1. Aarons RD, Nies AS, Gall J, Hegstrand LR. 1980. Elevation of beta-adrenergic receptor density in human lymphocytes after propranolol administration. J. Clin.
Invest. 65:949-57.
2. Aarons RD, Nies AS, Gerber JG, Molinoff PB. 1982. Decreased beta adrenergic receptor density on human leukocytes after chronic treatment with agonists. J.
Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 224:1-6.
3. Abbas AK, Murphy KM, Sher A. 1996. Functional diversity of helper T lymphycytes. Nature. 383:787-793.
4. Abrass CK, O´Connor SW, Scarpace PJ, Abrass IB. 1985. Characterization of the beta-adrenergic receptor of the rat peritoneal macrophage. J. Immunol. 135:1338-41.
5. Ackerman KD, Madden KS, Livnat S, Felten SY, Felten DL.1991. Neonatal sympathetic denervation alters the development of in vitro spleen cell proliferation and differentiation. Brain Behav. Immunol. 5:235-261.
6. Andrade-Mena CE. 1997. Inhibition of gamma interferon synthesis by catecholamines. J Neuroimmunol. 76(1-2): 10-14.
7. Assem ESK, Schild HO. 1969. Inhibition by sympathomimetic amines of histamine release by antigen in passively sensitized human lung. Nature 224: 1028-29.
8. Baerwald C, Graeffe C, Muhl C, von Wichert P, Krause A. 1992a. Beta-2-adrenergic receptors on peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with rheumatic diseases. Eur. J. Clin. Invest.22 (1):42-46.
9. Baerwald C, Graeffe C, von Wichert P, Krause A. 1992b. Decreased density of ß-adrenergic receptors on peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatology. 19:204-210.
10. Baerwald C, Laufenberg M, Specht T, von Wichert P, Burmester GR, Krause A.
1997. Impaired sympathetic influence on the immune response in patients with rheumatoid arthritis due to lymphocyte subset-specific modulation of beta-2-adrenergic receptors. Br J Rheumatol. 36(12):1262-1269.
11. Baerwald C, Wahle M, Ulrichs T, Jonas D, von Bierbrauer A, von Wichert P, Burmester GR, Krause A. 1999. Reduced catecholamine response of lymphocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Immunobiology. 200(1): 77-91.
12. Bartik MM, Brooks WH, Roszman TL. 1993. Modulation of T cell proliferation by stimulation of the b-adrenergic receptor: lack of correlation between inhibition of T cell proliferation and cAMP accumulation. Cell. Immunol.148:408-421.
13. Benschop RJ, Rodriguez-Feuerhahn M, Schedlowski M. 1996. Catecholamine-induced leukocytosis: Early observations, current research, and future directions.
Brain Behav Immun. 10:77-91.
14. Besedovsky HO, del Rey AE, Sorkin E, Da Prada M, Burri R, Honegger C. 1983.
The immune response evokes changes in brain noradrenergic neurons. Science. 221:
564-65.
15. Betz M, Fox BS. 1991. Prostaglandin E2 inhibits production of Th1 lymphokines but not Th2 lymphokines. J Immunol. 146(1):108-113.
16. Bodnar Z, Steger MM, Saurwein-Teissl M, Maczek C, Grubeck-Loebenstein B.1997. Cytokine production in response to stimulation with tetanus toxoid, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and influenza antigens in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and T cell lines from healthy elderlies. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 112: 323-330.
17. Böyum A. 1968. Isolation of mononuclear cells and granulocytes from human blood. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. invest. 21 (97): 77-89.
18. Bourne HR, Lichtenstein LM, Melmon K, Henney CS, Weinstein Y, Shearer GM.
1974. Modulation of inflammation and immunity by cyclic AMP. Science. 184: 19-28.
19. Brodde OE, Engel G, Hoyer D, Block KD, Weber F. 1981. The beta-adrenergic receptor in human lymphocytes-sub-classification by the use of a new radioligand (+)[125Iodo]cyanopindolol. Life Sci. 29:2189-98.
20. Burysek L, Houstek J. 1997. Beta-adrenergic stimulation of interleukin-1alpha and interleukin-6-expression in mouse adipocytes. FEBS Letters. 411: 83-86.
