• Keine Ergebnisse gefunden

Neugeborener, deren Mütter immer in der traditionellen Farmumgebung lebten, sind hochsignifikant erhöht

6. Literaturverzeichnis

1 Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pober JS (1996 a) Immunologie. © Verlag Hans Huber, Bern

2 Abbas AK, Murphy KM, Sher A (1996 b) Funktional diversity of helper T-lympho-cytes. Nature 383: 787-793

3 Alfven, Braun−Fahrländer, Brunekreef, von Mutius, Riedler et al. Allergic diseases and atopic sensitization in children related to farming and anthroposophic lifestyle ± the PARSIFAL study. Allergy 2006; 61: 414±421 4 Allanore Y, Hilliquin P,Coste J, Renoux M, Menkes CJ (1998) Decreased

prevalence of atopy in rheumatoid arthritis.Lancet 351:497

5 Ball TM,Castro-Rodriguez JA, Griffith KA, Holberg CJ,Martinez FD,Wright AL (2000) Siblings,day-care attendance, and the risk of Asthma and wheezing during childhood. N Engl J Med 343:538–543

6 Barnes PJ (2000).New directions in allergic diseases: mechanism-based anti- nflammatory THerapies. J Allergy Clin Immunol 106:5–16

7 Björksten B (1994) Risk factors in early childhood for the development of atopic diseases. Allergy 49: 400-407

8 Bluemer N et al. (2005) Prenatal lipopolysaccharide-exposure prevents allergic sensitization and airway inflammation, but not airway responsiveness in a murine model of experimental Asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 35: 397–402 9 Boyle RJ, Tang ML (2006) Can allergic diseases be prevented prenatally?

Allergy 61: 1423–1431

10 Braun-Fahrländer et al Environmental exposure to endotoxin and its relation to Asthma in school-age children. N Engl J Med 2002: 347:869–77.

11 Bottomly K (1997) Induction of TH1 and TH2 CD4+ T cell responses: the alternative approaches.Annu Rev Immunol 15:297–322

13 Cottrez F, Hurst SD,Coffman RL, Groux H (2000) T regulatory cells 1 inhibit a TH2-specific response in vivo.J Immunol 165:4848–4853

14 Del Prete G (1998) the concept of type-1 and type-2 helper T cells and their cytokines in humans. Int Rev Immunol 16: 427-55

15 Douek IF, Leech NJ,Gillmor HA, Bingley PJ, Gale EA (1999) Children with type-1 diabetes and Their unaffected siblings have fewer symptoms of Asthma.Lancet 353:1850

16 Dunstan JA et al. (2003) Fish oil supplementation in pregnancy modifies neonatal allergen-specific immune responses and clinical outcomes in infants at high risk of atopy: a randomized, controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol 112: 1178–1184

17 Falth-Magnusson K, Kjellman NI (1992) Allergy prevention by maternal elimination diet during late pregnancy–a 5-year follow-up of a randomized study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 89: 709–713

18 Faria AM, Weiner HL, Oral tolerance, Immunol Rev. 2005 Aug;206:232-59.

Review. PMID: 16048553

19 Fiorentino DF, Bond MW, Mosmann TR (1989) Two types of mouse T helper cell. IV. TH2 clones secrete a factor THat inhibits cytokine production by TH1 clones. J Exp Med 170: 2081-95

20 Flemming DM, Crombie DL (1987) Prevalence of Asthma and hay fever in England and Wales. BMJ 294 : 279-83

21 Garcia-Marcos LG, Gzilllen JJ, Dinwiddie R, Guillen A, Barbero P (1999) the relative importance of socio-economic status, parental smoking and air pollution (SO2) on Asthma symptoms, spirometry and bronchodilator response in 11-year-old children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 10: 96-100

22 Gereda (2000) High expression of IFN-γ is associated with low risk of atopy, Lancet 355,. 1680 ± 1683

23 Hagendorens et al. (2003) High exposure to house dust mite is associated with a lower percentage of IFN-γ producing Clinical & Experimental Allergy 33:5, 633–639

24 Hansen G,Berry G,DeKruyff RH,Umetsu DT (1999) Allergen-specific TH1 cells fail to counterbalance TH2 cell-induced airway hyperreactivity but cause severe airway inflammation. J Clin Invest 103:175–183

25 Hansen G, McIntire JJ,Yeung VP,Berry G, thorbecke GJ, Chen L,DeKruyff RH,Umetsu DT (2000) CD4(+) T helper cells engineered to produce latent TGF-beta1 reverse allergeninduced airway hyperreactivity and inflammation.

