Summary statistics and variable definition
Table SA 13. Summary statistics and variable definition
Variable Obs Mean Min Max Definition
Dependent variables
Natural revenue management
3492 0.31 0 1 Dummy: 1 if respondent had in the past year received or heard any information from any source about how revenues from oil, gas, or mining had been handled in Ghana
Local revenue management
3487 0.07 0 1 Dummy: 1 if respondent had in the past year received or heard any information from any source about how revenues from oil, gas, or mining had been handled in own area
Individual characteristics Personal
Age 3466 46 18 110 Age in years
Gender 3518 0.22 0 1 Dummy: 1 if respondent is female Ethnic majority 3526 0.58 0 1 Dummy: 1 if respondent is Akan
Education 3513 4.57 0 8 Scale from 0 to 8. 0: None (13%); 1: Incomplete primary school (4%); 2: Completed primary school (2%); 3: Incomplete junior high school (5%); Complete junior (32%); Incomplete secondary/technical school: (2%); Completed
secondary/technical school (18%) Incomplete tertiary (2%);
Completed tertiary (22%)
English skills 3513 1.48 0 2 Scale from 0 to 2. 0: Cannot read or write English; 1: Can read English; 2: Can read and write English
Social and role related aspects
Household head 3526 0.71 0 1 Dummy: 1 if respondent is household head Occupation
mining
3526 0.01 0 1 Dummy: 1 if respondent's main occupation is mining
Common citizen 3526 0.34 0 1 Dummy: 1 if respondent does not have any leader position DA 3526 0.16 0 1 Dummy: 1 if respondent is District Assembly member UC 3526 0.17 0 1 Dummy: 1 if respondent is Unit Committee member Chief 3526 0.11 0 1 Dummy: 1 if respondent is traditional leader
Opinion leader 3526 0.22 0 1 Dummy: 1 if respondent is opinion leader (a teacher, religious leader, youth leader etc.)
Interest in politics 3495 2.39 0 5 How often the respondent discusses political matters and public affairs with friends, family or colleagues. 6-point scale:
Never, Rarely, Sometimes, Often, Very often, All the time Travel to Accra 3515 0.72 0 1 Dummy: 1 if respondent has travelled to Accra during the past
six months
Household characteristics
HH size 3469 4.91 0 30 Number of adults living permanently in the household HH involved in
3505 1.99 0 4 Respondent's self-assessment of households’ present living conditions. 5-point Likert scale from very bad to very good HH TV 3517 0.85 0 1 Dummy: 1 if household owns TV
HH Radio 3516 0.93 0 1 Dummy: 1 if household owns radio
Geographic characteristics Presence of mining company
3469 0.18 0 1 Dummy: 1 if respondent indicates that a mining or oil company operate in or nearby area
Distance to regional capital
3499 56 1 166 Dummy: Distance in kilometers to the closest regional capital.
Measured as direct line (geodesic) from the interview spot (latitude and longitude coordinates).
Urban area 3526 0.46 0 1 Dummy: 1 if the district is considered as urban area
45 Additional results
Tables SA 14-18 show additional results for Tables 2 and 3 presented in the article. The dependent variables are the same as in the article: National resource revenue management (NRRM) and Local nature resource revenue management (LRRM). The results are first shown for individual (Table SA 14), household (Table SA 15), and geographic characteristics (Table SA 16) separately. After that, additional robustness checks are provided for the full model estimations (
46 Table SA 17 and Table SA 18).
Individual characteristics
Table SA 14 shows the results when only the individual characteristics are include in the estimation model. Models 1 and 5 include the personal aspects, and Models 2 and 6 the social and role related aspects. Models 3 and 7 include personal and social variables that were significant or nearly significant in one of the previous models and Models 4 and 8 include the variables that were significant or nearly significant in Model 3 or 7, respectively. Model 4 is the same as Model 1 in Table 2 in the article and Model 8 same as Model 1 in Table 3 in the article.
47 Table SA 14. Individual characteristics of informed citizens
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
English skills 1.181*** 1.197*** 1.193*** 1.163** 1.096* 1.098*
(3.11) (4.60) (4.58) (2.21) (1.82) (1.83)
0.002 0.000 0.000 0.029 0.072 0.070
Travel to Accra 1.267*** 1.287*** 1.295*** 1.009
(3.23) (3.39) (3.46) (0.09)
0.002 0.001 0.001 0.930
Occupation mining 1.825** 1.909** 1.936** 2.754** 2.633** 2.641**
(2.01) (2.01) (2.04) (2.61) (2.38) (2.42)
0.047 0.047 0.043 0.010 0.019 0.017
Common citizen 0.676*** 0.703*** 0.676*** 0.814** 0.782*** 0.777***
(-5.56) (-4.90) (-6.22) (-2.45) (-2.66) (-2.84)
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.016 0.009 0.005
Interest in politics 1.075*** 1.058*** 1.059*** 1.014
(3.59) (2.72) (2.80) (0.52)
0.000 0.008 0.006 0.604
Household head 1.121 1.107 1.002
(1.57) (1.09) (0.02)
0.120 0.276 0.987
Observations 3,431 3,469 3,462 3,462 3,428 3,461 3,432 3,432
National resource revenue management Local resource revenue management
Table shows results for probit regressions, coefficients are shown in odds ratio. Robust t-values are in parentheses and p-values are given under t-values. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
48 Household characteristics
Table SA 15 shows the results when only the household characteristics are include in the estimation model. Models 1 and 3 include all variables and Models 2 and 4 those that were significant or nearly significant in Model 1 and Model 3, respectively. Model 2 is the same as Model 2 in Table 2 in the article and Model 4 the Model 2 in Table 3 in the article.
