• Keine Ergebnisse gefunden

Bloch W, Addicks K, Hescheler J, Fleischmann BK (2001) Nitric oxide synthase expression and function in embryonic and adult cardiomyo-cytes. Micros Res Tech 55(4): 259-269.

Bloch W, Klotz T, Sedlaczek P, Zumbé J, Engelmann U, Addicks K (1997) Evidence for the involvement of endothelial nitric oxide synthase from smooth muscle cells in the erectile function of the human corpus cavernosum. Urol Res 26(2): 129-135.

Blottner D, Luck G (1998) Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in mouse skele-tal muscle development and differentiated myoblasts. Cell Tissue Res 292(2): 293-302.

Brock G, Nunes L, Padma-Nathan H, Boyd S, Lue TF (1993) Nitric ox-ide synthase: A new diagnostic tool for neurogenic impotence. Urology 42(4): 412-417.

Burnett AL (2000) Gene transfer of endothelial nitric oxide synthase to the penis augments erectile responses in the aged rat. Int J Impot Res 12(6): 340.

Burnett AL (1997) Nitric oxide in the penis: Physiology and Pathology. J Urol 157(1): 320-324.

Burnett AL, Nelson RJ, Calvin DC, Liu JX, Demas GE, Klein SL, Kriegs-feld LJ, Dawson VL, Dawson TM, Snyder SH (1996) Nitric oxide-dependent penile erection in mice lacking neuronal nitric oxide syn-thase. Mol Med 2(3): 288-296.

Burnett AL (1995) Role of nitric oxide in the physiology of erection. Biol Reprod 52(3): 485-489.

Burnett AL, Tillman SL, Chang TSK, Epstein JI, Lowenstein CJ, Bredt DS, Snyder SH, Walsh PC (1993) Immunohistochemical localization of nitric oxide synthase in the autonomic innervation of the human penis. J Urol 150(1): 73-76.

Burnett AL, Lowenstein CJ, Bredt DS, Chang TSK, Snyder SH (1992) Nitric oxide: A physiologic mediator of penile erection. Science 257(5068): 401-403.

Bush PA, Gonzalez NE, Ignarro LJ (1992) Biosynthesis of nitric oxide and citrulline from L-Arginine by constitutive nitric oxide synthase pre-sent in rabbit corpus cavernosum. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 186(1): 308-314.

Bush PA, Aronson WJ, Buga GM, Rajfer J, Ignarro LJ (1992) Nitric ox-ide is a potent relaxant of human and rabbit corpus cavernosum. J Urol 147(6): 1650-1655.

Carrier S, Nagaraju P, Morgan DM, Baba K, Nunes L, Lue TF (1997) Age decrease nitric oxide synthase-containing nerve fibers in the rat penis. J Urol 157(3): 1088-1092.

Cartledge JJ, Minhas S, Eardley I, Morrison JF (2000) Endothelial and neuronal-derived nitric oxide mediated relaxation of corpus cavernosum smooth muscle in a rat, in vitro, model of erectile function. Int J Impot Res 12(4): 213-221.

Cernadas MR, Sanchez de Miguel L, Garcia-Duran M, Gonzalez-Fernandez F, Millas I, Monton M, Rodrigo J, Rico L, Gonzalez-Fernandez P, de Frutos T, Rodriguez-Feo JA, Guerra J, Caramelo C, Casado S, Lopez-Farre (1998) Expression of constitutive and inducible nitric oxide syn-thase in the vascular wall of young and aging rats. Circ Res 83(3): 279-286.

Champion HC, Bivalacqua TJ, Hyman AL, Ignarro LJ, Hellstrom WJG, Kadowitz PJ (1999) Gene transfer of endothelial nitric oxide synthase to the penis augments erectile responses in the aged rat. Proc Natl Acad Sci, USA, 96(20): 11648-11652.

Chomczynsky P, Sacchi N (1987) Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction. Anal Biochem 162(1): 524-526.

Dahiya R, Lin A, Bakircioglu ME, Huang ST, Lue TF (1997) mRNA and protein expression of nitric oxide synthase and adrenoceptor alpha 1 in young and old rat penile tissues. Br J Urol 80(2): 300-306.

Dail WG, Barba V, Leyba L, Galindo R (1995) Neural and endothelial ni-tric oxide synthase activity in rat penile erectile tissue. Cell Tissue Res 282(1): 109-116.