21. Carlson SL, Brooks WH, Roszman TL. 1989. Neurotransmitter-lymphocyte interactions : dual receptor modulation of lymphocyte proliferation and cAMP production. J Neuroimmunol. 24: 155-62
22. Caron MG, Lefkowitz RJ. 1991. Structure-function relationships. Perkins JP ed. The Beta-Adrenergic Receptors. The Humana Press Inc.
23. Caron MG, Lefkowitz RJ, Lohse MJ. 1993. Overexpression of arrestin and b-adrenergic receptor kinase augment desentization of b2-b-adrenergic receptors. J. Biol Chem. 268 (5): 3201-208.
24. Chelmicka-Schorr E, Checinski M, Arnason BG. 1988. Chemical sympathectomy augments the severity of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol.
17:347-350.
25. Chen CH, Dong-Hong Z, La Porte JM, Ray A. 2000. Cyclic AMP activates p38 mitogen-activated protein-kinase in Th2 cells: Phosphorylation of GATA-3 and stimulation of Th2 cytokine gene expression. J Immunol: 165: 5597-5605.
26. Collins S, Bouvier M, Bolanowski MA, Caron MG, Lefkowitz RJ. 1989. cAMP stimulates transcription of the b2-adrenergic receptor gene in response to short term agonist exposure. Proc Natl Acad Sci. USA. 86: 4853-57.
27. Cremaschi GA, Fischer P, Boege F. 1991. β-adrenoceptor distribution in murine lymphoid cell lines. Immunopharmacology 22:195-206
28. Crocker IC, Townley RG, Khan MM. 1996 Phosphodiesterase inhibitors supress proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and interleukin-4 and -5 secretion by human T-helper type 2 cells. Immunopharmacology. 31(2-3):223-235.
29. De Blasi A, Lipartiti M, Motulsky HJ, Insel PA, Fratelli M. 1985. Agonist induced redistribution of b-adrenergic receptors on intact human mononuclear leucocyte.
Redistributed receptors are nonfunctional. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 61 (6): 1081-88 30. De Luigi A, Terreni L, Sironi M, de Simoni MG. 1998. The sympathetic nervous
system tonically inhibits peripheral interleukin-1beta and interleukin-6 induction by central lipopolysaccharide. Neuroscience. 83: 1245-1250.
31. Depelchin A, Letesson JJ. 1981. Adrenaline influence on the immune response - I.
Accelerating or suppressor effects according to the time of application. Immunol.
Lett. 3: 199-205.
32. Dunn AJ, Wang J, Ando T. 1999. Effects of cytokines on cerebral neurotransmission. Comparion with the effects of stress. Adv Exp Med Biol.
461:117-127.
33. Elenkov IJ, Wilder RL, Chrousos GP, Vizi ES. 2000. The sympathetic nerve-an integrative interface between two supersystems: the brain and the immune system.
Pharmacol Rev.52(4):595-638.
34. El Ghazali GEB, Paukie S, Andersson G, Hansson Y, Holmquist G, Sun JB, Olsson T, Ekre HP, Troye-Blomberg M. 1993. Number of interleukin-4- and interferon-γ-secreting human T-cells reactive with tetanus toxoid and the mycobacterial antigen PPD or phytohemagglutinin: distinct response profiles depending on the type of antigen used for activation. Eur J Immunol. 23: 2740-2745.
35. Ernström U, Sandberg G. 1973. Effects of alpha- and beta-receptor stimulation on the release of lymphocytes and granulocytes from the spleen. Scand J Haematol 11:
275-86.
36. Feldmann RD, Hunninghake GW, McArdle WL. 1987. Beta-adrenergic-receptor-mediated suppression of interleukin-2 receptors in human lymphocytes. J Immunol.
139:3355-3359.
37. Felsner P, Hofer D, Rinner I, Mangge H, Gruber M, Korsatko W, Schauenstein K.
1992. Continous in vivo treatment with catecholamines suppresses in vitro rectivity of rat peripheral blood T-lymphocytes via α-mediated mechanisms. J
38. Felten SY,Felten DL. 1991. Innervation of lymphoid tissue.
Psychoneuroimunology-II. San Diego: Academic.
39. Felten SY, Felten DL, Bellinger DL, Olschowka JA. 1992. Noradrenergic and peptidergic innervation of lymphoid organs. JE Blalock ed. Chemical Immunology:
Neuroimmunoendocrinology. Karger. Basel.
