• Keine Ergebnisse gefunden

Given this pivotal role in the development of skepticism in the Early Modern period, the following section consists of an in-depth discussion on

Im Dokument Leonie Pawlita Staging Doubt (Seite 34-37)

67 Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam, De libero arbitrio διατριβή sive collatio (1524)/

A Discussion of Free Will, trans. Peter Macardle, in: [Erasmus of Rotterdam],Collected Works of Erasmus, ed. William Barker, Alexander Dalzell, et al., vol. 76: Controversies, ed. Charles Trinkaus, Peter Macardle, and Clarence H. Miller, Toronto/Buffalo/London 1999, pp. 1–89, see esp. Ia 4 ff. (pp. 7 f.).

68 See Popkin,The History of Scepticism(cf. note 1), pp. 3–16 (among other things, on the controversy between Luther and Erasmus), pp. 57–79 (on the alliance betweennouveaux pyr-rhonisme and orthodox Christian theology), pp. 80–110 (on the growing distancing of the Pyrrhonians in the 17th century and the anti-skepticist reaction [cf. in this respect also the sub-chapter on Descartes’engagement with skepticism, chap. 1.2.3]).

69 P. 43.

Montaigne ’ s Essais. It is followed by a discussion of the equally influential Quod nihil scitur (1581) by Francisco Sánchez (1551 – 1623). The final section of the chapter explores René Descartes (1596 – 1650) and his highly influential work to ‘ overcome of the skeptical crisis. ’

1.2.1 Michel de Montaigne

“ Il n ’ y a raison qui n ’ en aye une contraire, dit le plus sage party des philosophes ” [ ‘ No reason but has its contrary, ’ says the wisest of the Schools of Philosophy] is the opening line of the 15th chapter of the second book (titled Que nostre desir s ’ accroist par la malaisance [That difficulty increases desire]) of Michel de Montaigne ’ s Essais, first published in Bordeaux in 1580. This expression of the Pyrrhonian-skeptical concept of isosthenia is one of the text ’ s many explicit refer-ences to ancient skepticism (which Montaigne calls here even the ‘ wisest party of philosophers ’ ).

70

Montaigne ’ s reading of Sextus is particularly apparent in his famous essay Apologie de Raimond de Sebonde [Apology for Raymond Sebond]

(II, 12). In the course of this extensive and complex text, whose starting point is a defense of Raimundus Sabundus ’ Theologia naturalis (1434 – 1436), but whose further course develops towards a contrary position, central elements of Pyrrhonism are presented, complete with extensive quotations from the Outlines. The following passage is one in which Montaigne discusses the unre-liability of sensory perception by referring back to Sextus ’ tropes:

Les sens sont aux uns plus obscurs et plus sombres, aux autres plus ouverts et plus aigus.

Nous recevons les choses autres et autres, selon que nous sommes et qu’il nous semble. Or nostre sembler estant si incertain et controversé, ce n’est plus miracle, si on nous dit, que nous pouvons avouer que la neige nous apparoist blanche, mais que d’establir si de son essence elle est telle, et à la verité, nous ne nous en sçaurions respondre: et, ce commence-ment esbranlé, toute la science du monde s’en va necessairement à vau-l’eau. Quoy, que noz sens mesmes s’entr’empeschent l’un l’autre? une peinture semble eslevée à la veue, au

70 Michel de Montaigne, II, 15:Que nostre desir s’accroist par la malaisance, in: Montaigne,Les Essais, ed. Jean Balsamo, Michel Magnien, and Catherine Magnien-Simonin (“Notes de lecture” and“Sentences peintes”ed. by Alain Legros), Paris 2007, pp. 649–655, here p. 649. The English translation is to the edition: Michel de Montaigne,The Complete Essays, trans. and ed. Michael Andrew Screech, London 1991 (II, 15:That difficulty increases desire, pp. 694–700, here p. 694).

It is worth mentioning that the skeptical principle ofisosthenia,ΠΑΝΤΙ ΛΟΓΩ ΛΟΓΟΣ ΙΣΟΣ ΑΝΤΙΚΕΙΤΑΙ, along with other guiding principles of Pyrrhonian skepticism, quoted from Sextus’ Hypotyposeis, also belongs to those sayings and maxims which are burnt into the beams of the famous library in the‘Tour de Montaigne’(cf.“Sentences peintes et autres inscriptions de la bibliothèque de Montaigne,”in: Montaigne,Les Essais, pp. 1309–1316, here p. 1314 [No. 35]).

maniement elle semble plate[;] [. . .] le miel est plaisant au goust, mal plaisant à la veue.

