Agarwal MK, Coupry F, Philippe M (1977)
Physiological activity and receptor binding of 9α-fludrocortisone.
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 78: 747-753.
Aguilera G, Rabadan-Diehl C, Nikodemova M (2001)
Regulation of pituitary corticotropin releasing hormone receptors.
Peptides. 22: 769-74
Arriza JL, Weinberger C, Cerelli G, Glaser T, Handelin BL, Housman DE, Evans RM (1987) Cloning of human mineralocorticoid receptor complementary DNA: structural and functional kinship with the glucocorticoid receptor.
Science 237: 268-275
Arriza JL, Simerly RB, Swanson LW, Evans RM (1988)
The neuronal mineralocorticoid receptor as a mediator of glucocorticoid response.
Neuron 1: 887-900
Arvat E, Maccagno B, Giordano R, Pellegrino M, Broglio F, Gianotti L, Maccario M, Capanni F, and Ghigo E (2001)
Mineralocorticoid receptor blockade by canrenoate increases both spontaneous and stimulated adrenal functions in humans.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86: 3176-3181
Baker DG, West SA, Nicholson WE, Ekhator NN, Kasckow JW, Hill KK, Bruce AB, Orth DN, Geracioti TD Jr. (1999)
Serial CSF corticotropin-releasing hormone levels and adrenocortical activity in combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder.
Am J Psychiatry 156: 585-8
Banki CM, Bissette G, Arato M, O’Connor L, Nemeroff CB (1987)
CSF corticotropin-releasing faktor-like immunoreactivity in depression and schizophrenia.
Am J. Psychiatry 144: 873-7
Belanoff JK, Gross K, Yager A, Schatzberg AF (2001) Corticosteroids and cognition.
J Psych Res 35: 127-145
Born J and Fehm HL (1998)
Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal activity during human sleep: A coordination role for the limbic hippocampal system.
Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 106 : 153-163
Born J, Steinbach D, Dodt C, and Fehm HL (1997)
Blocking of central nervous mineralocorticoid receptors counteracts inhibition of pituitary-adrenal activity in human sleep.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82: 1106-1110
Boscarino JA (1996)
Posttraumatic Stress disorder, exposure to combat, and lower plasma cortisol among Vietnam veterans: findings and clinical implications.
J Consult Clin Psychol. 64: 191-201
Bremner JD, Licino J, Darnell, Krystal JH, Owens MJ, Southwick SM, Nemeroff CB, Charney DS (1997)
Elevated CSF corticotropin-releasing factor concentrations in posttraumatic stress disorder.
Am J Psychiatry 154: 624-629
de Kloet ER, Reul JMHM, Sutanto W (1990) Corticosteroids and the brain.
J Steroid Biochem Molec Biol 37: 387-394
de Kloet R (1991)
Brain corticosteroid receptor balance and homeostatic control.
Frontiers Neuroendocrinol 12: 95-164
de Kloet R, Vreugdenhill E, Oitzl MS, Joëls M (1998)
Brain corticosteroid receptor balance in health and diesease.
Endocrine Rev 19: 269-301
de Kloet ER (2000)
Stress in the brain.
Eur J Pharmacology 405: 187-198
de Kloet ER, van Acker SABE, Sibug RM, Oitzl MS, Meijer OC, Rahmouni K, de Jong W (2000)
Brain mineralocorticoid receptors and centrally regulated functions.
Kidney International 57: 1329-1336
de Kloet ER, Grootendorst J, Karssen AM, Oitzel MS (2002):
Gene x environment interaction and cognitive performance: animal studies on the role of corticosterone.
Neurobiol Learn Mem 78: 570-7
Deutschle M, Schweiger U, Weber B, Gotthardt U, Körner A, Schmider J, Standhardt H, Lammers CH, Heuser I (1997)
Diurnal activity and pulsatility of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal system in male depressed patients and healthy controls.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82: 234-238
Deutschle M, Weber B, Colla M, Müller M, Kniest A, and Heuser I (1998)
Mineralocorticoid receptor also modulates basal activity of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical system in humans.
Neuroendocrinol 68: 355-360
Dodt C, Kern W, Fehm HL, and Born J (1993)
Antimineralocorticoid canrenoate enhances secretory activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in humans.
Neuroendocrinol 58: 570-574
Evans RM and Arriza JL (1989)
A molecular framework for the actions of glucocorticoid hormones in the nervous system.