Derby CA, Barbour MM, Hume AL, McKinley JB (2001) Drug therapy and prevalence of erectile dysfunction in the Massachusetts Male Aging Study Cohort. Pharmacotherapy 21(6): 676-683.

Ehmke H, Jünemann KP, Mayer B, Kummer W (1995) Nitric oxide syn-thase and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide colocalization in neurons in-nervating the human penile circulation. Int J Impot Res 7(3): 147-156.

Feldman HA, Goldstein I, Hatzichristou DG, Krane RJ, McKinlay JB (1994) Impotence and its medical and psychosocial correlates: results of the Massachussetts Male Aging Study. J Urol 151(1): 54-61.

Ferrini M, Magee TR, Vernet D, Rajfer J, Gonzalez-Cadavid NF (2001) Aging-related expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and markers of tissue damage in the rat penis. Biol Reprod 64(3): 974-982.

Förstermann U, Boissel JP, Kleinert H (1998) Expressional control of the "constitutive" isoforms of the nitric oxide synthase (NOS I and NOS III). FASEB J 12(10): 773-790.

Förstermann U, Gath I, Schwarz P, Closs El, Kleinert H (1995) Isoforms of nitric oxide synthase. Properties, cellular distribution and expres-sional control. Biochem Pharmacol 50(9): 1321-1332.

Förstermann U (1994) Stickoxid (NO): Umweltgift und körpereigener Botenstoff. Biologie in unserer Zeit 24(2): 62-69.

Garbán H, Vernet D, Freedman A, Rajfer J, Gonzalez-Cadavid NF (1995) Effect of aging on nitric oxide-mediated penile erection in rats.

Am J Physiol 268(1 Pt 2): 467-475.

Geller DA, Billiar TR (1998) Molecular biology of nitric oxide synthases.

Cancer Metastasis Rev 17(1): 7-23.

Goldberg ND, Haddox MK (1977) Cyclic GMP metabolism and involve-ment in biological regulation. Annu Rev Biochem 46(1): 823-896.

Gonzalez-Cadavid NF, Brannigan RE, Bervig T, Zelner D, Podlasek CA, McKenna KE, McVary KT (2001) Protein and gene expression of nitric oxide synthase isoforms I and III in the rat penile shaft. J Androl 22(1): 54-61.

Gonzalez-Cadavid NF, Burnett AL, Magee TR, Zeller CB, Vernet D, Smith N, Gitter J, Rajfer J (2000) Expression of penile neuronal nitric oxide snthase variants in the rat and mouse penile nerves. Biol Reprod 63(3): 704-714.

Gray GD (1978) Age-related changes in penile erections and circulating testosterone in middle-aged male rats. Adv Exp Med Biol 113: 149-158.

Haas CA, Seftel AD, Razmjouei K, Ganz MB, Hampel N, Ferguson K (1998) Erectile dysfunction in aging: upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Urology 51(3): 516-522.

Hedlund P, Ny L, Alm P, Andersson KE (2000) Cholinergic nerves in human corpus cavernosum and spongiosum contain nitric oxide syn-thase and heme oxygenase. J Urol 164(3 Pt 1): 868-875.

Hedlund P, Alm P, Andersson KE (1999) NO synthase in cholinergic nerves and NO-induced relaxation in the rat isolated corpus caverno-sum. Br J Pharmacol 127(2): 349-360.

Hokao R, Ito T, Noguchi J, Wakafuji Y, Agematsu Y, Saito TR, Takaha-shi KW, Imamichi T (1992) Effect of age on the copulatory behavior of the male rat. Jikken Dobutsu 41(3): 259.268.

Holmquist F, Stief CG, Jonas U, Andersson KE (1991) Effects of the ni-tric oxide synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine on the erectile response to cavernous nerve stimulation in the rabbit. Acta Physiol Scand 143(1):

299-304.

Hurt KJ, Musicki B, Palese MA, Crone JK, Becker RE, Moriarity JL, Snyder SH, Burnett AL (2002) Akt-dependent phosphorylation of endo-thelial nitric-oxide synthase mediates penile erection. Proc Natl Acad Sci, USA , 99(6): 4061-4066.

Ignarro LJ, Bush PA, Buga GM, Wood KS, Fukuto JM, Rajfer J (1990) Nitric oxide and cyclic GMP formation upon electrical field stimulation cause relaxation of corpus cavernosum smooth muscle. Biochem Bio-phys Res Commun 170(2): 843-850.