Table SA 15. Household characteristics of informed citizens
Geographical characteristics
Table SA 16 shows the results when only the household characteristics are included in the estimation model. Models 1 and 2 include all variables and Model 3 those that were
significant Model 2. Model 1 is the same as Model 3 in Table 2 in the article, and Model 3 is the same as Model 3 in Table 3 in the article.
Table SA 16. Geographical characteristics of informed citizens
(1) (2) (3) (4)
HH size 1.003 1.000
(0.35) (0.01)
0.726 0.990
HH involved in mining 1.125 1.687*** 1.696***
(1.04) (3.85) (3.92)
0.302 0.000 0.000
HH living conditions 1.100*** 1.107*** 1.055 1.062*
(3.44) (3.71) (1.43) (1.67)
0.001 0.000 0.155 0.097
HH TV 1.261** 1.260** 1.098
(2.61) (2.60) (0.71)
0.010 0.011 0.478
HH Radio 1.614*** 1.639*** 1.481* 1.532*
(3.65) (3.79) (1.81) (1.96)
Table shows results for probit regressions, coefficients are shown in odds ratio. Robust t-values are in parentheses and p-values are given under t-values. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
National resource revenue management
Presence of mining company 1.405*** 1.569*** 1.563***
(4.68) (4.55) (4.50)
0.000 0.000 0.000
Distance to regional capital 0.998** 0.997** 0.998**
(-2.36) (-2.12) (-2.00)
Table shows results for probit regressions, coefficients are shown in odds ratio. Robust values are in parentheses and p-values are given under t-values. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
49 Full model: variables added one-by-one
50 Table SA 17 shows the results for National resource revenue management when the variables that were removed in the stepwise selection process are included in the estimation model one-by-one. Model 1 replicates the base model for NRRM (Model 4) in Table 2 in the article.
Table SA 18 shows the same for Local resource revenue management (base model is Model 4 in Table 3 in the article).
51 Table SA 17. Characteristics of informed citizens. National resource revenue management.
Robustness analysis
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
English skills 1.141*** 1.131*** 1.140*** 1.141*** 1.154** 1.140*** 1.136*** 1.139***
(3.18) (2.87) (3.10) (3.16) (2.55) (3.15) (2.98) (3.13)
0.002 0.005 0.002 0.002 0.012 0.002 0.003 0.002
Occupation mining 1.558 1.533 1.556 1.558 1.559 1.537 1.553 1.625
(1.44) (1.41) (1.43) (1.45) (1.44) (1.39) (1.44) (1.54)
0.152 0.162 0.154 0.151 0.152 0.166 0.153 0.127
Common citizen 0.675*** 0.657*** 0.678*** 0.675*** 0.675*** 0.704*** 0.674*** 0.673***
(-6.17) (-5.56) (-5.51) (-6.17) (-6.16) (-4.85) (-6.22) (-6.21)
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Interest in politics 1.037* 1.036* 1.036* 1.037* 1.037* 1.034 1.036 1.036*
(1.68) (1.67) (1.67) (1.71) (1.69) (1.58) (1.63) (1.66)
0.096 0.098 0.098 0.090 0.094 0.118 0.105 0.099
Travel to Accra 1.242*** 1.236*** 1.241*** 1.241*** 1.244*** 1.233*** 1.254*** 1.247***
(2.72) (2.68) (2.71) (2.72) (2.73) (2.64) (2.81) (2.76)
0.007 0.008 0.008 0.007 0.007 0.010 0.006 0.007
HH living conditions 1.059* 1.063** 1.059* 1.060* 1.060** 1.061** 1.058* 1.057*
(1.97) (2.07) (1.97) (1.96) (2.00) (2.03) (1.91) (1.91)
0.052 0.041 0.051 0.052 0.047 0.044 0.058 0.059
HH TV 1.041 1.011 1.041 1.038 1.044 1.048 1.038 1.038
(0.40) (0.11) (0.40) (0.36) (0.42) (0.46) (0.36) (0.37)
0.692 0.916 0.691 0.717 0.676 0.647 0.719 0.712
HH Radio 1.420** 1.432** 1.420** 1.420** 1.418** 1.414** 1.411** 1.419**
(2.43) (2.47) (2.43) (2.43) (2.42) (2.40) (2.37) (2.42)
0.017 0.015 0.017 0.016 0.017 0.018 0.019 0.017
Presence of mining company 1.334*** 1.306*** 1.333*** 1.327*** 1.333*** 1.328*** 1.320*** 1.346***
(3.63) (3.37) (3.57) (3.43) (3.61) (3.56) (3.46) (3.60)
0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.000
Distance to regional capital 0.999 0.998 0.999 0.999 0.999 0.999 0.999 0.999 (-1.41) (-1.49) (-1.41) (-1.38) (-1.41) (-1.40) (-1.29) (-1.31)
0.163 0.139 0.162 0.170 0.161 0.165 0.200 0.192
Urban area 1.093 1.095 1.092 1.093 1.093 1.093 1.096 1.101
(1.41) (1.43) (1.41) (1.41) (1.41) (1.41) (1.45) (1.53)
0.161 0.155 0.162 0.160 0.161 0.161 0.149 0.128
Age 0.998
Observations 3,384 3,343 3,384 3,384 3,380 3,384 3,350 3,374
Table shows results for probit regressions, coefficients are shown in odds ratio. Robust t-values are in parentheses and p-values are given under t-values. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
