2. Summarizing Synthesis and Conclusions
2.5 Outlook
and irradiance play an important role for plant diversity in SRC plantations, but also soil nutrient contents.
Conducted in two distinct European regions and including 15 poplar and willow SRC plantations grown in eight different agrarian landscapes characteristic for the regions, it can be assumed that the findings of this study are transferable to comparably structured agrarian landscapes dominated by agriculture and sylviculture and presenting similar environmental conditions. The result transferability is limited on condition that suitable sites for willow and poplar establishment are chosen, e.g. sites with sufficient precipitation. The SRC plantations surveyed in this study were smaller than 10 ha. At larger-scale SRC introduction, effects on the local and higher landscape-scale phytodiversity value might differ.
2.5 Outlook
The studies presented in this thesis cover SRC plantations of different plantation ages and different shoot ages allowing implications on age effects, but additional investigation is needed on vegetation dynamics in real long-term studies. Further research for optimal choice of establishment location is needed with regard to plant immigration from the surrounding and on the impact of the former land use and the soil seed bank. In addition, further information on the influence of landscape structures on phytodiversity should be analysed in surveys using landscape matrix data on a higher scale.
Summarizing Synthesis and Conclusions Chapter 2
19
2.6 References
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Britt CP, Fowbert J, McMillan SD (2007) The ground flora and invertebrate fauna of hybrid poplar plantations:
results of ecological monitoring in the PAMUCEAF project. Aspects of Applied Biology, Vegetation Management 82: 83–90
Ceulemans R, McDonald AJS, Pereira JS (1996) A comparison among eucalypt, poplar and willow characteristics with particular reference to a coppice, growth-modelling approach. Biomass and Bioenergy 11: 215–231
Delarze R, Ciardo F (2002) Rote Liste-Arten in Pappelplantagen. Informationsblatt Forschungsbereich Wald WSL Birmensdorf 9: 3–4
DTI (2004) ARBRE Monitoring-Ecology of Short Rotation Coppice. Four year study involving wildlife monitoring of commercial SRC plantations planted on arable land and arable control plots. In:
Cunningham MD, Bishop JD, McKay HV, Sage RB (eds). http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file14870.pdf (accessed 19 March 2012)
DTI (2006) The Effects on Flora and Fauna of Converting Grassland to Short Rotation Coppice (SRC).
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Duelli P (1992) Mosaikkonzept und Inseltheorie in der Kulturlandschaft. Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft für Ökologie 21: 379–383
Duelli P (1997) Biodiversity evaluation in agricultural landscapes: An approach at two different scales.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 62: 81–91
Fry D, Slater F (2009) The biodiversity of short rotation willow coppice in the Welsh landscape.
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Gustafsson L (1987) Plant conservation aspects of energy forestry: a new type of land-use in Sweden. For Ecol Manage 21: 141–161
Heilmann B, Makeschin F, Rehfuess KE (1995) Vegetationskundliche Untersuchungen auf einer Schnellwuchsplantage mit Pappeln und Weiden nach Ackernutzung. Forstw Cbl 114: 16–29
Kroiher F, Bielefeld J, Bolte A, Schulter M (2008) Die Phytodiversität in Energieholzbeständen – erste Ergebnisse im Rahmen des Projektes NOVALIS. Archiv f Forstwesen u Landsch ökol 42: 158–165 Stjernquist I (1994) An integrated environmental-analysis of short-rotation forests as a biomass resource.
Biomass Bioenergy 6: 3–10
Vonk M (2008) Energiehout biodiverser dan gedacht. Vakblad Natuur Bos Landschap 1/2008:9–11
Weih M, Karacic A, Munkert H, Verwijst T, Diekmann M (2003) Influence of young poplar stands on floristic diversity in agricultural landscapes (Sweden). Basic and Applied Ecology 4: 149–156
Weih M (2009) Perennial Energy Crops: Growth and Management. In: Crop and Soil Science, [Ed. Willy H.
Verheye], in Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), Developed under the Auspice of the UNESCO, Eolss Publishers, Oxford, UK. http://www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C10/E1-05A-28-00.pdf (accessed 19 March 2012)
Appendix
Paper I
The impact of short rotation coppice plantations on phytodiversity
Baum S, Weih M, Busch G, Kroiher F, Bolte A (2009)
Landbauforschung ± vTI Agriculture and Forestry Research 59 (3): 163 ± 170
S. Baum, M. Weih, G. Busch, F. Kroiher, A. Bolte / Landbauforschung - vTI Agriculture and Forestry Research 3 2009 (59)163-170 163
The impact of Short Rotation Coppice plantations on phytodiversity
Sarah Baum*, Martin Weih**, Gerald Busch***, Franz Kroiher* and Andreas Bolte*
*OHANN(EINRICHVON4HÔNEN)NSTITUTV4) )NSTITUTEOF&OREST%COLOGYAND &OREST)NVENTORY!LFRED-ÎLLER3TRA·E$%BERSWALDE'ERMANY SARAHBAUM VTIBUNDDE FRANZKROIHER VTIBUNDDE ANDREASBOLTE VTI
bund.de RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE 0LANTATIONS WITH FAST GROWING TREESSUCHASPOPLARSANDWILLOWSHAVEBEENESTABLISHED TION %G LIGHT CLIMATE AND THE TREE AGE PLAY IMPORTANT ROLESFORSPECIESCOMPOSITIONSPECIESNUMBERANDVEGETA TIONCOVER4HEOLDERTHEPLANTEDCROPTHESHADIERTHECON DITIONSFORTHEGROUNDVEGETATIONWHICHISASSOCIATEDWITH ASHIFTFROMANNUALTOPERENNIALANDFROMLIGHTDEMAND ING TO SHADE TOLERANT SPECIES &URTHERMORE THE LAND USE HISTORY AND THE VEGETATION IN THE SURROUNDING LANDSCAPE HAVECONSIDERABLEINÛUENCEONSPECIESCOMPOSITIONIN32#
PLANTATIONS4HEMOREDIVERSETHESURROUNDINGLANDSCAPE THE MORE SPECIES ARE ABLE TO ESTABLISH IN THE PLANTATION 3MALLERPLANTATIONSWITHLONGEREDGEHABITATSECOTONES FACILITATESPECIESIMMIGRATIONFROMTHESURROUNDINGSBET TER THAN LARGER PLANTATIONS 3MALLSCALE STRUCTURED PLANTA TIONSINCREASEBIODIVERSITY DIVERSITY (ABITATS OF THREATENED SPECIES AS WELL AS AREAS ADJACENTTOLAKESORRIVERSSHOULDBEAVOIDEDWHEREASFOR MERARABLELANDSANDGRASSLANDFALLOWSAREGENERALLYWELL suited.