Neuron. 2: 1105-12 review
Evans DL and Nemeroff CB (1987)
The clinical use of the dexamethasone suppression test in DSM-III affective disorders: correlation with the severe depressive subtypes of melancholia and psychosis.
J Psychiatr Res 21: 185-94
Fiad TM, Kirby JM, Cunningham SK, McKenna TJ (1994)
The overnight single-dose metyrapone test is a simple and reliable index of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis.
Clin Endocrinol 40: 603-609
Gesing A, Bilang-Bleuel A, Droste SK, Linthorst ACE, Holsboer F, and Reul JMHM (2001) Psychological stress increases hippocampal mineralocorticoid receptor levels:
involvement of corticotropin-releasing hormone.
J Neurosci 21: 4822-4829
Goldfien A, Morse WI, Froesch R, Ganong WF, Renold AE, Thorn GW (1955) Pharmacological studies in man of 11-, 17-, and 21-hydroxy derivatives of progesterone and their fluorinated analogs.
Annals New York Academy of Sciences 433-441
Goldmann MB und Wood GJ (2000)
Adrenocorticotropin inhibition by restoration of normal evening cortisol levels:
a measure of putative hippocampus-mediated glucocorticoid feedback in humans.
Neuroendocrinol 71: 396-401
Gotthardt U, Schweiger U, Fahrenberg J, Lauer CJ, Holsboer F, Heuser I (1995)
Cortisol, ACTH and cardiovascular response to a cognitive challenge paradigm in aging and depression.
Am J Physiol 268: R865-R873
Halbreich U, Asnis GM, Shindledecker R, Zumoff B, Nathan RS (1985)
Cortisol secretion in endogenous depression. I. Basal plasma levels.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 42: 904-8
Herman JP, Schäfer MKH, Young EA, Thompson R, Douglass J, Akil H, and Watson SJ (1989)
Evidence for hippocampal regulation of neuroendocrine neurons of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis.
J Neurosci 9: 3072-3082
Heuser I, Gotthardt U, Schweiger U, Schmider J, Lammers CH, Dettling M, Holsboer F (1994)
Age-associated changes of pituitary-adrenocortical hormone regulation in humans: importance of gender.
Neurobiol Aging 15: 227-231
Heuser I, Schweiger U, Gotthardt U, Schmider J, Lammers CH, Dettling M, Yassouridis A, Holsboer F (1996)
Pituitary-adrenal-system regulation and psychopathology during amitriptyline treatment in elderly depressed patients and normal comparison subjects.
Am J Psychiatry 153: 93-99
Heuser I, Bissette G, Dettling M, Schweiger U, Gotthardt U, Schmider J, Lammers CH, Nemeroff CB, Holsboer F (1998)
Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of corticotropin-releasing hormone, vasopressin and somatostatin in depressed patients and healthy controls:
response to amitriptyline treatment.
Depress Anxiety 8: 71-79
Heuser I, Deuschle M, Weber A, Kniest A, Ziegler C, Weber B, and Colla M (2000a)
The role of mineralocorticoid receptors in the circadian activity of the human hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal system: effect of age.
Neurobiol Aging 21: 585-589
Heuser I, Deuschle M, Weber B, Stalla GK, and Holsboer F (2000b)
Increased activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal system after treatment with the mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist spironolactone.
Psychoneuroendocrinol 25: 513-518
Holsboer F und Barden N (1996)
Antidepressants and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical regulation.
Endocrine Rev 17: 187-205
Jacobson L und Sapolsky R (1991)
The role of the hippocampus in feedback regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis.
Endocrine Rev 12: 118-134
Kanter ED, Wilkinson CW, Radant AD, Petrie EC, Dobie DJ, McFall ME, Peskind ER, Raskind MA (2001)
Glucocorticoid feedback sensitivity and adrenocortical responsiveness in posttraumatic stress disorder.
Biol Psychiatry 50:238-45
Kim JJ and Yoon KS (1998)
Stress: metaplastic effects in the hippocampus.
Trends Neurosci 21: 05-509
Kellner M und Yehuda R (1999)
Do panic disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder share a common psychoneuroendocrinology ?
Psychoneuroendocrinology 24: 485-504
Kellner M, Baker D, Yassouridis A, Otte C, Naber D, Wiedemann K (2002) Mineralocorticoid function in posttraumatic stress disorder.
Am J Psychiatry 159: 1938-1940
Keller-Wood ME and Dallman MF (1984)
Corticosteroid inhibition of ACTH Secretion.