52 Table SA 18. Characteristics of informed citizens. Local resource revenue management.
Robustness analysis
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
Age 0.994* 0.994* 0.994* 0.993** 0.995 0.994* 0.994* 0.994* 0.994* 0.994*
(-1.84) (-1.84) (-1.83) (-2.10) (-1.52) (-1.88) (-1.84) (-1.86) (-1.87) (-1.85)
0.068 0.068 0.070 0.038 0.130 0.062 0.068 0.065 0.063 0.066
Engl i s h s ki l l s 1.053 1.057 1.053 1.119 1.058 1.057 1.065 1.044 1.057 1.057 (1.00) (1.07) (0.99) (1.57) (1.07) (1.06) (1.22) (0.83) (1.06) (1.06)
0.320 0.286 0.326 0.120 0.287 0.293 0.226 0.411 0.292 0.291
1.634 1.641 1.634 1.626 1.680 1.651 1.620 1.647 1.622 1.692
(1.12) (1.13) (1.12) (1.12) (1.17) (1.14) (1.08) (1.14) (1.12) (1.19)
0.266 0.260 0.266 0.266 0.242 0.257 0.283 0.258 0.265 0.237
0.787** 0.776*** 0.787** 0.774*** 0.759*** 0.776*** 0.780*** 0.795** 0.786** 0.788**
(-2.56) (-2.65) (-2.54) (-2.75) (-2.82) (-2.68) (-2.68) (-2.54) (-2.59) (-2.54)
0.012 0.009 0.012 0.007 0.006 0.009 0.008 0.012 0.011 0.012
1.431** 1.432** 1.432** 1.431** 1.432** 1.428** 1.448** 1.440** 1.436** 1.427**
(2.24) (2.25) (2.24) (2.23) (2.24) (2.21) (2.31) (2.25) (2.27) (2.23)
0.027 0.026 0.027 0.027 0.027 0.029 0.023 0.026 0.025 0.028
1.033 1.033 1.033 1.036 1.032 1.034 1.042 1.034 1.034 1.035
(0.91) (0.91) (0.92) (0.98) (0.89) (0.93) (1.16) (0.94) (0.93) (0.99)
0.364 0.363 0.361 0.330 0.377 0.352 0.248 0.347 0.354 0.323
HH ra di o 1.392 1.393 1.392 1.395 1.398 1.409 1.416 1.389 1.402 1.412
(1.47) (1.48) (1.47) (1.48) (1.50) (1.56) (1.57) (1.46) (1.53) (1.55)
0.143 0.142 0.143 0.143 0.137 0.122 0.119 0.146 0.128 0.123
1.414*** 1.418*** 1.413*** 1.414*** 1.421*** 1.420*** 1.416*** 1.390*** 1.417*** 1.416***
(3.40) (3.41) (3.22) (3.37) (3.45) (3.44) (3.41) (3.17) (3.41) (3.41)
0.001 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.001
0.998 0.998 0.998 0.998* 0.998 0.998 0.998* 0.998 0.998 0.998*
(-1.63) (-1.63) (-1.60) (-1.66) (-1.63) (-1.63) (-1.90) (-1.60) (-1.63) (-1.80)
0.107 0.107 0.113 0.099 0.105 0.106 0.060 0.112 0.105 0.074
Ge nder 1.028
(0.32) 0.751
Ethni c ma jori ty 1.003
(0.02)
Obs e rva ti ons 3,353 3,353 3,353 3,349 3,353 3,331 3,352 3,320 3,353 3,353
Table shows results for probit regressions, coefficients are shown in odds ratio. Robust t-values are in parentheses and p-values are given under t-p-values. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
HH i nvol ve d i n