Keywords: biodiversity, energy crop, land use, landscape scale, poplar (Populus), sewage sludge, site preparation, species richness, SRC, willow (Salix)
Zusammenfassung
$ER %INÛUSS VON +URZUMTRIEBSBEST¼NDEN AUF DIE 0HYTODIVERSIT¼T
)NDENLETZTEN*AHRENISTDIE.ACHFRAGENACH(OLZALSNACH wachsender Rohstoff zur energetischen Nutzung gestiegen.
Dazu werden Plantagen mit schnell wachsenden Baumar TENSOG+URZUMTRIEBSPLANTAGEN+50 ANGEPÛANZT-IT EINEM WEITEREN !NSTIEG KANN GERECHNET WERDEN WOBEI DER+ENNTNISTANDÔBERDIE!USWIRKUNGENDER+50AUFDIE
"IODIVERSIT¼TBISLANGGERINGIST$ER!RTIKELGIBTEINEN´BER BLICKÔBERDENGEGENW¼RTIGEN7ISSENSSTANDZUR0HYTODI VERSIT¼TIN+50
$IE"EGLEITVEGETATIONIN+50WIRDDURCHVIELE&AKTOREN BEEINÛUSST ,ICHT UND DAMIT VERBUNDEN DAS !LTER DER 0LANTAGESPIELENEINEWICHTIGE2OLLEFÔRDIE!RTENZUSAM MENSETZUNG !RTENZAHL SOWIE DIE "ODENBEDECKUNG DER Vegetation. Umso älter die Plantagen sind, desto weniger ,ICHT STEHT FÔR DIE "EGLEITVEGETATION ZUR 6ERFÔGUNG $IES BEWIRKT EINE 6ERSCHIEBUNG VON EINJ¼HRIGEN ZU MEHRJ¼H RIGENUNDVONLICHTLIEBENDENZUSCHATTENTOLERANTEN!RTEN
$IEVORHERIGE6EGETATIONSOWIEDIEUMGEBENDEN,AND NUTZUNGSTYPEN HABEN EINEN GRO·EN %INÛUSS AUF DIE !R TENZUSAMMENSETZUNGDER+505MSOVIELF¼LTIGERDIE5M GEBUNG IST DESTO MEHR !RTEN KÎNNEN SICH IN EINER +50 etablieren. Kleinere Plantagen mit längeren Randzonen SINDBESSERFÔREINE"ESIEDLUNGAUSDER5MGEBUNGGEEIG NETALSGRηERE0LANTAGEN+LEINSTRUKTURIERTE+50ERHÎHEN DIE"IODIVERSIT¼T
Verglichen mit anderen Landnutzungen sind KUP häu ÚG ARTENREICHER ALS !CKERÛ¼CHEN UND .ADELW¼LDER ABER ARTEN¼RMER ALS ALTE GEMISCHTE ,AUBW¼LDER )N EINER VON AGRARISCHER.UTZUNGODERVON.ADELW¼LDERNDOMINIERTEN 5MGEBUNG ERHÎHEN +50 OFT DIE REGIONALE $IVERSIT¼T %S WIRD DAVON ABGERATEN +50 IN 'EGENDEN MIT SELTENEN
!RTEN SOWIE AN 3EEN UND &LÔSSEN ANZULEGEN W¼HREND EHEMALIGE!CKERÛ¼CHENUND'RÔNLANDBRACHENH¼UÚGGUT geeignet sind.