[. . .] Or, nostre estat accommodant les choses à soy, et les transformant selon soy, nous ne

sçavons plus quelles sont les choses en verité, car rien ne vient à nous que falsifié et alteré par nos sens. Où le compas, l’esquarre et la regle sont gauches, toutes les proportions qui s’en tirent, tous les bastimens qui se dressent à leur mesure, sont aussi necessairement manques et defaillans. L’incertitude de noz sens rend incertain tout ce qu’ils produisent.71

‘Some people’s senses are dullish and dimmer: others are more open and acute. We per-ceive objects to be like this or that in accordance with our own state and how they seem to us. Butseeming, for human beings, is so uncertain and so controvertible that is it no miracle if we are told that we may acknowledge that snow seems white to us but cannot guarantee to establish that it is truly so in essence. And once you shake that first princi-ple, all the knowledge in the world in inevitably swept away. What about our very sense hampering each other? A painting may seem to have depth, but feels flat [. . .] [;] honey is pleasent to taste, unpleasant to look at [. . .] Now, since our state makes things correspond to itself and transforms them in conformity with itself, we can no longer claim to know what anything truly is: nothing reaches us except as altered and falsified by our senses.

When the compass, the set-square and the ruler are askew, all the calculations made with them and all the structures raised according to their measurements, are necessarily out of true and ready to collapse. The unreliability of our senses renders unreliable everything which they put forward.’72

71 Montaigne, II, 12:Apologie de Raimond de Sebonde, in: Montaigne,Les Essais(cf. note 70), pp. 458–642, here pp. 636 f.; on the explicit reference to skepticism, see esp. pp. 529–535 (there, e.g., onepoché, ataraxy, the‘skeptical expressions,’and the aspect of praxis:“Or cette assiette de leur [des Pyrrhoniens] jugement droicte, et inflexible, recevant tous objects sans application et consentement, les achemine à leur Ataraxie; qui est une condition de vie paisi-ble, rassise, exempte des agitations que nous recevons par l’impression de l’opinion et science que nous pensons avoir des choses”[p. 530];“Leur mot sacramental, c’estἐπέχω; c’est à dire je soutiens, je ne bouge. [. . .] Leur effect [de leurs refreins], c’est une pure, entiere, et tres-parfaicte surceance et suspension de jugement. Ils se servent de leur raison, pour enquerir et pour debattre: mais non pas pour arrester et choisir. Quiconque imaginera une perpetuelle confession d’ignorance, un jugement sans pente et sans inclination, à quelque occasion que ce puisse estre, il conçoit le Pyrronisme”[p. 532];“Quant aux actions de la vie, ils sont en cela de la commune façon. Ils se prestent et accommodent aux inclinations naturelles, à l’ impul-sion et contrainte des pasimpul-sions, aux constitutions des loix et des coustumes, et à la tradition des arts[.] [. . .] Ils laissent guider à ces choses là leurs actions communes, sans aucune opina-tion ou jugement”[pp. 532 f.]), pp. 555 ff. (there also the much cited“Que sçay-je?”[What do I know?]:“Quand ils [les philosophes Pyrrhoniens] prononcent: J’ignore, ou, Je doubte, ils dis-ent que cette proposition s’emporte elle mesme, quant et quant le reste: ny plus ne moins que la rubarbe, qui pousse hors les mauvaises humeurs, et s’emporte hors quant et quant elle mesmes. Cette fantasie est plus seurement conceue par interrogation: Que sçay-je? comme je la porte à la devise d’une balance”[p. 555]), pp. 613–618, pp. 625 f. and pp. 633–639.

72 Montaigne, II, 12:An Apology for Raymond Sebond, in: Montaigne,Essays(cf. note 70), pp. 489–682, here pp. 676 ff.

Later, after elaborating on the problem of the criterion of knowledge

Im Dokument Leonie Pawlita Staging Doubt (Seite 34-37)