J Clin Invest 105:61–70

26 Herz U, Gerhold K, Gruber C, Braun A,Wahn U, Renz H,Paul K (1998) BCG infection suppresses allergic sensitization and development of increased airway reactivity in an animal model. J Allergy Clin Immunol 102:867–874

27 Herz U et al. (2000) Prenatal sensitization in a mouse model. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162: S62–S65

28 Herz U et al. (2001) Allergic sensitization and allergen exposure during pregnancy favor the development of atopy in the neonate. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 124: 193–196

29 Holloway JA et al. (2000) Detection of house-dust-mite allergen in amniotic fluid and umbilical-cord blood. Lancet 356: 1900–1902

30 Holt PG (1995 a) Environmental factors and priming T-cell sensitisation to inhalant allergens in infancy: reappraisal of the role of infections and air pollution. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 6: 1-10

31 Holt PG, O'Keeffe PO, Holt BJ, Upham JW, Baron-Hay MJ, Suphioglu C, Knox B, Stewart GA, THomas WR, Sly PD (1995 c) T-cell "primig" against environmental allergens in human neonates: sequential deletion of food antigen reactivity during infancy with concomitant expansion of responses to ubiquitous inhalant allergens. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 6: 85-90

32 Hosken NA, Shibuya K, Heath AW, Murphy KM, O’Garra A (1995) the effect of antigen dose on CD4+ T helper cell phenotype development in a T cell receptor-alpha betatransgenic model. J Exp Med 182: 1579-84

33 Huang SW (1999) Asthma and diabetes.Lancet 354:515 ISAAC Steering Committee (1998) Worldwide variation in prevalende of symptoms of Asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and atopic eczema: ISAAC, Lancet 1225-1232

34 Ishizaka K (1971) Mechanisms of reaginic Hypersensitivity. Clin Allergy 1:9-24

35 Jung T,Mechanisms of deficient interferon-gamma production in atopic diseases. Clin Exp Allergy. 1999 Jul;29(7):912-9. PMID: 10383591

36 Kalliomaki M et al. (2003) Probiotics and prevention of atopic disease: 4-year follow-up of a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 361: 1869–1871 37 Kondo N, Kobayashi Y, Shinoda S, Kasahara K, Kameyama T, Iwasa S, Orii

T (1992) Cord blood lymphocyte responses to antigens for the prediction of allergic disorders. Arch Dis Cild 67(8): 1003-7

38 Kondo N, Kobiashi Y, Shinoda S, Takenaka R, Teramoto T, Kaneko H, Fukao T, Matsui E, Kasahara K, Yokohama Y (1998) Reduced interferon gamma production by antigenstimulated cord blood mononuclear cells is a risk factor of allergic disorders - 6-year follow-up study. Clin Exp Allergy 28: 1340-1344 39 Koning H, Baerrt MR, Oranje AP, Savelkoul HF, Neijens HF (1996) Development of immune functions related to allergic mechanisms in young children. Pediatr Res 40: 363-75

40 Kopf M, BrombacHer F; Köhler G, Kienzle G, Widmann KH, Lefrang K, Humborg C, Ledermann B, Sohlbach W., IL-4deficient Balb/c mice resist infection with Leishmania major, J Exp Med 1996, Sep 1;184(3):1127-36 PMID:9064329

42 Lahn M,Kanehiro A,Takeda K, Joetham A, Schwarze J,Kohler G, O’Brien R, Gelfand EW, Born W,Kanehio A (1999) Negative regulation of airway responsiveness that is dependent on gammadelta T cells and independent of alphabeta T cells [published erratum appears in Nat Med 2000 6:229].Nat Med 5:1150–1156

43 Levings MK, Sangregorio R, Galbiati F, et al. IFN-alpha and IL-10 induce the differentiation of human type 1 T regulatory cells. J Immunol 2001; 166:

5530–5539.

44 Lozano The economic burden of asthma in US children: estimates from the National Medical Expenditure SurveyJ Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999 Nov;104(5):957-63.PMID: 10550739

45 Macaubas et al. (2003) High concentrations of TNF were associated with lower risk of atopy Pediatrics, Mar 2007; 119: e716 - e723

46 Martinez FD (1999) Maturation of immune responses at the beginning of Asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 103:355–361

47 Mason D (1996) the role of B cells in the programming of T cells for IL4 Synthesis. J Exp Med 183: 717-9

48 Matricardi PM, Rosmini F, Ferrigno L, Nisini R, Rapicetta M, Chionne P, Stroffolini T,Pasquini P, D’Amelio R (1997) Cross sectional retrospective study of prevalence of atopy among Italian military students with antibodies against hepatitis A virus.BMJ 314:999–1003

49 Miller RL et al. (2001) Prenatal exposure, maternal sensitization, and sensitization in utero to indoor allergens in an inner-city cohort. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164: 995–1001

50 Nilsson L, Castor O, Löfman O, Magnusson A, Kjellman N-IM (1999) Allergic disease in teenagers in relation to urban or rural residance at various stages of childhood. Allergy 54: 716-712

51 Ninan T, Russel G (1992) Respiratory symptoms and atopy in Aberdeen school children: evidence from two surweys 25 years apart. BMJ 304 : 873-5 52 Oro AS, Guarino TJ, Driver R, Steinman L, Umetsu DT (1996) Regulation of

disease susceptibility:decreased prevalence of IgEmediated allergic disease in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 97:1402–1408

53 Piccinni MP, Mecacci F, Sampognaro S, Manetti R, Parronchi P, Maggi E, Romagnani S (1993) Aeroallergen Sensitization Can Occur during Fetal Life.

