3 . 1 Non- Gov er nment al Or gani z at i ons ( NGOs)
The assessment s, i deas and pr opos al s emer gi ng f r om t he no gover n-ment al sect or ar e not es s ent i al l y di f f er ent f r om t hose
i n
t hei nt er gov er nment al s ec t or . J us t as t hei r gov er nment al count er par t s, t he NGOs have dev ot ed mor e t i me and ener gy t o devel opment - and di s ar mament s epar at el y t han t o t he st udy of bot h i n t hei r i nt er -ac t i on .
Non- gov er nment al ac t i v i t i es r el at i ng t o t he I nt er nat i onaZ Dei ) eZ-opment St r at egy f or t he 80s and Bey ond ar e bei ng c oor di nat ed on
a l ar ge scal e by t he I nt er nat i onal Foundat i on- f or Dev el opment Al t er nat i v es ( I FDA) . The pot ent i al r ol e of t he NGOs i n t hi s
f i el d was s ummar i z ed by I FDA' s Pr es i dent , Mar k Ner f i n, as f ol l ows : ( 11)
" . . _ . , t her e i s no r eas on t o l eave ex c l us i v el y t o gover nment s and i nt er gov er nment al mac hi ner i es t he el abor at i on of t he st r a-t egy f or t he f ut ur e . . . I t i s t i me t o gi ve t he ' t hi r d syst em' a bet t er chance t o have i t s v oi c e hear d i n t he debat e .
I ndi v i dual s and i ns t i t ut i ons out s i de t he Uni t ed Nat i ons syst em ar e i n a pr i v i l eged pos i t i on t o endeavour t o open up new appr oach-es, i nv es t i gat e new t hemes, and ex per i ment wi t h new met hods of wor k . They c oul d addr es s t hemsel ves t o t he ' whi t e spot s' whi c h
ar e t aboo t o i nt er gov er nment al or gani z at i ons . . . t hey coul d f or mul at e al t er nat i v es t o t he nat i onal and i nt er nat i onal conven-t i onal wi s dom; and t hey c oul d be mor e f r ee t o t ackl e st umbl i ng bl oc k s whi c h hav e so f ar pr ev ent ed t he i mpl ement at i on of t he NI EO" .
The r esul t s of t he I FDA- c oor di nat ed NGO pr oj ec t s ar e publ i shed -mont hl y - i n t he I FDA Dos s i er ( 12) . Onl y one of t he over one hundr ed pr oj ect s, however , deal s ex pl i c i t l y wi t h di s ar mament
and dev el opment .
Al s o i n t he NI O Regi s t er ( 13) whi c h compr i ses 56 NGOs ac t i v e i n ar eas r el at ed t o t he New I nt er nat i onal Or der ( NI O) , t he ac t i v i -t i es or publ i c at i ons of onl y 11 NGOs have a ' maj or emphasi s' on t he ar ms r ac e/ di s ar mament .
On t he di s ar mament si de, an I NGO Conf er ence on Di s ar mament t ook pl ac e i n Genev a on 27 Febr uar y - 2 Mar ch, 1978- . The . 547 par t i ci -pant s r epr es ent ed 85 i nt er nat i onal and 212 nat i onal or gani z at i ons f r om 46 count r i es . The document adopt ed by t he Conf er enc e and ent i t l ed " Message t o t he Speci al Ses s i on of t he UN Gener al As -s embl y dev ot ed t o Di -s ar mament " , c ont ai ned -some r ec ommendat i on-s r ef er r i ng t o di s ar mament and dev el opment
e The di v er s i on of sci ence f or t he pur poses of i nv ent i ng ev er mor e deadl y weapons of mass des t r uc t i on mus t be di s c ont i nued and
St at es s houl d as s ume t he r es pons i bi l i t y t o us e s c i ent i f i c t echno-l ogi caechno-l ac hi ev ement s f or peac ef ul pur pos es onl y .
s Ex pl i c i t pr ov i s i ons s houl d be made t hat mat er i al and human r esour ces, pr es ent l y al l oc at ed t o t he mi l i t ar y spher e, be us ed t o i ncr ease t he wel l - bei ng of peopl es, and par t i c ul ar l y t o pr o-mot e economi c, soci al and c ul t ur al pr ogr es s of l ess dev el oped
nat i ons, t o f ac i l i t at e t he es t abl i s hment of t he New I nt er nat i o-nal Ec onomi c Or der .
Wi t h r egar d t o t he Pr ogr amme of Act i on, t he NGOs r ecommended, _ among ot her t hi ngs :
m The banni ng of r esear ch, devel opment , manuf ac t ur e and' depl oy -ment of any new weapons of mass des t r uc t i on s uc h as, f or exampl e, genet i c engi neer i ng, c l i mat e and env i r onment al modi f i c at i on .