40. Ford WL. 1978. The preparation and labelling of lymphocytes. Weir DM ed.
Handbook of Experimental Immunology. Blackwell Scientific Publications. 1-23.19. Third Edition.
41. Fuchs BA, Albright JW, Albright JF. 1988 β-adrenergic receptors on murine lymphocytes: density varies with cell maturity and lymphocyte subtype and is decreased after antigen administration. Cell. Immunol. 114:231-45
42. Gajewski TF, Schell SR, Fitch FW. 1990. Evidenve implicating utilization of different T cell receptor-associate signaling pathways by Th1 and Th2 clones. J Immunol. 144: 4110.
43. Genaro AM, Borda E. 1989. Allo-Immunization-induced changes in b-adrenoceptor expression and cAMP on B lymphocytes. Immunopharmacology. 18: 63-70.
44. Gibson-Berry KL, Within JC, Cohen HJ. 1993. Modulation of the respiratory burst in human neutrophils by isoproteronol and dibutyryl cyclic AMP. J Neurommunol.
43. 59-68
45. Giron LT, Crutcher KA, Davis JN. 1980. Lymph nodes - a possible site for sympathetic neuronal regulation of immune responses. Ann Neurol. 8: 520-22.
46. Goin JC, Sterin-Borda L, Borda ES, Finiasz M, Fernandez J, de Bracco MME.
1991. Active alpha-2 and beta adrenoceptors in lymphocytes of patients with chronic lymphatic leukaemia. Int J Can. 49:178-81)
47. Gold KN, Weyand CM, Goronzy JJ. 1994. Modulation of helper T cell function by prostaglandins. Arthritis Rheum. 37(6):925-33.
48. Gonzalez S, Beck L, Wilson N, Spiegelberg HL. 1994. Comparision of interferon-gamma and interleukin-4 production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells and isolated T cells after activation with polyclonal T cell activators. J Clin Lab Anal.
8(5): 277-283.
49. Hellstrand K, Hermodsson S, Strannegard O. 1985. Evidence for a b-adrenocepto-mediated regulation of human natural killer cells. J Immunol. 134: 4095-99.
50. Hadden JW, Hadden EM, Middleton E Jr. 1970. Lymphocyte blast transformation -I. Demonstration of adrenergic receptors in human peripheral lymphocytes. Cell Immunol. 1: 583-95
51. Harvath L, Robbins JD, Russel AA, Seamon KB. 1991. cAMP and human neutrophil chemotaxis. Elevation of cAMP differentially affects chemotactic responsiveness. J Immunol. 146: 224-32
52. Hatfield SM, Petersen BH, DiMicco JA. 1986. Beta adrenoceptor modulation of the generation of murine cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vitro. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 239:
460-66
53. Heilig M, Irwin M, Grewal I, Sercarz E. 1993. Sympathetic regulation of T-helper cell function . Brain Behav Immunol. 7: 154-63
54. Heinrich PC, Castell JV, Andus T. 1990 . Interleukin 6 and the acute phase response. Biochem J. 265: 621-35
55. Heijnen CJ, Rouppe van der Voort C, Wulffraat N, van der Net J, Kuis W, Kavelaars A. 1996. Functional alpha-1 adrenergic receptors on leukocytes of patients with polyarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Neuroimmunol. 71:223-226.
56. Hirano T, Akira S, Taga T, Kishimoto T. 1990 . Biological and clinical aspects of interleukin 6. Immunol. Today 11:443-49
57. Holen E, Elsayed S. 1998. Effects of beta2 adrenoceptor agonists on T-cell subpopulations. APMIS. 106(9): 849-857.
58. Huang QH, Takaki A, Arimura A. 1997. Central noradrenergic system modulates plasma interleukin-6 by peripheral interleukin-1. Am J Physiol. 273: 731-738.
59. Ishigami T.1919 The influence of psychic acts on the progress of pulmonary tuberculosis. Am Rev Tuberc. 2:470-484.
60. Ishizaka T, Ishizaka K, Orange RP, Austen KF. 1971. Pharmacologic inhibition of the antigen-induced relese of histamine and slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) from monkey lung tissues mediated by human IgE. J Immunol. 106: 1267-73
61. Janeway CA jr, Travers P.1997. Immunobiology. The Immune System in Health and Disease. New York. Current Biology Ltd. London/ Garland Publishing Inc.