Ignarro LJ, Lippton H, Edwards JC, Baricos WH, Hyman AL, Kadowitz PJ, Gruetter CA (1987) Mechanism of vascular smooth muscle relaxa-tion by organic nitrates, nitrites, nitroprusside and nitric oxide: evidence for the involvement of S-nitrosothiols as active intermediates. J Phar-macol Exp Ther 218(3): 739-749.

Johannes CB, Araujo AB, Feldman HA, Derby CA, Kleinman KP, McKinlay JB (2000) Incidence of erectile dysfunction in men 40 to 69 years old: longitudinal results from the Massachusetts male aging study. J Urol 163(2): 460-463.

Knispel HH, Goessl C, Beckmann R (1992) Nitric oxide mediates re-laxation in rabbit and human corpus cavernosum smooth muscle. Urol Res 20(1): 253-257.

Knowles RG, Moncada S (1994) Nitic oxide synthases in mammals.

Biochem J 298(1): 249-258.

Lue T (2000) Erectile dysfunction. N Engl J Med 342(24): 1802-1813.

Lugg J, NG C, Rajfer J, Gonzalez-Cadavid NF (1996) Cavernosal nerve stimulation in the rat reverses castration-induced decrease in penile NOS activity. Am J Physiol 271(2 Pt 1): 354-361.

Marumo K, Murai M (2001) Aging and erectile dysfunction: The role of aging and concomitant chronic illness. Int J Urol 8(8): 50-57.

Moncada S, Higgs EA (1991) Endogenous nitric oxide: physiology, pa-thology and clinical relevance. Eur J Clin Invest 21(4): 361-374.

Moncada S, Palmer RM, Higgs EA (1991) Nitric oxide: physiology, pathophysiology and pharmacology. Pharmacol rev 43(2): 109-142.

Moncada S, Palmer RM (1991) Biosynthesis and actions of nitric oxide.

Semin Perinatol 15(1): 16-19.

Mulligan T, Retchin SM, Chinchilli VM, Bettinger CB (1988) The role of aging and chronic disease in sexual dysfunction. J Am GeriatrSoc 36(6): 520-524.

Palmer RM, Ferrige AG, Moncada S (1987) Nitric oxide release ac-counts for the biological activity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor.

Nature 327(6122): 524-526.

Pickard RS, Powell PH, Zar MA (1991) The effect of inhibitors of nitric oxide biosynthesis and cyclic GMP formation on nerve-evoked relaxa-tion of human cavernosal smooth muscle. Br J Pharmaco 104(1): 755-759.

Poole T, English P (1999) The care and management of laboratory animals. 7.edition, Vol.1: 313-334.

Price EO (1980) Sexual behaviour and reproductive competition in male wild and domestic Norway rats. Anim Behav 28 Pt 3: 657-667.

Rajasekaran M, Mondal D, Agrawal K, Chen IL, Hellstrom W, Sikka S (1998) Ex vivo expression of nitric oxide synthase isoforms (eNOS/iNOS) and calmodulin in human penile cavernosal cells. J Urol 160(6 Pt 1): 2210-2215.

Rajfer J, Aronson WJ, Bush PA, Dorey FJ, Ignarro LJ (1992) Nitric ox-ide as a mediator of relaxation of the corpus cavernosum in response to nonadrenergic, noncholinergic neurotransmission. N Engl J Med 326(2):

90-94.

Sambrook J , Fritsch EF, Maniatis T (1989) Molecular cloning: A labora-tory manual, 2. Edition, Cold Spring Harbour Laboralabora-tory Press, New York, USA.

Sessa WC (1994) The nitric oxide synthase family of proteins. J Vasc Res 31(3): 131-143.

Seyam RM, Huynh HT, Brock GB (1999) Neuronal and endothelial nitric oxide synthase isoforms quantification of protein and mRNA in the nor-mal rat. Int J Impot Res 11(6): 301-308.

Sha AM (1993) Nitric oxide synthase activities in human myocardium.

Lancet 341(8842): 448.

Shi JP, Zhao YM, Zhao X, Qi G (2003) Effect of aging on the expres-sion of nitric oxide synthase I and the activity of nitric oxide synthase in the rat penis. As J Androl 5(2): 117-120.

Simonsen U, Prieto D, Delgado JA, Hernandez M, Resel L, DeTejada IS, Garcia-Sacristan A (1997) Nitric oxide is involved in the inhibitory neurotransmission and endothelium-dependent relaxations of human small penile arteries. Clin Sci 92(3): 269-275.

