=
-145-ANNEXURE I: Coal Replacement and Equivalent Units of Different Fuels used in India
Coal equivalent units convert calorific content of each
energy form into coal having 5000 kcal/kg - Indian Standard Coal.
This differs from the UN standard coal taken at 7000 kcal/kg.
The concept of coal replacement units used by the working group on energy policy approximately corresponds to the "Useful energy"
concept described in Chapter 1. However, after converting a particular fuel in a particular use to useful energy, i t is translated into coal required to obtain the same amount of useful energy in the same end-use. This is a concept of
particular relevance in a country whose major energy resource is coal, and the major policy question is usually how much coal is required to replace a particular fuel. Therefore, the efficien-cies are relative efficienefficien-cies to coal efficiency and not absolute efficiencies as in the case of useful energy.
Take, for example, a fuel f, with energy content x kcal/kg, which is generally used with efficiency e
f in a particular end-use from which coal is used with efficiency. ec - The coal replacement value of that fuel f can be worked out as follows:
Useful energy in kcal from 1 kg of fuel f = efex.
Useful energy in kcal from 1 kg of coal = ec . 5000.
Coal replacement unit for fuel f ef-x
ec" 5000 kg of coal.
-146-Conversion factors for various energy forms are tabulated below: Coal (coking 6,640 kcal/kg:
noncoking coal used in steam generation 5,000 Animal dung (3,300 kcal/kg
dry)
Oil products (10,000 kcal/
kg)
Kerosene and liquefied petroleum gas
Diesel oil
Motor spirit and jet fuel Natural gas (9,000 kcal/kg) Electricity
-147-ANNEXURE II: Model Equationsfor the ENDIM Model
11.1 Model Equations for the Industry Sector YIND Value added by the Large energy consuming industries in Rs. 109
•
Value added by the non-large energy consuming industries.
YIND (t) - YLEC (t ) (1 + a1 )t
Growth rate of the LEC industries.
First Mode: All LEC's are aggregated.
All non-LEC's are aggregated.
Second Mode: LEC's are split into 19 individual industries.
Non-LEC's are split into individual industries.
Energy consumption:
Coal ( t)
=
1:C~
(t) YLEC(t)i + 1:c
2 (t) Yk LEC (t)i l. k k
non-Oil ( t)
=
1:O~
( t) YLECi (t) + 1: 02 (t) Ynon-LEC (t)ki l. k k
Electricity(t) 1: E] (t) i
+ 1: E2 k
C"l. 0.,l. l. are the coal, oil and electricity intensity
ff " f 2 2 2
coe l.Cl.ents or LEC and C
k' Ok' E
k for non-LEC industries respectively.
-148-II.2 Model equations for the Transport Sector: Land Transport Freight Transport
Net ton kilometers (109 tkm): TKM
TKM
=
(NU/N)-1. 464 x (YIND) 1.10 -1 .391x e
Fraction of population urban GDP in industries in Rs. 10 9 •
Fraction of ton-kilometers by Railways: TKMR TKMR
= Petroleum (crude) price index ( 1970 100) AC x TKMR + AD x TKl-1R + E
= A :<: TKMR
AC, AD, AE are fractions of TKM travelled by steam, diesel and electric tractions respectively given in Table 4.3 such that:
ECTR, EDTR, EETR are the coal, diesel and electricity consumed for 10 9 TKM and are functions of time - given in Table 4.7.
Fraction of ton-kilometers by trucks: TKMT TKMT
ETRK
=
=
(1 - TKMR) x TKM
energy consumed per 10 9 tkm by trucks.
Diesel required for trucks: DTRK
DTRK
=
ETRK x TKl-1T
-149-Passenger Transport:
Regional (long) passenger transport: PKML
PKML
=
NU 2 . 494 x PTLPR-0.0621 -5.958 x e(18.03) (1.97)
R-2 = 0.98 DW = 1.18 F = 363.95
Fraction of long passenger kilometers by Railways: PLR PLR = (NU/N)-3.682 x PTLPR- 0 . 002 x e- 6 . 798
(6.85) (0.06)
R-2 = 0.898 DW = 0.93 F = 63.1
aC, aD, aE are fractions travelled by steam, diesel and electric tractions given in Table 4.3. CEP, EDP, EEP, coal, oil and electricity consumed per 10 6 PKM given in Table 4.7.
Diesel consumed in Railways:
DRAIL
=
EDTR (t) x AD (t) x TKM (t) + EDP (t) x aD (t) x PKML (t) Coal consumed in Railways:CRAIL
=
ECTR (t) x AC (t) x TKM (t)+ CEP (t) x aC (t) x PKML (t) Electricity consumed in Railways:
F
=
607.32LI Urban passenger kilometers (109pkm .)
Fraction of urban passenger kilometers PKt1S by suburban: UPS UPS = Nu 2 . 999 x PTLPR- 0 . 002 x e- 6 . 800
N
Esua (t) and Eaus (t) are energy consumed per 10 9 PKMS.
Electricity consumed in urban transport:
EUPS
=
UPS (t) x PKMS (t) x Esua (t).
-150-Diesel consumed in urban passenger transport:
DUPB
=
{1 - UPS (t») x PKMS (t) x EBUS (t).Private passenger transport:
•
• •
NC/N and NS/N are pr1vate cars and scooters per capita.