Endocrine Rev 5: 1-24
Loesel R, Wehling M (2003)
Nongenomic actions of steroid hormones.
Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 4: 46-56
López JF, Chalmers DT, Little KY, and Watson SJ (1998)
Regulation of serotonin1a, glucocorticoid, and mineralocorticoid receptor in rat and human hippocampus: implications for the neurobiology of depression.
Biol Psychiatry 43: 547-573
Lucas LR, Pompei P, McEwen B (1997)
Effects of desoxycorticosterone acetate and diazepam on neuropeptidergic neurons in rat striatum.
Neuro Report 8: 811-816
Lupien SJ ; Gaudreau S, Tchiteya BM, Maheu F, Sharma S, Vair NPV, Hauger RL, McEwen BS, Meaney MJ (1997)
Stress-induced declarative memory impairment in healthy elderly subjects : relationship to cortisol reactivity.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82: 2070-2075
Lupien SJ, de Leon M, de Santi S, Convit A, Tarshish C, Nair NP, McEwen BS, Hauger RL, Meaney MJ (1998)
Cortisol levels during human aging predict hippocampal atrophy and memory deficits.
Nature Neuroscience 1: 69-73
MacKenzie SM, Clark CJ, Fraser R, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Connell JM, Davies E (2000) Expression of 11beta-hydroxylase and aldosterone synthase genes in the rat brain.
J Mol Endocrinol. 24: 321-8
McEwen BS (1999)
Stress and hippocampal plasticity.
Annu Rev Neurosci 22: 105-122
McEwen BS (2002a)
Cortisol, Cushing’s Syndrome, and a shrinking brain – new evidence for reversibility.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87: 1947-1948
McEwen BS (2002b)
Sex, stress and the hippocampus: allostasis, allostatic load and the aging process.
Neurobiol Aging 23: 921-39
Michelson D, Chrousos GP, and Gold PW (1994)
Type I glucocorticoid receptor blockade does not affect baseline or ovine corticotropin-releasing-hormone-stimulated adrenocorticotropin hormone and cortisol secretion.
Neuroimmunomodulation 1: 274-277
Moguilewsky M and Raynaud JP (1980)
Evidence of a specific mineralocorticoid receptor in rat pituitary and brain.
Journal of Steroid Biochemistry 12: 309- 314
Moisan MP, Seckel JR, Christopher RW (1990)
11ß-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase bioactivity and messenger RNA expression in rat forebrain : localisation in hypothalamus, hippocampus, and cortex.
Endocrinology 127: 1450-1455
Mutschler E, Geisslinger G, Kroemer HK, Schäfer-Korting M (2001)
Mutschler Arzneimittelwirkungen, Lehrbuch der Pharmakologie und Toxikologie
Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH Stuttgart, 8. Auflage, Seite 424
Nemeroff CB, Widerlov E, Bissette G, Walleus H, Karlsson I, Eklund K, Kilts CD, Loosen PT, Vale W (1984)
Elevated concentrations of CSF corticotrophin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity in depressed patients.
Science. 14, 226: 1342-4
Newcomer JW, Selke G, Melson AK, Hershey T, Craft S, Richards K, Alderson AL (1999) Decreased memory performance in healthy humans induced by stress-level cortisol treatment.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 56: 527-533
Oberdisse E (2002)
Pharmaka zur Behandlung von Funktionsstörungen des endokrinen Systems.
In: Obersdisse E (Hrsg), Hackenthal, Kuschinsky Pharmakologie und Toxikologie.
Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York 3. Auflage, Seite 478
Oitzel M, van Haarst AD, Sutanto W, de Kloet ER (1995)
Corticosterone, brain mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) and the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis : the lewis rat as an example of increased central MR capacity and a hyporesponsive HPA axis.
Psychoneuroendocrionology 20: 655-675
Olin, B. (Ed.) (1990)
Facts and Comparisons.
JB Lippincott Co, St. Louis, MO.
Otte C, Hart S, Neylan T, Yaffe K, Marmar C, Mohr D (2005)
Glucocorticoid activity in human aging: a meta-analysis.
Psychoneuroendocrinology 30: 80-91
Peterson PK, Pheley A, Schroeppel J, Schenck C, Marshall P, Kind A, Haugland JM, Lambrecht LJ, Swan S, Goldsmith S (1998)
A preliminary placebo-controlled crossover trial of fludrocortisone for chronic fatigue syndrome.
