• Keine Ergebnisse gefunden

1 Stein, C., Schäfer, M., Machelska, H. Attacking pain at its source: new perspectives on opioids. Nat Med 9, 1003-1008, 2003.

2 Kieffer, B.L. & Gaveriaux-Ruff, C. Exploring the opioid system by gene knockout. Prog.

Neurobiol. 66, 285-306, 2002.

3 Brower, V. New paths to pain relief. Nat. Biotechnol. 18, 387-391, 2000.

4 Dubner, R. and Bennett, G. Spinal and trigeminal mechanisms of nociception. Annu.

Rev. Neurosci. 6, 381-418, 1983.

5 Mousa, S.A., Zhang, Q., Sitte, N., Ji, R. & Stein, C. Beta-endorphin-containing memory-cells and mu-opioid receptors undergo transport to peripherial inflamed tissue. J

Neuroimmunol. 115, 71-78, 2001.

6 Stein, C., Pflüger, M., Yassouridis, A., Hoelzl, J., Lehrberger, K., Welte, C., Hassan, A.H.S. No tolerance to peripheral morphine analgesia in presence of opioid expression in inflamed synovia. J. Clin. Invest. 98, 793-799, 1996.

7 Stein, C., Machelska, H. & Schäfer, M. Peripheral analgesic and antiinflammatory effects of opioids. Z. Rheumatol. 60, 416-424, 2001.

8 Hassan, A.H., Ableitner, A., Stein, C., Herz, A. Inflammation of the rat paw enhances axonal transport of opioid receptors in the sciatic nerve and increases their density in the inflamed tissue. Neuroscience 55, 185-95, 1993.

9 Law, P.Y., Wong, Y.H., Loh, H.H. Molecular mechanisms and regulation of opioid receptor signaling. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 40, 389-430, 2000.

10 Ingram, S. L. & Williams, J. T. Opioid inhibition of Ih via adenylyl cyclase. Neuron 13, 179-186, 1994.

11 Gold, M. S. & Levine, J. D. DAMGO inhibits prostaglandin E2-induced potentiation of a TTX-resistant Na current in rat sensory neurons in vitro. Neurosci. Lett 212, 83-86, 1996.

12 Russell N. J. W., Schaible H.-G. and Schmidt R. F. Opiates inhibit the discharges of fine afferent units from inflamed knee joint of the cat. Neurosci. Lett. 76, 107-112, 1987.

13 Yaksh, T. L. Substance P release from knee joint afferent terminals: modulation by opioids. Brain Res. 458, 319-324, 1988.

14 Fields, H. L., Emson, P. C., Leigh, B. K., Gilbert, R. F. T. & Iversen, L. L. Multiple opiate receptor sites on primary afferent firbres. Nature 284, 351-353, 1980.

15 Hassan, A. H., Przewlocki, R., Herz, A., Stein, C. Dynorphin, a preferential ligand for kappa-opioid receptors, is present in nerve fibers and immune cells within inflamed tissue of the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 140, 85-88, 1992.

16 Antonijevic, I., Mousa, S.A., Schäfer, M. & Stein, C. Perineurial defect and peripheral opioid analgesia in inflammation. J. Neurosci. 15, 165-172, 1995.

17 Wenk, H. N. & Honda, C. N. Immunhistochemical localization of delta opioid receptors in peripheral tissues. J. Comp. Neurol. 408, 567-579, 1999.

18 Stein, C. The control of pain in peripheral tissue by opioids. N. Engl. J. Med. 332, 1685-1690, 1995.

19 Ferreira SH. Peripheral analgesia: mechanism of the analgesic action of aspirin-like drugs and opiate-antagonists. Br J Clin Pharmacol Suppl 2, 237S-245S, 1980.

20 Barber, A., Gottschild, R. Opioid agonists and antagonists: an evaluation of their peripheral actions in inflammation. Med Res Rev 12, 525-562, 1992.

21 Stein, C. Peripheral mechanisms of analgesia. Anesth Analg 76, 182-191, 1993.

22 Kalso, E., Smith, L., McQuay, H.J., Moore, R.A. No pain, no gain: clinical excellence and scientific rigour - lessons learned from IA morphine. Pain 98, 269-275, 2002.

