di8xaOO) an xpLOvTxa.
67 TauTnv Totvv v T :V (puXaxxv xat .r& iv Tau6T7L votV.lOUgv 't.CLplag :apap(:c; 6 ypac(p()v T6 (fF(pLct.a To&t, C6VTL VeV ?ouCTav yEypaP?Y TG)L Xcap8in^owL TOL?IV 8 TC &v PouX7)TaL, 7a66vTo6 Be TL -OL;
OlXeLOL; auxoc0YaVTLav 8e8oxev. ax?oaaeO y&p oUToraL. aLre BnTtou ToOO' &iavTreg, 6Tl v v Ape[l natYWL, o0 S&8&awv 6 v6o,io xal XeXeu'l TOO povou 8XM4aOcal, e tpLTov Iev 8oJLietCaL xaT' ioXietaq auTou xaL y?VOUV xal otXLaX; 6 TWV' aLCL(TZevo; etpyacOaL TL TOLOOTov....
70 xaL TpTov Ev nap' v6o; TOUTOU 8LXacTrpLou xad [iap&]ToUc; yeyp(aM.vouc; v6Oou; xal Taypa(pa vo6uLLa TO e6)9p10o' eLp'TcT.
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71 Aurepov ' srepov xacorrptov Or6 T3v &xouac[wv cp6v&v (av'avrat auyxicv, To6ntl IIaX- Xa,c&o), xal TO~ 7trXcapa TOUTOt v6iou? napapalvov. Ka ya&p gvraOO' 6n6xetraL n7poov t v 81- ctioala, eu-repov e X6yoc, xp&rov 8 yvCo)? TOO Stxacrmp[ou, &v oO6~v cTrTLV v TCtL TouToU
c(plgaaT Lvv....
T73 au a 8uiv b) 8uo TYrXLxaOra xal toauOra BtxacrTpLa xal v6jiLtL' ix 7iavT6q TOv xp6vou tapace- bo.eva ouT&Oq &vat5L5JRg 67ep7e7n)xev.
74 Tplrov y' 'repov 7tp6og otxotUO; Btxac )plov, 8 t&Cvxtov &yLCXTOaTa TOUT(oV EXet xal YpptxoAcrcaXa,
&v TL 6iOy)oXoYyL EV XTevcxlvat, ivv6i0i& E ypt 8e8paxvaXL. TOuTO 8' crrl roCtl AeXLVLEiL....
75 Tlptro ixaotptov oul xal cra TOUTo u v6tiLita Tcapapepy)xGx; Yalv~eL.
76 TcapTov Tolvuv &XXo ipO OTOlUTo; TotOl IIpUTavelO. TO.TO 8' oaol tE; a&v XtE0o< '
U`Xov f) 0l8y)po<; ') TI TOLOUTOV 6[jinea6v 7aTdiok)L, xal r6v pdv P3aX6vr' &yvo07 L ^, acr6 8' eE8SL xat 7XqL TO TOv 6yovov etpyaca0Vvov, TOUOL5 ivxra6Oa XayX&VTaCL....
77TL Tl O(VUV 7I7T7OV 8LxaaTC7)pLOV &XXo OoCTaaGO otov V6n7eppfp3xe, TrO v peaTToI. &vTai6a yap, S &v8pe< A9rvaloL, XeXeueL 8ixxa5 O7)eXlV 6 v6o io av TL5 8X ' &XxoualEOL pvO&VL 7yeuy6<, T5C(Ao Txv xpaX06vTXv a&'~rov lSgoaV(-)ov, alrlacv EX)Lt tetpou cp6vou Exouatou....
78 Tl o5v &toaev; o yayE TOU5 8Lx&ovtTac O TrpoaeXO6Ev otov T' xetV(iL, Ti< Xxpao &aioSelag OT6ov TLV' Ev 4)peaTTo~ xcaoutjVevov 6t OXac,TTvl. etO' 6
VF
v tv ;XoLoL tpooitXeu6aca XeyeLti- y7r r o0x a7iT66tAevoS, ot 8' axpo0vTaXL xal .xamoi Xouv &V Trl y7jL X&V (iev &Xx)L, Tiv bn\
TOIl EXOUoiOL (p6voL(; S[X7V E86)XE &xaCt, V, 8 7oyy' & L, TaDT75 0iV &9CI)LOq apetai, TTv &' iTL 7tL p6Tepov (pO6vl (puy/v 6OtXCl.
Aristokrates had passed a decree by which the person of Charidemos should be inviolable, that is, anyone who killed him could be summarily arrested. Demosthenes argues here that Aristokrates thus ignores and bypasses the five homicide courts and their provisions for fair trials. Demosthenes lists the five courts and their special functions.
To summarize: however many laws there are about the homicide courts regulating the summonses, the testimony, and the oaths of the contestants, and whatever else they prescribe, all these this present decree steps over and contradicts.... And yet all these matters are assigned by the laws to five courts....
We, Athenians, have made Charidemos a citizen, and through this gift we have given him a share in all that is sacred and proper and lawful and in whatever we ourselves have a share. The like of many of these are not found elsewhere. One especially is most peculiarly our own and is the most venerable, namely, the court on the Hill of Ares. Of no other court is it possible to tell so many fine traditions and stories, to which we ourselves are witnesses. By way of illustration, it is worth your while to listen to one or two of these.
First, then, in ancient times, as we are told by traditio the gods saw this court alone as fit for them both to submit to trial and to exact punishment for homicide, and to sit in judgment when they had quarreled with each other, Poseidon, according to the legend, expecting to get justice from Ares on behalf of his son Halirrothios, and the twelve gods finding it appropriate to adjudicate between the Eumenides and Orestes. These are ancient stories; let us pass to a later date. This is the only tribunal which no despot, no oligarchy, no democracy has ever dared to deprive of its jurisdiction in cases of homicide, all men agreeing that in such cases no jurisprudence of their own devising could be more effective than that which has been devised in this court. In addition to these great merits, here alone no convicted defendant and no defeated prosecutor has ever made good any complaint that the court reached its finding unjustly.
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And so in circumvention of this safeguard, and of the lawful penalties that it awards, the author of this decree has offered to Charidemos a free license to do what he likes so long as he lives, and to his kinsmen the right of extraordinary prosecution when he is dead. Look at it this way. You
And so in circumvention of this safeguard, and of the lawful penalties that it awards, the author of this decree has offered to Charidemos a free license to do what he likes so long as he lives, and to his kinsmen the right of extraordinary prosecution when he is dead. Look at it this way. You