62. Jarek MJ, Legare EJ, McDermott MT, Merenich JA, Kollef MH. 1993. Endocrine profiles for outcome prediction from the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 21:543-550.
63. Kammer GM, Boehm CA, Rudolph SA, Schultz LA. 1988. Mobility of the human T lymphocyte surface molecules CD3, CD4, and CD8: regulation by a cAMP dependent pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci. USA. 85: 792-96.
64. Karin M.1992. Signal transduction from cell surface to nucleus in developement and disease. FASEB J.6: 2581-90.
65. Kasahara T, Hooks JJ, Dougherty SF, Oppenheim JJ. 1983. Interleukin 2-mediated immune interferon (IFN-gamma) production by human T cells and T cell subsets. J Immunol. 130(4): 1784-1789.
66. Katz P, Zayton AM, Fauci AS. 1982. Mechanisms of human cell-mediated cytotoxity. I. Modulaton of natural killer cell activity by cyclic nucleotides. J Immunol. 129: 287-96.
67. Kawakami K, Parker DC. 1993. Antigen and helper T lymphocytes activate B lymphocytes by different signalling pathways. Eur J Immunol. 23: 77-84.
68. Khan MM Sansoni P, Silverman ED, Engleman EG. 1986. Beta-adrenergic receptors on human supressor, helper, and cytolytic lymphocytes. Biochem Pharmacol. 35:1137-42
69. Kishimoto T. 1989. The biology of interleukin-6. Blood. 74(1):1-10.
70. Kobilka B. 1992. Adrenergic receptors as models for G-protein-coupled receptors.
Annu Rev Neurosci. 15:87-114
71. Kobilka BK 1991. Molecular approaches to the study of adrenergic receptors. In Advances in Regulation of Cell Growth, ed. JJ Mond, JC Chambier, A Weiss, 2:161-70. New York: Raven
72. Kohm AP, Tang Y, Sanders VM, Jones SB. 2000. Activation of antigen-specific CD4+ Th2 cells and B cells in vivo increases norepinephrine in bone marrow. J Immunol. 165:725-733.
73. Koff WC, Dunegan MA. 1985. Modulation of macrophage-mediated tumoricidal activity by neuropeptides and neurohormones. J. Immunol.. 135: 350-54.
74. Koussi E, Li YS, Boukhris W, Millet I, Revillard JP. 1988. Opposite effects of the catecholamines dopamine and norepinephrine on the murine polyclonal B-cell activation. Immunopharmacology. 16: 125-37.
75. Kurtzhals JA, Hansen MB, Hey AS, Poulsen LK. 1992. Measurement of antigen-dependant interleukin-4-production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
Introduction of an amplification step using ionomycin and phorbolmyristate acetate.
J Immunol Methods. 156: 239-245
76. Kuszewska B, Felten SY, Moynihan JA. 1995. Alterations in cytokine and antibody production following chemical sympathectomy in two strains of mice. J Immunol.
155:4613.
77. Krause A, Heinrich A, Beck KH, von Wichert P, Baerwald C. 1992. Correlation between density of ß2-adrenergic receptors on peripheral blood mononuclear cells and serum levels of soluble IL-2- receptors in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases. Eur J Clin Invest. 22 (1): 47-51.
78. Krause A, Steitz A, von Wichert P, Baerwald C. 1995. Infuence of cytokines on the density of beta-2-adrenergic receptors on peripheral blood monunuclear cells in vitro. Cytokine. 7 (3): 273-276.
79. Lefkowitz RJ, Stadel JM, Caron MG. 1983. Adenylate-cyclase-coupled beta-adrenergic receptors: structure and mechanisms of activation and desensitivation.
Ann Rev Biochem. 52: 159-86.
80. Lefkowitz RJ, Caron MG. 1987. Molecular and regulatory properties of adrenergic receptors. Recent Prog Horm Res. 43: 469-97.
81. Lenschow D, Walunas, T, Bluestone J. 1996. CD28/B7 system of T cell costimulation. Annu Rev Immunol. 14:233.
82. Lerner BH. 1996. Can stress cause disease? Revisiting thr tuberculosis research of Thomas Holmes 1949-1961. Ann Intern Med. 124: 673-680.
83. Lewis DB, Prickett KS, Larsen A, Grabstein K, Weaver M, Wilson CB. 1988.
Restricted production of interleukin 4 by activated human T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 85:9743-7.