Sjöstrand NO, Eldh J, Samuelson UE, Alaranta S, Klinge E (1990) The effects of L-arginine and NG-monomethyl-L-arginine on the inhibitory neurotransmission of the human corpus cavernosum penis. Acta Physiol Scand 140(1): 297-298.

Smith ER, Stefanick ML, Clark JT, Davidson JM (1992) Hormones and sexual behavior in relationship to aging in male rats. Horm Behav 26(1):

110-135.

Spruijt BM, Meyerson BJ, Höglund U (1989) Aging and sociosexual ba-havior in the male rat. Behav Brain Res 32(1): 51-61.

Stanarius A, Ückert S, Machtens SA, Stief CG, Wolf G, Jonas (2001) Immunocytochemical distribution of nitric oxide synthase in the human corpus cavernosum: an electron microscopic study using the tyramide signal amplification technique. Urol Res 29(3): 168-172.

Stein B, Eschenhagen T, Rüdiger J, Scholz H, Förstermann U, Gath I (1998) Increased expression of constitutive nitric oxide synthase III, not inducible nitric oxide synthase II, in human heart failure. J Am Coll Car-diol 32(5): 1179-1186.

Stief CG, Holmquist F, Schaebsdau F, Andersson KE, Jonas U (1994) The effect of the inhibition of the nitric oxide synthase by NG-nitro-L-arginine on the erection of the rabbit. Investig Urol 5(1): 184-188.

Tamura M, Kagawa S, Tsuruo Y, Ishimura K, Kimura K, Kawanishi Y (1997) Localization of NADPH-diaphorase and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-containing neurons in the efferent pathway to the rat corpus cavernosum. Eur Urol 32(1): 100-104.

Weidner W, Altwein J, Hauck E, Beutel M, Brähler E (2001) Sexuality and the elderly. Urol Int 66(4): 181-184.

Zorgniotti AW, Lizza EF (1994) Effect of large doses of the nitric oxide precursor, L-arginine, on erectile dysfunction. Int J Impot Res 6(1): 33-36.

Danksagung

Herrn Prof. Dr. med. Dr. h. c. Hasso Scholz gilt mein besonderer Dank für die Vergabe des Themas der Dissertation.

Frau Priv.-Doz. Dr. rer. nat. Birgitt Stein danke ich ganz besonders für die umfassende und konstruktive Betreuung während des experimentel-len Teils meiner Arbeit und für die kritischen Anmerkungen zum Manu-skript der Dissertation.

Frau Marianne Flato möchte ich für die Unterstützung bei der Einarbei-tung in die Methodik und bei der Durchführung meiner Versuche ganz besonders danken.

Ich möchte mich zudem bei meiner Frau Stephanie bedanken, die mich sehr unterstützt hat und während der experimentellen Phase meiner Arbeit häufig zurückstecken mußte.

Lebenslauf

Am 15.04.1975 wurde ich als Sohn des Studienrates Dr. phil. Wolfgang-Hans Riekenberg und der Realschullehrerin Christiana Riekenberg, geb. Marx, in Hannover geboren. Mein Vater verstarb kurz nach mei-nem fünften Geburtstag. Ich habe eine jüngere Schwester.

Schulische Ausbildung: Besuch der Grundschule von August 1981 bis Juli1985, von August 1985 bis Juli 1987 Besuch der Orientierungsstufe, von August 1987 bis Juli 1994 Besuch des Gymnasiums, Abschluß mit der Allgemeinen Hochschulreife.

Nach Beendigung der Schule absolvierte ich bis zur Einberufung zum Grundwehrdienst Dienst als Rettungsschwimmer an der deutschen Küste. Im Oktober 1995 wurde ich als Sanitätsoffizieranwärter in das Dienstverhältnis eines Zeitsoldaten übernommen. Von April 1996 bis April 2002 Studium der Humanmedizin an der Universität Hamburg.

Von Mai 2002 bis November 2003 Tätigkeit als Arzt im Praktikum auf der Abteilung für Innere Medizin im Bundeswehrkrankenhaus Hamburg.

Seit November 2003 arbeite ich als Truppenarzt und Dienststellenleiter in einer Arztgruppe eines Fernmeldebataillons.

Im August 2000 habe ich geheiratet. Wir haben eine gemeinsame Tochter und einen gemeinsamen Sohn.

Ich habe bisher keine wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten publiziert.

In meiner Freizeit lese ich gern, tanze und unternehme viel mit meiner Familie.