3CHLÔSSELWORTE "IODIVERSIT¼T %NERGIEPÛANZE ,ANDNUT-zung, Landschaftsebene, Pappel (Populus), Klärschlamm, Bodenbearbeitung, Artenvielfalt, KUP, Weide (Salix)
1 Introduction
3INCETHEEARLYSMANYCOUNTRIESAROUNDTHEWORLD HAVEBEENDEVELOPINGNEWCROPSINORDERTOINCREASETHE BIOMASSRESOURCEBASEFORPRODUCTIONOFBIOENERGY7RIGHT &AST GROWING TREES HAVE BEEN CULTIVATED FOR MANY YEARS IN VARIOUS %UROPEAN COUNTRIES WITH TESTTRIALS ON WILLOWS GROWN IN SHORT ROTATION FOR THE PURPOSE OF BIO MASS PRODUCTION INITIATED IN THE S +UZOVKINA ET AL #OMMERCIALWILLOWPLANTATIONSAREGROWNINASHORT ROTATION SYSTEM ON HA IN 3WEDEN .ORDH WHILE IN 0OLAND THE PLANTED AREA IS ABOUT HA AND IN'ERMANYLESSTHANHA4HR¼NAND3EIFFERT )NGENERALSHORTROTATIONCOPPICE32# PLANTATIONSCONSIST OF FAST GROWING TREES OR SHRUBS AND ARE CHARACTERIZED BY HIGHERWOODPRODUCTIVITYINTIMEANDSPACETHANCONVEN TIONALCULTIVATEDFORESTSDUETOHIGHJUVENILEGROWTHRATES OFTHETREES32#PLANTATIONSAREMAINLYGROWNFORPRODUC ING WOOD FUEL FOR HEAT AND POWER PRODUCTION 4HE MOST IMPORTANTTREESPECIESGROWNIN%UROPEAN32#SAREWILLOW DURING VEGETATION DORMANCY WHEN THE GROUND IS FROZEN 0RIORTOTHEPLANTATIONESTABLISHMENTCHEMICALORMECHANI CAL WEED CONTROL IS NEEDED TO MINIMIZE COMPETITION FOR RESOURCES AND THEREBY ALLOW FOR VIGOROUS GROWTH OF THE PLANTEDCROP,ARSSONETAL )NMANYSITESESPECIALLY IN#ENTRAL%UROPEFERTILIZATIONISNOTNEEDEDIFTHEPLANTA TIONISESTABLISHEDONFORMERARABLELAND7HENPLANTATIONS are fertilized with sewage sludge, which is common in Swe DENTHEPLANTATIONSACTALSOASVEGETATIONÚLTERS
The demand for wood as a renewable resource for en ERGETIC USE IS CURRENTLY INCREASING DUE TO INCREASING EN ERGYUSETHEDECLINEOFFOSSILFUELSANDINCREASINGENERGY PRICES&URTHERARGUMENTSFORINCREASEDBIOMASSDEMANDS INCLUDEGLOBALENVIRONMENTALPROBLEMSRELATEDTOCLIMATE change in connection with CO2EMISSIONSANDPOLITICALRE QUIREMENTS!SARESULTDEMANDISEXPECTEDTOCONTINUE TOINCREASEINTHEFUTURE4HECULTIVATIONOFFASTGROWING TREESONAGRICULTURALLANDISAVIABLEALTERNATIVEFORTHEPRO DUCTIONOFRENEWABLERESOURCESPARTICULARLYBECAUSETHESE TREES CAN ACHIEVE HIGH BIOMASS YIELDS WITH RELATIVELY LOW INPUT OF NITROGEN FERTILIZER AND ARE REGARDED AS EFÚCIENT NITROGENUSERS+ARPAND3HIELD (OWEVERKNOWL
2 Establishment and management of SRC planta-tions
Rotation times and planting densities
)N CENTRAL %UROPE THERE ARE CURRENTLY THREE RECOGNISED KINDSOFROTATIONS)NMINIROTATIONWHICHISTHEMAINCUL TIVATIONMETHODFORWILLOWTHETREESAREHARVESTEDAFTER TWOORTHREEYEARS4HETREEDENSITYISTO PER HECTARE -IDIROTATION TAKES FOUR TO SIX AT MOST TEN YEARS WITH A TREE DENSITY OF TO PER HECT ARE AND IS OFTEN USED FOR POPLAR 4HE THIRD ROTATION TYPE IS MAXIROTATION SUITABLE FOR TREES LIKE ASPEN SYCAMORE BASSWOODMOUNTAINASHASWELLASALDERANDTAKESTO YOUNG WILLOW AND POPLAR PLANTS ACTION HAS TO BE TAKEN TOFACILITATEASUCCESSFULESTABLISHMENTOF32#CROPS,ARS SONETAL3TOLLAND$OHRENBUSCH 4HEREARE CHEMICALANDMECHANICALMEASURESFORPREPARINGAÚELD For economic reasons chemical treatment is recommend ED IN MOST CASES BEFORE ESTABLISHING A 32# PLANTATION
"OELCKE 3TJERNQUIST ALTHOUGH SOMETIMES ONLYMECHANICALMETHODSAREUSED3AGE (OWEVER THE ÚELD IS GRUBBED 3CHILDBACH ET AL PLOUGHED
"URGERETAL ORHARROWED"OELCKE"URGER MORTALITY SITES WITH NO TREATMENT HAD A REDUCED CROP GROWTHRATEWHEREASHERBICIDEAPPLICATIONDIRECTLYBEFORE
S. Baum, M. Weih, G. Busch, F. Kroiher, A. Bolte / Landbauforschung - vTI Agriculture and Forestry Research 3 2009 (59)163-170 165
ORAFTERSPROUTINSERTIONSTIMULATEDCROPGROWTH7OLFAND
"ÎHNISCH