Int Arch Allergy Immunol 102: 301-303

54 Prescott SL, Macaubas C, Smallacombe T, Holt BJ, Sly PD, Holt PG (1999) Development of allergen-specific T-cell memory in atopic and normal children. Lancet 16:196-200

55 Randolph DA,Carruthers CJ, Szabo SJ, Murphy KM, Chaplin DD (1999) Modulation of airway inflammation by passive transfer of allergen-specific TH1 and TH2 cells in a mouse model of Asthma.J Immunol 162:2375–2383 56 Renz H (1995) the central role of T-cells in allergic sensitization and IgE

regulation. Exp Dermatol 4: 173-82

57 Riedler et al. Environmental exposure to endotoxin and its relation to Asthma in school-age children. N Engl J Med 2002: 347:869–77.

58 Schönberger HJAM, Van Schayck CP (1998) Prevention of Asthma in genetically predisposed children in primary care - from clinical efficacy to a feasible intervention programme. Clin Exp Allergy 28: 1325-1331

59 Shaheen SO,Aaby P, Hall AJ, Barker DJ, Heyes CB, Shiell AW,Goudiaby A (1996) Measles and atopy in Guinea-Bissau.Lancet 347:1792–1796

59 Sharpe 2003, clin ex all 33, AD The role of the ICOS-B7h T cell costimulatory pathway in transplantation immunity. J Clin Invest. 112:234-243

58a Sharpe TJ, Smith H, Effects of drugs on the acute inflammation following ntraperitoneal injection of antigen into actively sensitised rats, Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1979;60(2):216-21.PMID: 89095

61 Shirakawa T, Enomoto T, Shimazu S, Hopkin JM. the inverse association between tuberculin responses and atopic disorder. Science 1997;275:77-9 62 Sornasse T, Larenas PV, Davis KA, de Vries JE, Yssel (1996) Differentiation

and Stability of Helper 1 and 2 Cells Derived from Naive Human Neonatal CD4+T Cells, Analyzed at THe Single-cell Level. J Exp Med 184: 473-483 63 Stachan DP (1989) Hay fever, hygiene, and household size.

Br Med J 299: 1259-60

64 Szabo SJ, Dighe AS, Gubler U,Murphy KM(1997) Regulation of the interleukin (IL)-12R beta 2 subunit expression in developing T helper 1 (TH1) and TH2 cells. J Exp Med 185:817–824

65 Szepfalusi Z, Nentwich I, Gerstmayr M, Jost E, Todoran L, Gratzl R, Herkner K, Urbanek R (1997) Prenatal allergen Contact with milk proteins. Clin Exp Allergy 27: 28-35

66 Szepfalusi Z, Loibichler C, Pichler J, Reisenberger K, Ebner C, Urbanek R (2000) Direct evidence for transplacental allergen transfer. Pediatr Res 48:

404-7

67 Szepfalusi Z et al. (2006) Most of diaplacentally transferred allergen is

68 Tang 1995 Interleukin-4 and interferon-gamma production in atopic and non- topic children with asthma Clinical & Experimental Allergy 25 (6), 515–521.

69 Trinchieri G (1995) Interleukin-12 : a proinflammatory cytokine with immunoregulatory functions that bridge innate resistance and antigen-specific adaptive immunity. Annu Rev Immunol 13: 251-76

70 Van Duren-Schmidt K, Pichler J, Ebner C, Bartmann P, Förster E, Urbanek R, Szefalusi Z (1997); Prenatal Contact with Inhalant Allergens. Pediatric Research 41: 128-131

71 Von Ehrenstein OS, Von Mutius E, Illi S, Baumann L, Bohm O, von Kries R.

Reduced risk of hay fever and asthma among children of farmers. Clin Exp Allergy 2000;30(2):187-93.

72 Von Mutius E (1998) the influence of birth order on the expression of atopy in families: a gene-environment interaction ? Clin Exp Allergy 28: 1454-1456 73 Wahn U, Seger R, Wahn V (1994) Pädiatrische Allergologie und

Immunologie. 2. Auflage Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena , New York, S.213

74 Warner JO, Warner JA (1998 b) Markers of allergy & inflammation. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 9: 53-57

75 Wegmann TG, Lin H, Guilbert L, Mosmann TR (1993) Bidirectional cytokine interactions in the maternal-fetal relationship: is successful pregnancy a TH2 phenomenon? Immunol Today 14: 353-6

76 Woodcock A et al. (2004) Early life environmental control: effect on symptoms, sensitization, and lung function at age 3 years. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 170: 433–439

77 B. WÜTHRICH, E. BAUMANN, R. A. FRIES, U. W. SCHNYDER (1981) Total and specific IgE (RAST) in atopic twins Clinical & Experimental Allergy 11 (2), 147–154.

ÄHNLICHE DOKUMENTE