23 Akil H., Owens C., Gutstein H., Taylor L., Curran E., Watson S. Endogenous opioids:

overview and current issues. 51, 127-140, 1998.

24 Zhang, S., Tong, Y., Tian, M., Dehaven, R.N., Cortesburgos, L., Mansson, E., Simonin, F., Kieffer, B., Yu, L. Dynorphin A as a potential endogenous ligand for four members of the opioid receptor family. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 286, 136-141, 1998.

25 Smith EM Opioid peptides in immune cells. Adv Exp Med Biol 521, 51-68, 2003.

26 Machelska, H., Stein, C. Leukocyte-derived opioid peptides and inhibition of pain. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 1, 90-97, 2006.

27 Sitte, N., Busch, M., Mousa, S.A., Labuz, D., Rittner, H., Gore, C., Krause, H., Stein, C., Schäfer, M. Lymphocytes upregulate signal sequence-encoding proopiomelanocortin mRNA and beta-endorphin during painful inflammation in vivo. J Neuroimmunol. 183, 133-145, 2007.

28 Zadina, J.E., Hackler, L., Ge, L.-J. and Kastin, A.J. A potent and selective endogenous agonist for the µ-opioid receptor. Nature 386, 499-502, 1997.

29 Horvath, G. Endomorphin-1 and endomorphin-2: pharmacology of the selective endogenous µ-opioid receptor agonists. Pharmacol Ther 88, 437-463, 2000.

30 Monory, K., Bourin, M.C., Spetea, M., Tomboly, C., Toth, G., Matthes, H.W.,Kieffer, B.L., Hanoune, J., Borsodi, A. Specific activation of the mu opioid receptor (MOR) by endomorphin 1 and endomorphin 2. Eur J Neurosci 12, 577-584, 2000.

31 Hackler, L., Zadina, J. E., Ge, L.-J. &Kastin, A. J. Isolation of relatively large amounts of endormorphin-1 and endomorphin-2 from human brain cortex. Peptides , 1635-1639, 1997.

32 Martin-Schild, S., Gerall, A.A., Kastin,A.J., Zadina, J.E. Differential distribution of endomorphin 1- and endomorphin 2-like immunoreactivities in the CNS of the rodent. J.

Comp. Neurol. 22, 450-471, 1999.

33 Jessop, D.S., Richards, L.J., Harbuz, M.S. Opioid peptides endomorphin-1 and endomorphin-2 in the immune sysem in humans and in a rodent model of inflammation.

Ann NY Acad Sci , 456-463, 2002.

34 Mousa S.A., Machelska, H., Schäfer, M., Stein C. Immunohistochemical localization of endomorphin-1 and endomorphin-2 in immune cells and spinal cord in a model of

inflammatory pain. J Neuroimmunol , 5-15, 2002.

35 Przewlocki, R., Przewlocka, B. Opioids in chronic pain. Eur J Pharmacol 429, 79-91, 2001.

36 Tseng, L.-F., Narita, M., Suganuma, C., Mizoguchi, H., Ohsawa, M., Nagase, H.,&

Kampine, J.P. Differential antinociceptive effects of endomorphin-1 and endomorphin-2 in the mouse. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 292, 576-583, 2000.

37 Ohsawa, M., Mizoguchi, H., Narita, M., Nagase, H., Chu, M., Nagase, H. & Tseng, L.F.

Differential mechanisms mediating descending pain controls for antinociception induced by supraspinally administered endomorphin-1 and endomorphin-2 in the mouse. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 294, 1106-1111, 2000.

38 Makulska-Nowak, H.E., Gumulka, S.W., Lipkowski, A.W. & Rawa M.A. Effects of endomorphin-2 on arterial blood pressure and pain threshold in spontaneously hypertensive rats and modification of these effects by beta-funaltrexamine and nor-binaltorphimine. Life Sci 69, 581-589, 2001.

39 Loh, H. H., Liu, H.-C., Cavalli, A., Yang, W., Chen, Y.-F. & Wei, L.-N. µ Opioid

receptor knockout in mice: effects on ligand-induced analgesia and morphine lethality. Mol Brain Res 54, 321-326, 1998.