)F THERE IS GOOD NUTRIENT SUPPLY FROM FORMER LAND USE nutrient fertilization is not needed in the establishment YEAR"OELCKE$%&2!&RYAND3LATER
PLANTATIONS REQUIRE SUBSTANTIALLY LESS PESTICIDE AND HERBI CIDETREATMENT,EDIN0ERTTU 3PECIESCOM TAFSSON BUT IN MOST CASES HERBICIDE APPLICATIONS ARENOTNECESSARYAFTERESTABLISHMENTOFCOMMERCIAL32#
PLANTATIONS,ARSSONETAL
-ECHANICAL TREATMENT LIKE PLOUGHING HARROWING OR GRUBBINGINÛUENCESSPECIESCOMPOSITIONASWELLWITHTHE TIME OF TREATMENT PLAYING AN IMPORTANT ROLE 4HE SEEDS FROM THE SURROUNDINGS INÛUENCE THE ÚELD STRONGLY WHEN CULTIVATED IN AUTUMN WHEREAS THIS SEED SPREAD IS INSIG NIÚCANT IN SPRING $UE TO THE FACT THAT PLANT SPECIES ARE EITHER SPRING OR AUTUMNGERMINATING SPECIES OF ONE OF THESEGERMINATIONTYPESWILLBESUPPORTEDDEPENDINGON WHETHERSOILCULTIVATIONISARRANGEDEARLYORLATEINTHESEA SON'USTAFSSON
-ANY HARDWOOD SPECIES SUCH AS WILLOWS AND POPLARS ARE POOR COMPETITORS IN THE JUVENILE PLANT STAGE WHEN GROWN IN A NONNATIVE ENVIRONMENT 4HE POOR COMPETI TIVENESSOFTHEHYBRIDSPECIESGROWNINMOSTCOMMERCIAL PLANTATIONS MAKES WEED CONTROL AN EXTREMELY IMPORTANT MANAGEMENTACTIONBUTIMPLIESALSOTHATTHEPLANTEDHY BRIDSAREUNLIKELYTOINVADETHESURROUNDINGAREASANDAF FECTBIODIVERSITY7EIHA
Sewage sludge
In Sweden it is common to use sewage sludge as fertil IZER IN WILLOW 32# PLANTATIONS 4HE PRACTICE MAY SOLVE A WASTE PROBLEM BUT IS DEBATED BECAUSE OF ENVIRONMEN TAL CONCERNS $IMITRIOU ET AL (ASSELGREN 4HE SLUDGE IS NORMALLY DEWATERED AND APPLIED IN SPRING AFTERWINTERHARVESTEVERYTOYEARS.UTRIENTLOSSESAND LEAKAGE TO THE GROUNDWATER ZONE ARE REDUCED BY APPLY INGSLUDGETOANACTIVELYGROWINGCROPINSTEADOFBARESOIL (ASSELGREN (ASSELGREN (ASSELGREN RECOMMENDS APPLICATION OF TONNES DRY SUBSTANCE OF SEWAGESLUDGEPERHECTAREPERYEAR4HISAMOUNTSHOULD
PRODUCENOADVERSEEFFECTSONSOILGROUNDWATERORVEG ETATION3LUDGEISALSOMIXEDWITHWOODASHFROMDISTRICT HEATINGPLANTS$IMITRIOUETAL 6IAIRRIGATIONOFNU TRIENTBEARINGWATERSUCHASWASTEWATERFROMHOUSEHOLDS COLLECTED RUNOFF WATER FROM FARMLANDS AND LEACHATE OF LANDÚLLSPLANTATIONSCANBEUSEDASVEGETATIONÚLTERSFOR TREATMENT )T IS POSSIBLE TO LOCATE PLANTATIONS AS BUFFER STRIPSFORCAPTURINGTHENUTRIENTSINPASSINGRUNOFFWATER
"ERNDESETAL
3LUDGE APPLICATION AS A FERTILIZER MAY INÛUENCE THE GROUNDVEGETATIONANDHASBEENREPORTEDTOAFFECTGROUND VEGETATIONCOVER(ASSELGREN BUTVERYLITTLEKNOWL EDGE OF SLUDGE APPLICATION ON PHYTODIVERSITY IS CURRENTLY AVAILABLE
3 SRC effects on vegetation Species composition
3PECIESCOMPOSITIONIN32#STANDSDEPENDSVERYMUCH ON LIGHT INTENSITY WHICH IS HIGHEST IN YOUNG PLANTATIONS DUETOTHELACKOFCANOPYCLOSURE,IGHTINTENSITYISALSODE PENDENTONTHEPLANTEDTREESPECIESANDGREATLYINÛUENCES THEDEVELOPMENTANDCOMPOSITIONOFTHEGROUNDVEGETA TION&OREXAMPLESPECIESTHATDEMANDLARGEAMOUNTSOF LIGHTANDNUTRIENTSALONGWITHMILDTEMPERATURESTYPICALLY COLONIZE THE PLANTATIONS IN THE EARLY STAGE $ELARZE AND
#IARDO IN WHICH THE GROUND VEGETATION IS DOMI NATED BY ANNUALS $ELARZE AND #IARDO $4)
$4) !S A CONSEQUENCE OF INCREASING CANOPY CLO SURERADIATIONANDTEMPERATUREDECREASEGROUNDVEGETA TION SHIFTS FROM THE INITIALLY RUDERAL AND PIONEER SPECIES TOWARDSWOODLANDSPECIES"RITTETAL$ELARZEAND
#IARDO+ROIHERETAL ANDFROMANNUALSAND BIENNIALSTOWARDSPERENNIALS$4)$4) 4HESE CHANGESAREINACCORDANCEWITHTHETYPICALSUCCESSIONOF DOMINANT VEGETATION IE SHORTLIVED SPECIES ARE USUALLY MORE COMMON EARLY IN SUCCESSION WHILST LONGLIVED SPE CIES USUALLY DOMINATE AT LATER STAGES 4OWNSEND 4HESHIFTFROMLIGHTDEMANDINGTOSHADETOLERANTSPECIESIS ISTIC FOR DISTURBED GROUND WHEREAS PLANTATIONS CUTBACK AFTERONEYEARGROWTHSHOWEDAHIGHERVEGETATIONCOVER
