In addition to its carboxylating activity, the RubisCO may also function as an oxy-genase by fi xing molecular oxygen at the same active site as CO 2 , thus splitting the substrate ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate into 2- phospho glycolate (2PG) and 3-PGA. This oxygenase reaction is the fi rst step of the photorespiratory pathway and is known to be an essential process dissipating light excita-tion energy in the photosystems when CO 2 supply is limited and/or under high light irra-diation (Kozaki and Takeba 1996 ). In plants with C 4 metabolism and in microalgae pos-sessing CCMs, photorespiration does not occur even under atmospheric CO 2 concen-trations or under high light conditions, where photorespiration is unavoidable in C 3 -type plants. In diatoms, there are a few reports describing the occurrence of photorespira-tion under ambient condiphotorespira-tions (Parker et al.
2004 ; Roberts et al. 2007a ), suggesting that the diatom photorespiration operates even under the operation of the CCM. There seems to be a set of photorespiratory genes
present in the genome of diatoms according to the DiatomCyc database (see Fabris et al.
2012 ; http://akongo.psb.ugent.be/ ), suggest-ing that the photorespiratory carbon oxida-tion cycle (PCOC) is the major pathway to recycle phosphoglycolate in diatoms (Armbrust et al. 2004 ; Bowler et al. 2008 ).
In cyanobacteria, glycolate oxidation is found to be catalyzed by bacterial-type of glycolate dehydrogenase (GDH) instead of the plant-type glycolate oxidase (GOX) (Eisenhut et al. 2006 ). This oxygen- independent glycolate oxidation is also found in several groups of eukaryotic algae (like Chlorophyceae , Prasinophyceae , Cryptophyceae , and Bacillariophyceae ) in contrast to the plant-type, oxygen-dependent pathway in Chrysophyceae , Eustigmato-phyceae , RaphidoEustigmato-phyceae , XanthoEustigmato-phyceae , and Rhodophyceae (Suzuki et al. 1991 ).
Interestingly, some diatoms apparently pos-sess two genes for both GOX and GDH (Kroth et al. 2008 ). A set of these enzymes revealed typical peroxisome- targeting signals at their C-termini, while the other enzymes seem to be equipped with mitochondrial targeting sequences, suggesting that glycolate oxidation may occur in these two organelles (Kroth et al. 2008 ).
A genome-based study by Kroth et al.
( 2008 ) suggested that PCOC occurs mainly in the mitochondria and glycolate is also integrated into the glyoxylate pathway via malate synthase in the peroxisome. Another alternative pathway of glycolate metabolism is the tartronic semialdehyde pathway. The existence of this pathway in diatoms (Kroth et al. 2008 ), originaly identifi ed in cyano-bacteria (Eisenhut et al. 2006 ), is suggested by precedential biochemical studies with T. pseudonana and Cylindrotheca fusiformis (Paul and Volcani 1974 , 1976 ). It is also pointed out that so far no gene for the glycer-ate kinase (GK), an enzyme of the last step of PCOC, which forms 3-PGA, has yet been identifi ed (Kroth et al. 2008 ). This strongly suggests that PCOC in diatoms would not result in recycling 3-PGA for fi xation by the Calvin cycle, but rather supplying glycine and serine (Kroth et al. 2008 ).
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by Grant-in-Aid for Scientifi c Research B (grant no. 24310015 to Y. M.), by Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Exploratory Research (grant no. 24651119 to Y. M.) from the Japan Society for the Pro mo-tion of Science (JSPS), by MEXT-Supported Program for the Strategic Research Foun-da tion at Private Universities ( 2010–2014), by the Program for Research on Halophilic Organism of the Salt Science Research Foundation (grant no. 06B02 to Y. M.), and by the Steel Industry Foundation for the Advancement of Environmental Protection Technology to Y. M. PGK is grateful for fi nancial support by the German Research Foundation (DFG), grant KR1661/7-1, the German Israeli Foundation (GIF), the University of Konstanz, and is thankful to A.
Gruber and J. Hentschel for providing an unpublished electron micrograph.
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