40 Mizoguchi, H., Narita, M., Oji, D. E., Suganuma, C., Nagase, H., Sora, I., Uhl, G. R., Cheng, E. Y., & Tseng, L.-F. The µ-opioid receptor gene-dose dependent reductions In G-protein activation in the pons/medulla and antinociception induced by endomorphins in µ-opioid receptor knockout mice. Neuroscience , 203-207, 1999.

41 Shane, R., Wilk, S. & Bodnar, R. J. Modulation of endomorphin-2 induced analgesia by dipeptidyl peptidase IV. Brain Res 815, 278-286, 1999.

42 Soignier, R.D., Vaccarino, A.L., Brennan, A.M., Kastin, A.J., Zadina, J.E. Analgesic effects of endomorphin-1 and endomorphin-2 in the formalin test in mice. Life Sciences 67, 907-912, 2000.

43 Przewlocka, B., Mika, J., Labuz, D., Toth, G., & Przewlocki, R. Spinal analgesic action of endomorphins in acute, inflammatory and neuropathic pain in rats. Eur J Pharmacol , 189-196, 1999b.

44 Stone, L. S., Fairbanks, C. A., Laughlin, T. M., Nguyen, H. O., Bushy, T. M.,

Wesendorf, M. W., & Wilcox, G. L. Spinal analgesic actions of the new endogenous opioid peptides endomorphin-1 and -2. Neuroreport 8, 3131-3135, 1997.

45 Tseng L.F. Recent Advances in the Search for the µ-Opioidergic System. The Antinociceptive Properties of Endomorphin-1 and Endomorphin-2 in the Mouse. Jpn. J.

Pharmacol. 89, 216-220, 2002.

46 Sakurada, S., Hayashi, T., Yuhki, M., Orito, T., Zadina, J.E., Kastin, A.J., Fujimura, T., Murayama, K., Sakurada, C., Sakurada, T., Narita, M., Suzuki, T., Tan-no, K., Tseng, L.F.

Differential antinociceptive effects induced by intrathecally administered endomophin-1 and endomorphin-2 in the mouse. European Journal of Pharmacology 427, 203-210, 2001.

47 Ohsawa, M., Mizoguchi, H., Narita, M., Nagase, H., Kampine, J. P. & Tseng, L. F.

Differential Antinociception Induced by Spinal Administered Endomorphin-1 and Endomorphin-2 in the Mouse. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 298, 592-597, 2001.

48 Horvath, G., Szikszay, M., Tomboly, C., & Benedek, G. Antinociceptive effects of intrathecal endomorphin-1 and -2 in rats. Life Sci , 2635-2641, 1999.

49 Hao, S., Takahata, O., Iwasaki, H. Isobolographic analysis of interaction between spinal endomorphin-1, a newly isolated endogenous opioid peptide, and lidocaine in the rat formalin test. Neurosci Lett. 276, 177-180, 1999.

50 Kekesi, G., Dobos, I., Benedek, G., Horvath, G. The Antinociceptive Potencies and Interactions of Endogenous Ligands During Continuos Intrathecal Administration:

Adenosine, Agmatine, and Endomorphin-1. Anesth Analg 98, 420-426, 2004.

51 Grass, S., Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z., Xu, X.-J. The effect of intrathecal endomorphin-2 on the flexor reflex in normal, inflamed and axotomized rats: reduced effect in rats with autotomy. Neuroscience 98, 339-344, 2000.

52 Obara, I., Przewlocki, R., Przewlocka B Local peripheral effecst of mu-opioid receptor agonists in neuropathic pain in rats. Neurosci Lett 360, 85-89, 2004.

53 Goldberg, I. E., Rossi, G. C., Letchworth, S. R., Mathis, J. P., Ryan-Moro, L., Leventhal, L., Su, W., Emmel, D., Bolan, E. A., & Pasternak, G. W. Pharmacological characterization of endomorphin-1 and endomorphin-2 in mouse brain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 286, 1007-1013, 1998.

54 Chapman, V., Diaz, A. & Dickenson, A. H. Distinct inhibitory effects of spinal

endomorphin-1 and endomorphin-2 on evoked dorsal horn neuronal responses in the rat.