166
ORAREASOFRECENTLYDISTURBEDGROUND)NYEARONEANDTWO THEYFOUNDADECREASEOFANNUALSWHEREASSHORTLIVEDPE RENNIALSINCREASEDINTHEÚRSTYEARANDREMAINEDCONSTANT INTHESECONDYEAR4HEPROPORTIONOFTHELONGLIVEDPEREN NIALS INCREASED SLIGHTLY BUT NOT SIGNIÚCANTLY AND DID NOT RETURNTODOMINANCELIKEITHADBEENTHECASEBEFORETHE ESTABLISHMENTOFTHE32#PLANTATION
)N MANY CASES ONLY FEW SPECIES WITH REGIONAL CONSER VATION STATUS ARE FOUND IN 32# PLANTATIONS "RITT ET AL
$4)'USTAFSSON6ONK7EIHET AL 3OMERARESPECIESCANOCCASIONALLYBEFOUNDIN OLDERSTANDS'USTAFSSON (ALFOFTHEWILLOWPLAN TATIONS 'USTAFSSON SURVEYED IN SOUTHERN 3WEDEN WERE DOMINATED BY RUDERAL SPECIES LIKECirsium arvense, Galeopsis tetrahit and Urtica dioica. Urtica dioica and GRASSES DOMINATED THE GROUND VEGETATION OF POPLAR PLANTATIONSINSOUTHERNANDCENTRAL%NGLANDSURVEYEDBY
"RITT ET AL /N A PLANTATION WITH POPLARS HYBRID ASPENANDWILLOWSIN"AVARIA'ERMANY (EILMANNETAL RECORDEDÚVEYEARSAFTERESTABLISHMENTMAINLYSPE CIESTYPICALOFAGRICULTURALWEEDCOMMUNITIESOFTHE SPECIESWEREPERENNIALAMONGTHESEMAINLYGRASSESPLUS WOODYSPECIESASWELLASEPHEMERALSPECIES 4HIS COMPOSITION SUGGESTS THE RELATIVELY UNDISTURBED DE VELOPMENTOFTHEVEGETATION(EILMANNETAL
4HEFEWRAREORENDANGEREDSPECIESOCCASIONALLYFOUND IN 32# PLANTATIONS ARE PREDOMINANTLY LIGHT DEMANDING PIONEERSPECIESRECORDEDINTHEÚRSTYEARSOFAPLANTATION ANDDISAPPEARINGWITHINCREASINGPLANTATIONAGE&OREX AMPLE7EIHETAL FOUNDNOTASINGLERARESPECIES IN YOUNG POPLAR STANDS GROWN IN 3WEDEN BUT 6ONK FOUNDINA$UTCHSURVEYTHEORCHIDEpipactis hel-leborine WHICH HAS CONSERVATION STATUS +ROIHER ET AL RECORDED A HIGHER NUMBER OF RARE SPECIES IN 32#
PLANTATIONSINNORTHERN'ERMANYSIXOUTOFIDENTIÚED VASCULARPLANTSAREONTHE2ED,ISTOFTHREATENEDSPECIES 4HESESPECIESHAVETHEIRMAINDISTRIBUTIONINNUTRIENTPOOR HABITATS +ROIHER ET AL !LSO A POPLAR PLANTATION IN3WITZERLANDHOSTEDMANYRARESPECIESOUTOFMORE THAN RECORDED SPECIES WERE ON THE 2ED ,IST FOR EX AMPLERanunculus sceleratus,Carduus crispus and Carex riparia$ELARZEAND#IARDO 4HERELATIVELYHIGHOC CURRENCE OF RARE SPECIES IS PROBABLY RELATED TO THE GREAT TREEDISTANCESATTHIS3WITZERSITEANDTHERESULTINGFAVOUR ABLELIGHTANDTEMPERATURECONDITIONS4HENUMBEROF2ED ,ISTSPECIESDECLINEDWITHINCREASINGCANOPYCLOSUREOFTHE POPLARS AFTER TWO YEARS IMPLYING THAT THE SHORTENING OF ROTATIONTIMEPROBABLYSUPPORTSTHEESTABLISHMENTANDOR SURVIVALOFENDANGEREDSPECIES$ELARZEAND#IARDO
4HEPLANTCOLONIZATIONOFAPLANTATIONOCCURSFROMTHE SURROUNDING AREA THE SOIL SEED BANK AND THROUGH LIVING VEGETATIVETISSUESLIKERHIZOMESTILLERSORLIVINGROOTSINTHE SOIL 'USTAFSSON 3TJERNQUIST 7EIH A
4HEREFORE THE FORMER VEGETATION AND LAND USE PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE FOR THE COMPOSITION OF THE GROUND ÛORA IN THESE PLANTATIONS 4HE INÛUENCE OF FORMER VEGETATION GENERALLY DECREASES WITH INCREASING AGE BUT THE MAGNI TUDEANDTEMPORALDEVELOPMENTOFTHECHANGESDIFFERSBE TWEENLANDUSES!WILLOWPLANTATIONIN3WEDENSHOWED SIMILAR SPECIES COMPOSITION COMPARED WITH THE MEADOW THATUSEDTOBEONTHISSITEANDASTABILIZATIONOFTHEVEG ETATIONOCCURREDFOURYEARSAFTERPLANTATIONESTABLISHMENT 'USTAFSSON )NCONTRASTCHANGESWEREMUCHMORE APPARENT ON A FORMER PEATLAND SITE IN WHICH NO STABILI ZATION WAS RECORDED FOUR YEARS AFTER ESTABLISHMENT HALF OF THE ORIGINAL SPECIES HAD THEN DISAPPEARED AND THOSE SPECIESSTILLREMAININGHADAVERYLOWCOVER'USTAFSSON !PART FROM FORMER VEGETATION ALSO MANAGEMENT REGIMEGREATLYINÛUENCESTHEÛORALCOMPOSITIONINPOPLAR ANDWILLOWSTANDSASTHERESULTSBY&RYAND3LATER demonstrated.