Arch Intern Med 158: 908-914
Quinckler M, Oelkers W and Diederich S (2001)
Clinical implications of glucocorticoid metabolism by 11ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases in target tissues.
Eur J Endocrinol 144: 87-97
Ratka A, Sutanto W, Bloemers M, de Kloet ER (1989)
On the role of brain mineralocorticoid (type 1) and glucocorticoid (type 2) receptors in neuroendocrine regulation.
Neuroendocrionology 50: 117-123
Raven PW, Checkley SA, Taylor NF (1995)
Extra-adrenal effects of metyrapone include inhibition of the 11-oxoreductase activity of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: a model for 11-HSD I deficiency.
Clin Endocrinol 43(5): 637-44
Rivier C, Lee S (1996)
Acute alcohol administration stimulates the activity of hypothalamic neurons that express corticotropin-releasing factor and vasopressin.
Brain Res 726: 1-10
Reul JH, de Kloet ER (1985)
Two receptor systems for corticosterone in rat brain: Microdistribution and differential occupation.
Endocrinology 117: 2505-2511
Reul JMHM, de Kloet ER, van Sluijs FJ, Rijnberk A, Rothuizen J (1990a)
Binding characteristics of mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors in dog brain and pituitary.
Endocrinology 127: 907-915
Reul JM, Sutanto W, van Eekelen JA, Rothuizen J, de Kloet ER (1990b) Central action of adrenal steroids during stress and adaptation.
Adv Exp Med Biol 274: 243-56
Reul JMHM, Probst JC, Skutella T, Hirschmann M, Stec IS, Montkowski A, Landgraf R, Holsboer F (1997)
Increased stress-induced adrenocorticotropin response after long-term intracerebroventricular treatment of rats with antisense mineralocorticoid receptor ologodeoxynucleotides.
Neuroendocrinol; 65: 189-199
Reul JH, Gesing A, Droste S, Stec IS, Weber A, Bachmann C, Bilang-Bleuel A, Holsboer F, Linthorst ACE (2000)
The brain mineralocorticoid receptor: greedy for ligand, mysterious in function.
Eur J Pharmacology; 405: 235-249
Robson AC, Leckie CM, Seckl JR, Holmes MC (1998)
11ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 in the postnatal and adult rat brain.
Molecular Brain Research 61: 1-10
Sanchez MM, Young LJ, Plotsky PM, Insel TR. (2000)
Distribution of corticosteroid receptors in the rhesus brain: relative abscence of glucocorticoid receptors in the hippocampal formation.
J Neuroscience 12: 4657-4668
Sapolsky RM (2000)
Glucocorticoids and hippocampal atrophy in neuropsychiatric disorders.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 57(10): 925-935
Schmidt BMW, Montealegre A, Janson CP, Martin N, Stein-Kemmesies C, Scherhag A, Feuring M, Christ M, Wehling M (1999)
Short term cardiovascular effects of aldosterone in healthy male volunteers.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84: 3528-3533
Schmidt BMW, Georgens AC, Martin N, Tillmann HC, Feuring M, Christ M, Wehling M (2001)
Interaction of rapid nongenomic cardiovascular aldosterone effects with the adrenergic system.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86: 761-767
Seckl JR (1997)
11ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the brain: a novel regulator of glucocorticoid action?
Frontiers in Neuroendocrionology 18: 49-99
Seckl JR and Fink G (1992)
Antidepressants increase glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor mRNA expression in rat hippocampus in vivo.
Neuroendocrinol 55: 621-626
Sekihara H (1994)
Pharmacological action of 9alpha-fluorohydrocortisone as a mineralocorticoid.
Nippon Rinsho. 52(3): 583-6
Sheehan DV, Lecrubier Y, Sheehan KH, Amorin P, Janavs J, Weiller E, Hergueta T, Baker R, Dunbar GC (1998)
The Mini-International-Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10.
J Clin Psychiatry 59 (suppl. 20): 22-33
Smith MA, Davidson J, Ritchie JC, Kudler H, Lipper S, Chappell P, Nemeroff CB (1989) The corticotropin-releasing hormone test in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder.
Biol Psychiatry 26: 349-355
Spencer RL, Miller AH, Moday H, Stein M, and McEwen BS (1993)
Diurnal differences in basal and acute stress levels of type I and type II adrenal steroid receptor activation in neural and immune tissues.
Endocrinology 133: 1941-1950
Steckler T, Holsboer F, Reul JM (1999)
Glucocorticoids and depression.
Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 13:597-614
Stein MB, Yehuda R, Koverola C, Hanna C (1997)
Enhanced dexamethasone suppression of plasma cortisol in adult woman traumatized by childhood sexual abuse.
Biol Psychiatry 42: 680-686
Stith RD, Person RJ, and Dana RC (1976)
Metyrapone inhibition of 3H-hydrocortisone uptake and binding in various brain regions of the pig.
Neuroendocrinol 22: 183-192
Thorn GW, Sheppard RH, Morse WI, Reddy WJ, Beigelman PM, Renold AE (1955) Comparative action of aldosterone and 9-alpha-fluorohydrocortisone in man.
Annals NY Acad Sci. 61: 609-619
Uhr M, Holsboer F, Muller MB (2002)
Penetration of endogenous steroid hormones corticosterone, cortisol, aldosterone and progesterone into the brain is enhanced in mice deficient for both mdr 1a and mdr1b P-glycoproteins.
J Neuroendocrinol 14: 753-759
van Cauter E, Leproult R, Kupfer DJ (1996)
Effects of gender and age on the levels and circadian rhythmicity of plasma cortisol.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81: 2468-2473
van Eekelen JA, Jiang W, De Kloet ER, Bohn MC (1988)
Distribution of the mineralocorticoid and the glucocorticoid receptor mRNAs in the rat hippocampus.
J Neurosci Res 21: 88-94
Veldhuis HD, van Koppen C, van Ittersum M, de Kloet ER (1982)
Specificity of the adrenal steroid receptor system in rat hippocampus.
Endocrinology 110: 2044- 2051
Vogt W, Fischer I, Ebenroth S, Appel S, Knedel M, Lücker PW, and Rennekamp H (1971) Zur Pharmakokinetik von 9α-Fluorhydrocortison.
Arzneim Forsch (Drug Res) 21: 1133-1143
Watzka M, Beyenburg S, Blümcke I, Elger CE, Bidlingmaier F, Stoffel-Wagner B (2000) Expression of mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptor mRNA in the human hippocampus.
Neuroscience Letters 290: 121-124
Wehling M, Spes CH, Win N, Janson CP, Schmidt BMW, Theisen K, Christ M (1998) Rapid cardiovascular action of aldosterone in man.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83: 3517-3522
Wilkinson CW, Peskind ER, Raskind MA (1997)
Decreased hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis sensitivity to cortisol feedback inhibition in human aging.
Neuroendocrinol 65: 79-90
Wilkinson CW, Petrie EC, Murray SR, Colasurdo EA, Raskind MA, Peskind ER (2001) Human glucocorticoid feedback inhibition is reduced in older individuals : evening study.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86: 545-550
Yau JLW and Seckl JR (2001)
11ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type I in the brain; thickening the glucocorticoid soup.
Mol Psychiatry 6: 611-614
Yehuda R, Giller EL Jr, Mason JW (1993)
Psychoneuroendocrine assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder: current progress and new directions.
Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 17: 541-50
Yehuda R, Kahana B, Binder-Brynes K, Southwick SM, Mason JW, Giller EL (1995a)
Low urinary cortisol excretion in Holocaust survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder.
Am J Psychiary 152: 982-6
Yehuda R, Boisoneau D, Lowy MT, Giller EL Jr. (1995b)
Dose-response changes in plasma cortisol and lymphocyte glucocorticoid receptors following dexamethasone administration in combat veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 52: 583-93
Yehuda R, Levengood RA, Schmeidler J, Wilson S, Guo LS, Gerber D (1996)
Increased pituitary activation following metyrapone administration in posttraumatic stress disorder.
Psychoneuroendocrinology 21: 1-16
Young EA, Haskett RF, Grunhaus L, Pande A, Weinberg VM, Watson SJ, Akil H (1994) Increased evening activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in depressed patients.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 51: 701-707
Young EA, Lopez JF, Murphy-Weinberg V, Watson SJ, Akil H (1998)
The role of mineralocorticoid receptors in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulation in humans.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83: 3339-3345
Young EA, Lopez JF, Murphy-Weinberg V, Watson SJ, Akil H (2003) Mineralocorticoid receptor function in major depression.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 60: 24-28
Zobel AW, Yassouridis A, Friedboes RM, Holsboer MD (1999)
Prediction of medium-term outcome by cortisol response to the combined dexamtehasone-CRH test in patients with remitted depression.
Am J Psychiatry 156: 949-951