Br J Pharmacol 122, 1537-1539, 1997.

55 Sakurada, S., Zadina, J. E., Kastin, A. J., Katsuyama, S., Fujimura, T., Murayama, K., Masayuki, Y., Ueda, H. & Sakurada, T. Differential involvement of µ-opioid receptor

subtypes in endomorphin-1 and -2 induced antinociception. Eur J Pharmacol 372, 25-30, 1999.

56 Przewlocki, R., Labuz, D., Mika, J., Przewlocka, B., Tomboly, Cs., Toth, G. Pain Inhibition by Endomorphins Ann. NY Head Sci 897, 154-164, 1999.

57 Ohsawa, M., Shiraki M., Mizoguchi H., Narita, M., Kawai, K., Nagase, H., Cheng, E.Y.,Narita, M. & Tseng, L.F. Release of [Met5]enkephalin from the spinal cord by

intraventriculary administeres endomorphin-2, but not endomorphin-1 in the anesthetized rat. Neurosci Lett 316, 1-4, 2001b.

58 Leitermann, R.J., Terashvili, M., Mizoguchi, H., Wu, H.E., Chen, F., Clithero, A. &

Tseng, L.F. Increased release of immunoreactive dynorphin A1-17 from the spinal cord after intrathecal treatment with endomorphin-2 in anesthetized rats. Eur J Pharmacol 504, 177-183, 2004.

59 Zimmermann, M. Ethical guidlines for investigations of experimental pain in conscious animals. Pain 16, 109-110, 1983.

60 Stein C., Miller, M.J., Herz, A. Unilateral inflammation of the hindpaw in rats as a model of prolonged noxious stimalation, alterations in behavoir and nociceptive thresholds. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 31, 445-451, 1988.

61 Randall, L.O., Selitto, J.J. A method for measurement of analgesic activity on inflamed tissue. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther. 111(4), 409-419, 1957.

62 Picard, P.R., Tramer, M.R., McQuay, H.J. & Moore, R.A. Analgesic efficacy of

peripheral opioids (all except intra-articular): a qualitative systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Pain 72, 309-318, 1997.

63 Murphy, D.B., Mc Cartney, C.J. & Chan, V.W. Novel analgesic adjuncts for brachial plexus block: a systematic review. Anesth. Analg. 90, 1122-1128, 2000.

64 Stein, C., Gramsch, C. & Herz, A. Intrinsic mechanisms of antinociception in inflammation: local opioid receptors and beta-endorphin. J Neurosci 10, 1292-1298, 1990a.

65 Zöllner, C., Shaqura, M.A., Bopaiah, C.P., Mousa, S., Stein, C. & Schäfer, M. Painful inflammation-induced increase in µ-opioid receptor binding and G-protein coupling in primary afferent neurons. Mol Pharmacol 64, 202-210, 2003.

66 Knapp, R.J., Sharma, S.D., Toth, G., Duong, M.T., Fang, L., Bogert, C.L., Weber, S.J., Hunt, M., Davis, T.P., Wamsley, J.K., et al. D-Pen2,4′-125I-Phe4,D-Pen5]enkephalin: a selective high affinity radioligand for delta opioid receptors with exceptional specific activity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 258, 1077-1083, 1991.

67 Machelska, H., Schopohl, J.K., Mousa, S.A., Labuz, D., Schäfer, M. & Stein, C.

Different mechanisms of intrinsic pain inhibition in early and late inflammation. J Neuroimmunol 141, 30-39, 2003.

68 Millan, M.J., Czlonkowski, A., Morris, B., Stein, C., Arendt, R., Huber, A., Hollt, V., Herz, A. Inflammation of the hind limb as a model of unilateral, localized pain: influence on multiple opioid systems in the spinal cord of the rat. Pain 25, 299-312, 1988.

69 Machelska, H., Cabot, P.J., Mousa, S.A., Zhang, Q., Stein, C. Pain control in inflammation governed by selectins. Nat Med 4, 1425-1428, 1998.