Ground vegetation cover
!S A CONSEQUENCE OF THE NECESSARY ÚELD PREPARATIONS PRIOR TO PLANTATION ESTABLISHMENT ,ARSSON ET AL 3TOLLAND$OHRENBUSCH GROUNDVEGETATIONISVERY SPARSEWHENTHECROPISPLANTED'ROUNDVEGETATIONCOVER INCREASEDINTHEFOURYEARSSTUDIEDAFTERESTABLISHMENTOF WILLOWPLANTATIONSIN%NGLAND6EGETATIONCOVERVARIEDBE TWEENINDIVIDUALPLOTSWITHSOMEPLOTSSTILLDOMINATEDBY BARE GROUND EVEN YEARS AFTER ESTABLISHMENT $4) 4HEVEGETATIONCOVEROFRECENTLYPLANTEDANDCUTBACKPLOTS PLANTATION WHILE THE INCREASE IN VEGETATION COVER OVER TIMETENDEDTOBEMOREPRONOUNCEDATTHEEDGESOFTHE ÛORA INCREASES (EILMANN ET AL AS IT IS EXPECTED FROM SUCCESSION THEORY 4OWNSEND 3TILL VEGETA TIONCOVERISLOWERINWILLOWPLANTATIONSCUTBACKAFTERONE YEAROFGROWTHTHANINRECENTLYPLANTEDSTANDS$4)
!LTHOUGH RADIATION WOULD BE EXPECTED TO BE ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT DRIVERS FOR VEGETATION COVER 'USTAFSSON
S. Baum, M. Weih, G. Busch, F. Kroiher, A. Bolte / Landbauforschung - vTI Agriculture and Forestry Research 3 2009 (59)163-170 167 ED CROP $IFFERENT SPECIES AND GENOTYPES HAVE DIFFERENT GROWTHHABITSANDAREDIFFERENTLYAFFECTEDBYHABITATCON DITIONS4HEREISANINCREASINGGRADIENTINGROUNDVEGETA TION COVER FROM POPLAR TO HYBRID ASPEN AND WILLOW DUE to differences in radiation climate resulting from different LEAF PHENOLOGY GROWTH HABIT AND BIOMASS OF THE TREES (EILMANNETAL
3TOLLAND$OHRENBUSCH SHOWEDTHEINÛUENCEOF THEFORMERLANDUSEONBIOMASSPRODUCTIONANDFOUNDTHE PRODUCTIVITYOFTHEGROUNDVEGETATIONTOBEHIGHERONFOR mer grassland than on former arable land.
Species richness
3PECIESNUMBERSRANGINGFROMAROUNDTOMORETHAN WERERECORDEDINWILLOWORPOPLARPLANTATIONSIN3WE DENTHE.ETHERLANDSTHE5+'ERMANYAND3WITZERLAND WITHATRENDTOINCREASINGSPECIESRICHNESSWITHDECREASING LATITUDE "URGER ET AL $ELARZE AND #IARDO
$4)'USTAFSSON(EILMANNETAL6ONK 7EIHETAL 4HENUMBEROFSPECIESUSUALLY INCREASESINTHEÚRSTTWOYEARSAFTERESTABLISHMENTANDDE CREASES THEREAFTER WITH INCREASING AGE OF THE PLANTATION
$ELARZEAND#IARDO$4)'USTAFSSON 7OLFAND"ÎHNISCH 4HISPATTERNPROBABLYCANBE attributed to deteriorating light conditions on the ground OVERTIMESOTHATTHECONDITIONSBECOMEINCREASINGLYSIMI LARTOTRADITIONALFORESTS%SPECIALLYTHENUMBEROFENDAN GERED SPECIES DECREASES OVER TIME $ELARZE AND #IARDO $4) FOUNDMORETHANSIXTIMESMORESPECIES POSITIVE EDGE EFFECT ON SPECIES NUMBERS WAS ALSO FOUND DURINGTHEÚRSTTWOYEARSAFTERPLANTATIONESTABLISHMENTIN OCCURS PREDOMINANTLY FROM THE SURROUNDING LANDSCAPE SOTHATTHELOCATIONOFA32#PLANTATIONINTHELANDSCAPE CONTEXT IS CRITICAL FOR SPECIES NUMBERS 4HE MORE DIVERSE THESURROUNDINGLANDSCAPETHEMORESPECIESCANCOLONIZE THE PLANTATIONS AND THEREBY INCREASE BIODIVERSITY 7EIH A &URTHERMORETHEFORMERVEGETATIONNORMALLYIN ÛUENCESTHECOMPOSITIONOFTHEGROUNDÛORAESPECIALLYIN EARLYSTAGES'USTAFSSON
0LANTATION SIZE AND SHAPE ALSO SEEM TO BE IMPORTANT FORBIODIVERSITYWITHHIGHERSPECIESNUMBERSRECORDEDAT FROM THE SURROUNDING LANDSCAPE FOR EXAMPLE VIA WIND ANDANIMALS/NTHEOTHERHANDROUNDANDSQUAREDSTAND SHAPES BENEÚT THE DIFFUSION WITHIN THE PLANTATION 'US TAFSSON
4HEMOREHETEROGENEOUSANDSPECIESRICHTHESURROUND INGSARETHEMORESPECIESARELIKELYTOREACHTHEPLANTA TION AND ESTABLISH THERE SUGGESTING A SMALLSIZED STRUC TURETOFAVOURSPECIESDIVERSITY'USTAFSSON7EIH A &OR EXAMPLE ON EIGHT AND NINE YEAR OLD POPLAR STANDS IN 'ERMANY HECTARES CONTAINED ALMOST ALL OF THESPECIESFOUNDINTHEWHOLEPLANTATIONANDITWAS CONCLUDEDTHATHAOFAHOMOGENEOUSPLANTATIONHOSTS ALL THE SPECIES FOUND IN LARGER PLANTATIONS ,AMERSTORF ET AL.!"5 &URTHERMORELARGEMONOCULTURES