84. Li YS, Koussi E, Revillard JP. 1990. Differential regulation of mouse B-cell activation by beta-adrenoceptor stimulation depending on type of mitogens.
Immunology. 69: 367-72.
85. Lacour M, Arrighi J, Muller KM, Carlberg C, Saurat J, Hauser C. 1994. cAMP up-regulates IL-4 and IL-5 production from activated CD4+ T cells while decreasing IL-2 and NF-AT induction. Int Immunol. 6:1333.
86. Landman R, Buirgisser E, West M, Buhler FR. 1985. Beta adrenergic receptors are different in subpopulations of human circulating lymphocytes. J Recept Res. 4:37-60.
87. Landmann R, Bittiger H, Buhler FR. 1981. High affinity beta-2-adrenergic receptors in mononuclear leucocytes: similiar density in young and old subjects. Life Sci.
29:1761-71
88. Lichtenstein LM, Margolis S. 1968. Histamin release in vitro: inhibition by catecholamines and methylxanthenes. Science. 161: 902-3
89. Loeper M, Crouzon O. 1904. L`action de l`adrenaline sur le sang. Arch Med Exp Anat Pathol. 16:83-108.
90. Looney RJ, Pudiak D, Rosenfeld SI. 1994. Cytokine production by mite-specific T-cells from donors with mild atopic disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 93: 476-483.
91. Loveland BE, Jarrot B, McKenzie IFC. 1981. The detection of beta adrenoceptors on murine lymphocytes. Int J Immunopharmacol. 3:45-55
92. Madden KS, Livnat S. 1991 . Catecholamin action and immunologic reactivity. In Ader R, Felten DL, Cohen N, eds. Psychoneuroimmunology. 2nd ed. Academic Press, pp. 283-310
93. Madden KS, Felten SY, Felten DL, Hardy CA, Livnat S. 1994. Sympathetic nervous system modulation of the immune system: II. Induction of lymphocyte proliferation and migration in vivo by chemical sympathectomy. J Neuroimmunol. 49: 67-75.
94. Madden KS, Livnat S. 1991. Catecholamin action and immunologic reactivity. Ader R, Felten DL, Cohen N, eds. Psychoneuroimmunology. 2nd ed. Academic Press.
283-310.
95. Maes M, Lin A, Kenis G, Egyed B, Bosmans E. 2000. The effects of noradrenaline and alpha-2 adrenoceptor agents on the production of monocytic products.
Psychiatry Res. 20;96(3): 245-253.
96. Maini RN, Elliott MJ, Charles PJ, Feldmann M. 1994. Immunologcal intervention reveals reciprocal roles for tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interlekin-10in rheumatoid artritis and systemic lupus erythematodes. Springer Semin Immunopathol. 16:327-336.
97. Marshall JD, Wen Y, Abrams JS, Umetsu DT. 1993. In vitro synthesis of IL-4 by human CD4+ T cells requires repeated antigenic stimulation. Cell Immunol. 152:
18-34.
98. McHugh S, Deighton J, Rifkin I, Ewan P. 1996. Kinetics and functional implications of Th1 and Th2 cytokine production following activation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in primary culture. Eur J Immunol. 26(6):1260-1265.
99. McPherson GA, Summers RJ. 1982. Characteristics and localization of ³H-clonidine binding in membranes prepared from guinea pig spleen. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 9:77-87
100. Milligan G, Svoboda P, Brown CM. 1994. Why are there so many adrenoceptor subtypes? Biochem Pharmac. 48: 1059-71.
101. Molinoff PB, Aarons RD. 1983. Effects of drugs on beta-adrenergic receptors on human lymphocytes. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 5 (Suppl 1): S63-67.
102. Mosmann TR, Cherwinski H, Bond MW, Giedlin MA, Coffman RL. 1986. Two types of murine helper T cell clone. I. Definition according to profiles of lymphokine activities and secreted protein. J Immunol. 136: 2348-2357.
103. Mosmann TR, Sad S. 1996. The expanding universe of T-cell subsets: Th1, Th2 and more. Immunol Today. 17:138-146.
104. Melmon KL, Bourne HR, Weinstein Y, Shearer GM, Kram J, Bauminger S. 1974.
Hemolytic plaque formation by leukocytes in vitro - control by vasoactive hormones. J Clin Invest. 53: 13-21
105. Mohede IC, van Ark I, Brons FM, van Oosterhout AJ, Nijkamp FP. 1996.
Salmeterol inhibits inetrferon-gamma and interleukin-4 production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Int J Immunopharmacol. 18(3):193-201.