® Si gni f i c ant and r api d r educ t i ons - of t he huge s pendi ng on ar ma-ment s, ex c eedi ng at pr es ent one bi l l i on dol l ar s a day, and t he
t r ansf er of an i mpor t ant par t of t he f i nanc i al as wel l as t he t ec hnol ogi c al r es our c es t her eby r el eas ed t o hel p dev el opi ng count r i es, and al s o t he r e- depl oy ment f or peac ef ul pur pos es of t he wor k er s engaged i n t he r es ear c h and pr oduc t i on of ar ms .
s The adopt i on of meas ur es f or r educ i ng ar med f or ces, c onv ent i o-nal weapons and i nt er nat i onal t r ade i n and t r ansf er of ar ms .
T~ : ent y- f i ve NGOs and si x r esear ch i ns t i t ut es pr es ent ed s t at ement s t o t he Ad Hoc Commi t t ee of t he Tent h Spec i al Ses s i on and, mos t r ecent l y, t he Uni t ed Nat i ons Gr oup of Ex per t s c ommi s s i oned a ser i es of s t udi es f r om non- gov er nment al i ns t i t ut i ons on t he r el at i ons bet ween di s ar mament and dev el opment .
3 . 2 Wor l d Or der St udi es
Among t he 8 s t udi es c ompar ed i n t he RI O Foundat i on' s r epor t
Wor l d Or der St udi es ( 14) , onl y one, t he RI O Repor t ( Reshapi ng t he I nt er nat i onal Or der ) gi ves t o t he di s ar mament ques t i on a pl ac e equal i n i mpor t anc e t o t hat of t he ot her maj or ar eas af f ec t i ng t he dev el opment pr oc es s ( r esour ces, t r ade, monet ar y syst em, et c . ) . Out of t he ot her seven wor l d st udi es onl y t hr ee mak e mor e or
l ess c ur s or y r ef er enc es t o di s ar mament and dev el opment , i . e . t he Dag Hammer s k j ol d* Repor t What Now?, Leont i ef ' s The Fut ur e of t he Wor l d Economy, and t he As pen I ns t i t ut e' s The Pl anet ar y Bar gai n . What Now? pr es ent s an anal ysi s of t he r es our c e c ons umpt i on by t he ar ms i ndus t r i es and r ec ommends a r e- al l oc at i on of par t of t he mi l i t ar y ex pendi t ur e of t he gr eat power s t o peac ef ul pur -poses .
The Leont i ef Repor t suggest s t hat " Cur r ent r at es of t ot al s av i ngs i n t he dev el opi ng count r i es can be augment ed at l eas t t o a l i mi t -ed ex t ent by r eal l oc at i ng t o savi ng and i nv es t ment channel s some
of publ i c c ons umpt i on i n c ount r i es i n whi c h t he r at e of publ i c c ons umpt i on c ur r ent l y al l oc at ed t o non- c i v i l i an pur pos es i s t oo hi gh . "
And t he Pl anet ar y Bar gai n poi nt s out t hat i t i s i n t he c ommon i n-t er es n-t s of al l " t hat t he pr es ent ex t r av agant c ompet i t i on i n bot h nuc l ear and c onv ent i onal ar ms be s har pl y . c ur t ai l ed, bec aus e i t abs or bs f ar t oo many r es our c es bet t er dev ot ed t o meet i ng con-s t r uc t i v e . needcon-s i n bot h dev el oped and dev el opi ng count r i econ-s . Re-c ogni t i on of t hi s c ommon i nt er es t i s s t i l l obs c ur ed by nat i onal pas s i ons and f ear s, but i t i s begi nni ng t o be under st ood by peopl e . i n bot h t he ar ms - s el l i ng and t he ar ms - buy i ng c ount r i es . "
3 . 3 Conc l us i ons
The non- gov er nment al s ec t or does not s uf f er f r om t he const r ai nt s ac t i ng on i nt er gov er nment al r es ear c h and pol i c y f or mat i on . I s s ues wi t h pol i t i c al i mpl i c at i ons , whi c h mus t be t r eat ed wi t h pr udenc e or s hunned al t oget her by Gov er nment r epr es ent at i v es , can be i n- . v es t i gat ed f r eel y by non- gov er nment al - i ns t i t ut i ons wher e t hes e ex i s t . Pr opos al s may be i nnovat i ng, al t hough t hey s houl d not be
so f ar ahead of pol i t i c al r eal i t y as t o be i r r el ev ant . I t s houl d not be f or got t en, however , t hat t oday ' s ' ut opi ani sm' may be t o-mor r ow' s ' r eal i sm' , and t hat t oday ' s ' r eal i sm' of t en i s not hi ng but t he pr oj ec t i on of a pas t t hat has been dead l ong s i nc e . The
non- gov er nment al s ec t or has al way s been abl e t o af f or d t o be mor e ' ut opi an' , mor e ' i deal i st i c' t han t he gov er nment al s ec t or . Wi t h r egar d t o t he di s ar mament i ssue, t he non- gov er nment al sec-t or has consi st ed, i n t he past , l ar gel y of ' paci f i st s' . I n r e-cent decades, t hi s s ec t or has been f or t i f i ed by t he i nf l ux of a gr eat deal of s c i ent i f i c c ompet enc e and pol i t i c al ex per t i s e . To-day, t he non- gov er nment al s ec t or c oul d be t he ' t hi nk t ank' f or t he pr epar at i on of c onc ept ual br eak t hr oughs .