UFC and UFS utilization factors for cars and scooters in 10 3 PKM.
EC and ES gasoline consumption for cars and scooters in t per 10 3 PKM.
Gasoline consumption by cars:
Gas C
= 1f
NC x N x UFC x ECGasoline consumption by scooters:
Gas S
= 1f
NS x N x UFS x ES Total gasoline consumption:Gas
=
Gas C + Gas S Air TransportInternal Transport:
ATF 1 PAIR/N AD1 EAIR1
=
PAIR/N x N x AD1 x EAIR1=
Passengers travelling by air in total population.=
Average distance travelled.=
ATF consumption per 10 6 pkm.International Transport:
ATF2 PASS AD2 EAIR2
=
PASS x AD2 x BAIR 2.= Passengers travelling by AI.
=
Average distance travelled.=
ATF consumption per 10 6 pkrn.•
Cars include jeeps, taxis, and scooters include two and three-wheelers.
-151-II.3 Model Equations for Energy in Agriculture Sector
Energy for irrigation (million tonnes coal replacement) EAG/N
Fraction of energy in irrigation from diesel oil OIL/EAG = REL- 0 . 269 x PTLPR- 0 • 011x e0.693
Diesel oil for mechanization:
DAGM
=
NTRACT (t)x
NHAx
ETRACT (t)NTRACT
=
No. of tractors in thousands per BA.ETRACT
=
Oil in t per tractor.II: .. 4 Model equations for the Household and Commercial Sector (A) End-use Method:
(1) Energy for lighting and comfort (mtcr)
Includes kerosene x (relative efficiency of kerosene to electricity for lighting) and electricity for lighting.
0.046017 x NU + 0.005207 FREL - 0.43257
(2.447) (1.87) (-0.219)
0.980 DW
=
1.348Urban population in 106
Fraction of village electrified per 1000 villages.
-152-(2) Commercial Energy for Cooking (rntcr) Includes koresene, soft coke and LPG.
= -0.212494 E:C + 0.5617 N~ - 0.01554 (5.522) (21.31) (-1.1606)
Non-commercial energy in 106
mtcr.
=
=
0.972 DW
=
1.759(3) Share of Electricity in Lighting'
=
(FREL)0.2563 x (NU/N)-0.227 e-2.2189(8.09) (0.78)
-2R
=
0.959 DW = 0.515(4) Kerosene for lighting (mt)
Kero(L)
=
Elight (1. - Elec./Elight).(5) Commercial Energy for the Household Sector
= Ecook + Ell.g t, h
Electricity, kerosene for lighting worked out separately.
(B) Direct energy use method:
Electricity in Household Sector (million kwh)
ELEC _ (CP x 1000.0)0.199 x Nu 2 . 640 x e- 5 . 303 - (1.803 x N )
(-7.69) (7.69)
KEROSENE
Kerosene in Household Sector (MTCR)
(ENC)-5.33 x (CP x 1000.0)0.660 x e- 11 • 19
Soft coke, LPG to be taken exogenously.
-153-(C) Income-distribution method:
i
(t) +
r
EU~ x NU.~ ~ ( t)
where
EK
=
Energy consumption of the energy resource K.ER~
andEU~
are per capita per year energy consumption~ ~
of energy resource K by the ith expenditure class in rural and urban areas respectively.
NRi and NU
i are rural and urban popUlation in expenditure class i. They are obtained from log-normal distribution of income. The distribution is derived by per capita expenditure (K) and correlation index (L).
Y
=
log x ~=
mean per capita income.Probability of income distribution:
Logarithmic transform:
N (y
I
~, a )2 = p{Y < y}jJ+G 2 mean x
=
eL
=
Lorenz measure of inqeuality=2N (~Io, 1 ) - 1
Ii
urban-rural ratio of mean income:
=
bN
=
NR + NU.NR
= r
a..
NR,r
a.=
1 ,j J j J
or, NRj
=
a. NRJThis is substi tuted in the first equation.
-154-REFERENCES
Basile P., (1980). The IIASA Set of Energy Models: Its Design and Application. Research Report RR-80-31, IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria.
HAfele, W., (1981). Energy in a Finite World - Report by the Energy Systems Program Group of IIASA. Ballinger Press, Cambridge, Mass. U.S.A.
Khan, A., and A. H~lzl (1981). Evolution of Future Energy Demand t i l l 2030 in Different World Regions - An Assessment made for the Two IIASA Scenarios. (Forthcoming IIASA Research Report)
Kravis, I. et al., (1977). A System of International Comparisons of Gross Product and Purchasing Power, Johns Hopkins,
Baltimore, USA.
L.:l?illonne, B.. (1973). MEDEE-2 A l'.odel for Long-'!'erm Energy Demand Evaluation, Research ~eport ~~-78-17, IIASh,
Laxenburg, Austria.
Ministry of Energy (1976). Public Electricity Supply All-India Statistics General Review, New Delhi, India.
National Council of Applied Economic Research (1978). Rural Household Consumption in Northern Region, I.P. Estate, New Delhi, India.
National Institute of Training, Information and Education, NITIE Report (1980), Bombay, India.
National Transport Policy Committee (NTPC), 1980. Report by the Planning Commission, Government of India, New Delhi, India.