106. Motulsky HJ, Cunningham EMS, Deblasi A, Insel PA. 1986. Desentizitation and redistribution of β-adrenergic receptors on human mononuclear leukocytes. Am J Physiol. 250:E583-E590
107. Munoz E, Zubiaga AM, Merrow M, Sauter NP, Huber BT. 1990. Cholera toxin discriminates between T helper 1 and 2 cells in T cell receptor-mediated activation: Role of cAMP in T cell proliferation. J Exp Med. 172:95-103.
108. Murphy E, Shibuya K, Hosken N, Openshaw P, Maino V, Davis K, Murphy K, O´Garra A. 1996. Reversibility of T helper 1 and 2 populations is lost after long-term stimulation. J Exp Med. 183:901-913.
109. Musso NR, Brenci S, Setti M, Indiveri F, Lotti G. 1996. Catecholamine content and in vitro catecholamine sythesis in peripheral human lymphocytes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 81(10):3553-3557.
110. Muthyala S, Wiegmann, K, Kim DH, Arnason BG, Chelmicka-Schorr E. 1995.
Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, beta-adrenergic receptors and interferon gamma-secreting cells in beta-adrenergic agonist-treated rats. Int J Immunopharmacol. 17(11): 895-901.
111. Nel AE, Schabort I, Rheeder A, Bouic P, Wooten MW. 1987. Inhibition of antibodies to CD3 surface antigen and phytohemagglutinin-mediated t cellular responses by inhibiting Ca2+/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase activity with the aid of 1-(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine-dihydrochloride.
J Immunol. 139: 2230-2236.
112. Nielson CP. 1987. β-adrenergic modulation of the polymorphonuclear leukocyte respiratory burst is dependent upon the mechanisms of cell activation. J Immunol. 139 :2392-97
113. Norris JG, Benveniste EN. 1993. Interleukin-6-production by astrocytes:
induction by the neurotransmitter norepinephrine. J Neuroimmunol. 45: 137-145.
114. Novak TJ, Rothenberg EV. 1993. cAMP inhibits induction of interleukin2 but not of interleukin 4 in T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 87:9353
115. O´Sullivan ST, Lederer JA, Horgan AF, Chin DH, Mannick JA, Rodrick ML.
1995. Major injury leads to predominance of the T helper-2 lymphocyre predominance and diminished interleukin-12 production associated with decreased resistance to infection. Ann Surg. 222: 482-490.
116. Panina-Bourdignon P, Mazzeo D, Lucia PD, D´Ambrosio D, Lang R, Fabbri L, Self C, Siniglia F. 1997. Beta-Agonists prevent Th1 developmennt by selective
117. Paul WE. 1991 . Interleukin-4: a prototypic immunoregulatory lymphokine.
Blood 77: 1859-70
118. Plaut M. Lymphocyte hormon receptors. Annu Rev Immunol. 5:621-69
119. Perez VL, Lederer JA, Lichtman AH, Abbas AK. 1995. Stability of Th1 and Th2 populations. Int Immunol. 7:869-75
120. Pestka S, Langer JA, Zoon C, Samuel E. 1987 . Interferons and their actions.
Ann Rev Biochem. 56: 727-77.
121. Pisa EK, Pisa P, Hansson M, Wigzell H. 1992. OKT3-induced cytokine mRNA expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells measured by polymerase chain reaction. Scand J Immunol. 36:745-749.
122. van der Pouw Kraan TC, Boije LC, Smeenk RJ, Wijdenes J, Aarden LA. 1995.
Prostaglandin E2 is a potent inhibitor of human interleukin 12 production. J Exp Med. 181(2): 775-9.
123. Ramer-Quinn DS, Baker RA, Sanders VM. 1997. Activated T helper 1 and T helper 2 cells differentially express the beta-2-adrenergic receptor: a mechanism for selective modulation of T helper 1 cell cytokine production. J Immunol. 159 (10): 4857-4867.
124. Ramer-Quinn, DS, Swanson MA, Lee WT, Sanders VM. 2000. Cytokine production by naive and primary effector CD4+ T cells exposed to norepinephrine. Brain Behav Immun. 14(4):239-255.