70 Rittner, H.L., Brack, A., Machelska, H., Mousa, S.A., Bauer, M., Schäfer, M., Stein, C.

Opioid peptide-expressing leukocytes: identification, recruitment, and simultaneously increasing inhibition of inflammatory pain. Anesthesiology 95, 500-508, 2001.

71 Mousa S.A., Shakibaei, M., Sitte, N., Schäfer, M., Stein, C. Subcellular pathways of beta-endorphin synthesis, processing, and release from immunocytes in inflammatory pain. Endocrinology 145, 1331-1341, 2004.

72 Przewlocki, R., Hassan, A.H., Lason, W., Epplen, C., Herz, A., Stein, C. Gene expression and localization of opioid peptides in immune cells of inflamed tissue:

functional role in antinociception. Neuroscience 48, 491-500, 1992.

73 Singer, A.J., Clark, R.A. Cutaneous wound healing. N Eng J Med 341, 738-746, 1999.

74 Cabot, P.J., Carter, L., Gaiddon, C., Zhang, Q., Schäfer, M., Loeffler, J. P., Stein, C.

Immune cell-derived beta-endorphin. Production, release, and control of inflammatory pain in rats. J Clin Invest 100, 142-148, 1997.

75 Westermann, J., Papst, R. How organ-specific is the migration of 'naive' and 'memory' T cells? Immunol Today 17, 278-282, 1996.

76 Puehler, W., Rittner, H.L., Mousa, S.A., Brack, A., Krause, H., Stein, C., Schäfer, M.

Interleukin-1 beta contributes to the upregulation of kappa opioid receptor mrna in dorsal root ganglia in response to peripheral inflammation. Neuroscience 141, 989-998, 2006.

77 Mousa, S.A., Cheppudira, B.P., Shaqura, M., Fischer, O., Hofmann, J., Hellweg, R., Schäfer, M. Nerve growth factor governs the enhanced ability of opioids to suppress inflammatory pain. Brain 130, 502-513, 2007a.

78 Lee, S.E., Shin, H.,K. Carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia is partially alleviated by endomorphin-1 locally delivered into inflamed paws in rat. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol 7, 369-373, 2003.

79 Wang, Y.-Q., Zhu, C.-B., Wu, G.-C., Cao, X.-D., Wang, Y., & Cui, D.-F. Effects of orphanin FQ on endomorphin-1 induced analgesia. Brain Res 835, 241-246, 1999.

80 Bhatia, A. R., Narita, M., Mizoguchi, H., & Tseng, L. F. Spinal antinociceptive effects and G-protein activation induced by endomorphin-1 in the rat. Anesth Analg 90, 302, 2000.

81 Spampinato S., Qasem, A.R., Calienni, M., Murari, G., Gentilucci, L., Tolomelli, A., Cardillo, G. Antinociception by a peripherally administered novel endomorphin-1 analogue containing beta-proline. Eur J Pharmacol 469, 89-95, 2003.

82 Stein,C., Hassan, A.H., Przewlocki, R., Gramsch, C., Peter, K. & Herz, A. Opioids from immunocytes interact with receptors on sensory nerves to inhibit nociception in

inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87, 5935-5939, 1990.

83 Antunes Bras, J., Becker, C., Bourgoin, S., Lombard, M., Cesselin, F., Hamon, M. &

Pohl, M. Met-enkephalin is preferentially transported into the peripheral processes of primary afferent fibres in both control and HSV 1-driven proenkephalin A overexpressing rats. Neuroscience 103, 1073-1083, 2001.

84 Gaveriaux-Ruff, C., Filliol, D., Simonin, F., Matthes, H.W., & Kieffer B.L.

Immunosuppression by delta-opioid antagonist naltrindole: delta- and triple

mu/delta/kappa-opioid receptor knockout mice reveal a nonopioid activity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 298, 1193-1198, 2001.

85 Matthes, H.W., Smadja, C., Valverde, O., Vonesch, J.L., Foutz, A.S., Boudinot, E., Denavit-Saubie, M., Severini, C., Negri, L., Roques, B.P., Maldonado, R. & Kieffer, B.L.

Activity of the delta-opioid receptor is partially reduced, whereas activity of the kappa-receptor is maintained in mice lacking the mu-kappa-receptor. J Neurosci 18, 7285-7295, 1998.