I t i s r at her di s appoi nt i ng, t her ef or e, t hat t he l i ne of non-gov er nment al t hi nk i ng on di s ar mament and dev el opment i s i n f ac t v er y c l os e t o t hat of i nt er gov er nment al anal y s i s and negot i at i on . I n Par t I I of t hi s Repor t an at t empt wi l l be made t o adv anc e i n a c onc ept ual l y s omewhat l ess t r adi t i onal di r ec t i on .
Not es and Ref er ences
1, Econor r r c and Soci aZ Consequences of Di sar mament , Uni t ed Nat i ons, New Yor k, 1962 .
4 . Loc . c i t .
2 . ' ] Resol ut i on . 1767 ( xvi i ) , 21 Nov ember 1962
3 . Der i v ed f r om: The Uni t ed Nat i ons and Di sar mament , 1945- 1970 . Uni t ed Nat i ons , New Yor k, Sal es No . 70 . I X. 1 .
5 . Ec onomi c and Soc i al Cons equenc es of t he ar mament s r ace and i t s ext r emel y har mf ul ef f ec t s on wor l d peac e and secur i t y, A/ 32/ 88, 12 Augus t 1977 .
6 . The Obj ec t i v es of t he New I nt er nat i onal Ec onomi c Or der , Eds . E. Las z l o et al . , Per gamon/ UNI TAR, 1978 .
7 . Commi t t ee f or Dev el opment Pl anni ng, r epor t on i t s t wel f t h sessi on, i n : Of f i c i al Rec or ds of t he Ec onomi c and Soci al Counci l , Si x t y - f i r s t Sessi on, Suppl ement No . 6 ( E/ 5793) .
8 . Res ol ut i on S110/ 2 . Fi nal r epor t of t he Tent h Speci al Ses s i on of t he Gener -al As s embl y . A/ Res / S- 10/ 2, 13 J ul y 1978 .
9 . RI O: Res hapi ng t he I nt er nat i onaL Or der , Repor t t o The Cl ub of Rome . J an Ti nber gen, Coor di nat or . New Yor k : E . P . Dut t on, 1976 .
10 . See : Saul H . Mendl ov i t z , Gener al I nt r oduc t i on t o A St udy of Fut ur e Wor l ds, Ri c har d A. Fal k, The Fr ee Pr es s , ' 1975 . Mendl ov i t z wr i t es :
" To begi n wi t h, t her e wer e many per s ons who ar gued t hat i t was i mpossi bl e t o deal adequat el y wi t h war pr ev ent i on wi t hout t ak i ng i nt o ac c ount pov er t y and s oc i al i nj us t i c e ; t hat as an empi r i c al mat t er , t hes e mat t er s wer e so i nex t r i c abl y i nt er woven, t hey s houl d be s een as par t of t he def i ni t i on of t he pr obl em of war pr ev ent i on . Mor e i mpor t ant l y , however , i t bec ame i ncr eas-i ngl y c l ear t hat whi l e peace, i n t he s ens e of t he el i mi nat i on of i nt er
na-t i onal v i ol enc e, mi ght hav e a v er y hi gh pr i or i t y wi t h i ndi vi dual s i n t he i n-dus t r i al i z ed s ec t or of t he gl obe, ec onomi c wel l bei ng and s oc i al j us t i c e r ec ei v ed a muc h hi gher r at i ng i n t he Thi r d Wor l d . "
11 . Mar c Ner f i n, A New UN Dev el opment St r at egy f or t he ' 80s and Bey ond : The Rol e of t he ' Thi r d Sy s t em' , i n Par t ner s i n Tomor r ow, E. P. Dut t on, New Yor k .
12 . I FDA Dos s i er , Sec r et ar i at : 2, Pl ac e du Mar che, Ch- 1260, Nyon, Swi t z er l and . 13 . NI O Regi s t er : Regi s t er of I ns t i t ut es and Or gani z at i ons act i ve i n ar eas r el at ed t o t he New I nt er nat i onal Or der ( NI O) . Rot t er dam: Foundat i on Reshapi ng
t he I nt er nat i onal Or der ( RI O) , Oc t ober 1979 .
14 . Wor l d Or der St udi es ; Wor l d Or der St udi es, - PoZi cy maki ng and t he New I n-t er nan-t i onal Or der . Di c k A. Leur di j k . Rot t er dam: Foundat i on Res hapi ng t he I nt er nat i onal Or der ( RI O) , Febr uar y 1979 .