Land-use effects on local and landscape scale
3PECIES NUMBER IN WILLOW AND POPLAR 32# PLANTATIONS HAS FREQUENTLY BEEN REPORTED TO BE HIGHER THAN IN CON VENTIONALAGRICULTURALÚELDS!UGUSTSONETAL"RITT ET AL "URGER ET AL $4) $4)
&RYAND3LATER(EILMANNETAL0ERTTU 7OLFAND"ÎHNISCH %SPECIALLYINTHEÚRSTYEARAFTER ESTABLISHMENT OF A POPLAR PLANTATION ITS SPECIES NUMBER CANBEMUCHHIGHERTHANINCOMPARISONWITHANINTENSIVE CROPLAND"URGERETAL7OLFAND"ÎHNISCH /N 32# ÚELDS IN "AVARIA THE RECORDED SPECIES NUMBERS WEREUPTOTENTIMESHIGHERTHANINADJACENTAGRICULTURAL ÚELDS"URGERETAL .OTONLYSPECIESNUMBERBUT ALSOVEGETATIONCOVER$4) ANDÛORISTICHETEROGENE ITY 7EIH ET AL HAVE BEEN REPORTED TO BE HIGHER IN32#ÚELDSTHANINARABLELAND)NCOMPARISONTOARABLE
168
ÚELDSANDGRASSLANDFALLOWWILLOWANDPOPLARPLANTATIONS HAVEBEENSHOWNTOCONTAINMORESPECIESTHANARABLELAND AND HIGHER OR SIMILAR SPECIES RICHNESS TO GRASSLANDS $4)
&RYAND3LATER(EILMANNETAL )N COMPARISON TO OLDGROWTH MIXED DECIDUOUS FORESTS SPECIES RICHNESS OF YOUNG POPLAR PLANTATIONS WAS SIMILAR ORLOWER7EIHETAL )NLINEWITHTHISOBSERVATION 3CHMIDT AND 'EROLD SUGGESTED THAT 32# PLANTA TIONSARECLOSERTOANATURALSTATETHANCONVENTIONALCROP .!"5 0OSITIVE EFFECTS OF 32# PLANTATIONS WERE FOUND IN AGRARIAN REGIONS WITH UNIFORM LANDSCAPE STRUC TURESWHERE32#SITESAREREPUTEDTOBEASOURCEFORPLANT which is a considerable share when considering their lim ITEDEXTENT
4 Recommendations to manage phytodiversity in SRC plantations
!SSHOWNINTHEPREVIOUSSECTIONSTHEREAREMANYFAC TORS INÛUENCING SPECIES COVER SPECIES RICHNESS AND THE TYPE OF SPECIES OCCURRING IN 32# PLANTATIONS )N GENERAL THE LOCATION FOR ESTABLISHING A 32# PLANTATION SHOULD BE CHOSEN CAREFULLY AND CONSIDER BOTH ECONOMIC AND ENVI RONMENTALASPECTS$EPENDINGONTHELOCATION32#PLAN TATIONS CAN HAVE POSITIVE AS WELL AS NEGATIVE EFFECTS ON BIODIVERSITY7EIHA )FBEINGESTABLISHEDINANAREA DOMINATED BY AGRICULTURE &RY AND 3LATER 'USTAFS SON ORCONIFEROUSFORESTS32#PLANTATIONSFORMAN ADDITIVEHABITATANDCANINCREASEREGIONALSTRUCTURALDIVER SITY WHEREAS IT IS NOT ADVISED TO ESTABLISH ENERGY FORESTS IN AREAS WITH RARE SPECIES RICH FENS FORESTED WETLANDS AND EDGEZONES BORDERING TO LAKES AND RIVERS AS WELL AS ONUNDISTURBEDPEATBOGS'USTAFSSON #OOKETAL POINTOUTTHATTHECURRENTANDWORLDWIDETRENDIN FAVOUROFINCREASEDBIOFUELPLANTATIONSPUTSWETLANDHABI TATSATAHIGHRISKTOBECOMEPRIMECANDIDATESFORCONVER SION TO PLANTATIONS $UE TO THEIR WETNESS THESE HABITATS
COULD BE PARTICULARLY INTERESTING FOR 32# PLANTATIONS AND THECONVERSIONWOULDENTAILALOSSOFBIODIVERSITY&ROMA
)N SUMMARY BIODIVERSITY IN 32# PLANTATIONS CAN BE FA VOURED BY CONSIDERATION OF A FEW GUIDELINES AFTER 7EIH B
p !VOIDAREASWITHPROTECTIONSTATUSFORNATURECONSERVA TIONANDORCULTURALHERITAGE
p !VOIDVERYLARGEPLANTATIONSIZESqPLANTSEVERALSMALLER PLANTATIONSINSTEAD
p ,OCATE THE PLANTATIONS CLOSE TO EXISTING NATIVE WOOD LANDSANDORINCORPORATElISLANDSmOFNATIVETREESWITHIN LARGEPLANTATIONS
p ,EAVEBUFFERZONESWITHOUTANYCROPORWITHNATIVEVE GETATIONATTHEEDGESOFPLANTATIONS
p 0LANT SEVERAL VARIETIES PREFERABLY OF DIFFERENT GENDER WITHINTHESAMEPLANTATIONDIFFERENTVARIETIESMAYBE PLANTEDINSECTIONSORPARALLELSTRIPESINORDERTOFACILI TATEHARVESTACTIONS
p !PPLY CHEMICAL WEED CONTROL ONLY DURING PLANTATION establishment.