86 Filliol, D., Ghozland, S., Chluba, J., Martin, M., Matthes, H.W., Simonin, F., Befort, K., Gaveriaux-Ruff, C., Dierich, A., LeMeur, M., Valverde O., Maldonado, R. & Kieffer, B.L.

Mice deficient for delta- and mu-opioid receptors exhibit opposing alterations of emotional responses. Nat Genet 25, 195-200, 2000.

87 Buzas, B. & Cox, B.M. Quantitative analysis of mu and delta opioid receptor gene expression in rat brain and peripheral ganglia using competitive polymerase chain reaction. Neuroscience 76, 479-489, 1997.

88 Zhang Q., Schäfer, M., Elde, R. & Stein, C. A potent and selective endogenous agonist for the mu-opiate receptor. Nature 386, 499-502, 1998.

89 Bao, L., Jin, S.X., Zhang, C., Wang, L.H., Xu, Z.Z., Zhang, F.X., Wang, L.C., Ning, F.S., Cai, H.J., Guan, J.S., Xiao, H.S., Xu, Z.Q., He, C., Hökfelt, T., Zhou, Z. & Zhang, X.

Activation of delta opioid receptors induces receptor insertion and neuropeptide secretion.

Neuron 37, 121-133, 2003.

90 Pühler, W., Zöllner, C., Brack, A., Shaqura, M.A., Krause, H., Schäfer, M. & Stein, C.

Rapid upregulation of mu opioid receptor mRNA in dorsal root ganglia in response to peripheral inflammation depends on neuronal conduction. Neuroscience 129, 473-479, 2004.

91 Stein, C., Millan, M.J., Shippenberg, T.S., Peter, K., & Herz, A. Peripheral opioid

receptors mediating antinociception in inflammation. Evidence for involvement of mu, delta and kappa receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 248, 1269-1275, 1989.

92 Brack, A., Rittner, H.L., Machelska, H., Shaqura, MA., Mousa, S.A., Labuz, D., Zöllner, C., Schäfer, M. & Stein, C. Endogenous peripheral antinociception in early inflammation is not limited by the number of opioid-containing leukocytes but by opioid receptor

expression. Pain 108, 67-75, 2004.

93 Sugimoto-Watanabe, A., Kubota, K., Fujibayashi, K., & Saito, K. Antinociceptive effect and enzymatic degradation of endomorphin-1 in newborn rat spinal cord. Jpn J Pharmacol 81, 264-270, 1999.

94 Yamaguchi, T., Kitagawa, E., & Kuraishi, Y. Itch-associated response and

antinociception induced by intracisternal endomorphins in mice. Jpn J Pharmacol 78, 337-343, 1998.

95 Wilson, A.M., Soignier, R.D., Zadina, J.E., Kastin, A.J., Nores, W.L., Olson, R.D., Olson, G.A. Dissociation of analgesic and rewarding effects of endomorphin-1 in rats.

Peptides 21, 1871-1874, 2000.

96 Czapla, M.A., Gozal, D., Alea, O.A., Beckermann, R.C., and Zadina, J.E. Differential cardiorespiratory effects of endomorphin 1, endomorphin 2, DAMGO, and morphine. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162, 994-999, 2000.

97 Wang, Q.-P., Zadina, J.E., Guan, J.-L., Shioda, S. Recent advances in the search for the µ-opioidergic system morphological studies of the endomorphinergic neurons in the central nervous system. Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 89, 209-215, 2002.

98 Egleton, R.D., Davis, T.P. Bioavailability and transport of peptides and peptide drugs into the brain. Peptides 18, 1431-1439, 1997.

99 Tömböly, C., Péter, A., Tóth, G. In vitro quantitative study of the degradation of endomorphins. Peptides 23, 1573-1580, 2002.

100 Gao, Y., Liu, X., Liu, W., Qi, Y., Liu, X., Zhou, Y. and Wang, R. Opioid receptor binding and antinociceptive activity of the analogues of endomorphin-2 and morphiceptin with phenylalanine mimics in the position 3 of 4. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 16, 3688-3692, 2006.