5 Conclusions and future perspectives
$UETOTHEEXPECTEDINCREASEOF32#PLANTATIONSMORE KNOWLEDGEABOUTHOWTHESEPLANTATIONSINÛUENCEPHYTO DIVERSITYISURGENTLYNEEDEDTOENABLESUSTAINABLEMANAGE MENT OF 32# PLANTATIONS AND TO GAIN EXTRA BENEÚTS FOR THE ENVIRONMENT THAT MIGHT OCCUR IF THE PLANTATIONS ARE MANAGEDINASUITABLEWAY%VENTHOUGHTHEREHASBEEN
S. Baum, M. Weih, G. Busch, F. Kroiher, A. Bolte / Landbauforschung - vTI Agriculture and Forestry Research 3 2009 (59)163-170 169
ASWELLASENVIRONMENTALFACTORSPLAYANIMPORTANTROLEIN GROUNDVEGETATIONDEVELOPMENT
#OLONIZATION OF THE 32# PLANTATIONS HAPPENS NOT ONLY FROMTHESURROUNDINGSBUTALSOFROMTHESOILSEEDBANK ANDTHROUGHLIVINGVEGETATIVETISSUESANDISTHEREFOREDE PENDENTONTHEFORMERUSAGE)TSHOULDBECLARIÚEDWHERE THE LARGEST PROPORTION OF SPECIES IN THE 32# PLANTATIONS COMESFROMINORDERTODISCOVERHOWSTRONGTHEFORMER USE INÛUENCES SPECIES COMPOSITION OF THE PLANTATIONS
!NOTHER INTERESTING ASPECT IS HOW LONG THE INÛUENCE OF THE FORMER USE LASTS WHICH CAN BE SHOWN BY LONGTERM research.
$IFFERENTTREESPECIESANDCLONESAREPLANTEDFORENERGY CROPS BUT LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT HOW THE DIFFERENT CROPS INÛUENCEPHYTODIVERSITYANDABOUTTHEVARIATIONSCONCERN INGSPECIESCOMPOSITIONANDVEGETATIONDEVELOPMENTON THEGROUNDOVERTIME
&URTHERRESEARCHISALSONEEDEDTOCLARIFYTHECONTRIBU TION OF 32# PLANTATIONS TO SPECIES DIVERSITY AT THE LAND SCAPE SCALE AND CORRESPONDINGLY THE INÛUENCE OF LAND SCAPE FACTORS ON 32# PLANTATIONS )MPORTANT VARIABLES INCLUDETHECROPSPECIESTHEPLANTATIONAGEANDTHESUR ROUNDINGUSES)NTHISCONTEXTITISVERYIMPORTANTTOSHIFT THEEXPERIMENTALÚELDDESIGNFROMTHECLASSICALFOCALPATCH APPROACH WHICH FOCUSES ON THE COMPARISON OF SINGLE PATCHESORONEPATCHANDITSSURROUNDINGTOAMOSAICLEVEL APPROACH WOULD ALLOW THE QUANTIÚCATION OF THE SPECIÚC CONTRIBUTIONOF32#PLANTATIONPATCHESTOLANDSCAPESPE CIES RICHNESS 5NTIL NOW THIS KIND OF APPROACH DOES NOT EXIST FOR 32# BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENTS 4HERE IS HOWEVER EXPERIENCE FROM OTHER INVESTIGATIONS IN AGRICULTURAL ENVI RONMENTTOBUILDON3IMMERINGETAL7AGNERET al., 2000; Wagner and Edwards, 2001; Waldhard et al., 7ALDHARDETAL
5SINGSEWAGESLUDGEFORFERTILIZING32#PLANTATIONSAND AT THE SAME TIME SOLVING A WASTE PROBLEM SEEMS TO BE WINWINSITUATIONASTHEPLANTEDCROPACTSLIKEAVEGETA TIONÚLTER"UTINWHATMANNERSEWAGESLUDGEAPPLICATION INÛUENCESPHYTODIVERSITYHASNOTBEENANALYZEDUNTILNOW
32#PLANTATIONSCANHAVECLEARBENEÚTSFORBIODIVERSITY BUTNEGATIVEEFFECTSAREALSOPOSSIBLE!SMUCHKNOWLEDGE AS POSSIBLE SHOULD BE GATHERED ABOUT HOW THE DIFFERENT FACTORSINÛUENCEPHYTODIVERSITYFORSUPPORTINGSUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENTOFENERGYWOODPLANTATIONS
Acknowledgement
4HISSTUDYWASFUNDEDBYTHE'ERMAN&EDERAL-INISTRY OF &OOD !GRICULTURE AND #ONSUMER 0ROTECTION "-%,6 under coordination of the Fachagentur Nachwachsende 2OHSTOFFE &.2 AS WELL AS THE 3WEDISH %NERGY !GENCY WITHIN THE &0 %2!.ET "IOENERGY 0ROJECT 2!4).'32#
ANDBYTHE$EUTSCHE"UNDESSTIFTUNG5MWELT$"5 WITHIN
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