125. Rockman HA, Koch W, Lefkowitz RJ. 2002. Seven-transmembrane-spanning receptors and heart function. Nature. 415:206-212.
126. Romagnani S, Parronchi P, D´Elios MM, Del Prete GF. 1997. An update on human Th1 and Th2 cells. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 113: 153-156.
127. Rouppe van der Voort C, Kvaelaars A, van der Pol M, Heijnen CJ. 2000.
Noradrenaline induces phosphorylation of ERK2 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells after induction of alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. J Neuroimmunol. 95:82-91.
128. Rothwell PM, Lawler PG. 1995. Prediction of outcome in intensive care patients using endocrine parameters. Crit Care Med. 23: 78-83.
129. Ruffolo RR, Hieble JP. 1994. Alpha-adrenoceptors. Pharmac Ther. 61: 1-64.
130. Sanders VM, Baker, RA, Ramer-Quinn DS, Kasprowcz DJ, Fuchs BA, Street NE. 1997. Differential expression of the beta2-adrenergic receptor by Th1 and Th2 clones: implications for cytokine production and B cell help. J Immunol.
158(9): 4200-4210.
131. Sanders VM, Street NE, Fuchs BA. 1994. Differential expression of the b-adrenoceptor by subsets of T-helper lymphocytes. FASEB J. 8: A114.
132. Scatchard, G. 1949. The attraction of proteins for small molecules and ions.
Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 51: 660.
133. Severn A, Rapson NT, Hunter CA, Liew FY. 1992. Regulation of tumor necrosis factor production by adrenaline and b-adrenergic agonists. J. Immunol.
148: 3341-45
134. Sibley DR, Benovic JL, Caron MG, Lefkowitz RJ. 1987. Regulation of transmembrane signalling by receptor phosphorylation. Cell. 48: 913-22.
135. Soliven B, Albert J. 1992. Tumor necrosis factor modulates the inactivation of catecholamine secretion in cultured sympathetic neurons. J. Neurochem. 58:
1073-78.
136. Strom TB, Carpenter CB, Garovoy MR, Austen KF, Merril JP, Kalliner M.
1973. The modulating influence of cyclic nucleotides upon lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxity. J. Exp. Med.. 138: 381-93.
137. Sanders VM, Street NE, Fuchs BA. 1994. Differential expression of the β -adrenoceptor by subsets of T-helper lymphocytes. FASEB J. 8:A114
138. Schmidt J, Hatzelmann A, Fleissner S, Heimann-Weitschat I, Lindstaedt R, Szelenyi I. 1995. Effect of phosphodiesterase inhibition on IL-4 and IL-5 production of the murine Th2-type T cell clone D10.G4.1.
Immunopharmacology. 30(3): 191-198.
139. Snijdewint FGM, Kalinski P, Wierenga EA, Bos JD, Kapsenberg ML. 1993.
Prostaglandin E2 differentially modulates cytokine secretion profiles of human T helper lymphocytes. J Immunol.150(12): 5321-5329.
140. Spengler RN, Allen RM, Remick DG, Strieter RM, Kunkel SL. 1990.
Stimulation of alpha-adrenergic receptor augments the production of macrophage-derived tumor necrosis factor. J Immunol. 145: 1430 -34
141. Strasser RH, Ihl-Vahl R, Marquetant R : Molecular Review, Molecular biology of adrenergic receptors. J Hypertens. 1992; 10: 501-6
142. Szabo SJ, Dighe AS, Gubler U, Murphy KM. 1997. Regulation of the interleukin (IL)-12R beta 2 subunit expression in developing T helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 cells. J Exp Med. 185: 817-824.
143. Titinchi S, Clark B. 1984. Alpha-2-adrenoceptors in human lymphocytes: direct Characterisation by [³H]yohimbine binding. Biochem Biophys Res Commun.
121: 1-7.
144. Takayama H, Trenn G, Sitkowsky MV. 1988. Locus of inhibitory action of cAMP dependent protein kinase in the antigen receptor triggered cytotoxic T lymphocyte activation pathway. J Biol Chem. 263: 2330-36.
145. Tamura T, Yanagida T, Nariuchi H. 1993. Difference in signal transduction pathway for IL-2 and IL-4 production in T helper 1 and T helper 2 cell clones in response to anti-CD3. J Immunol. 151:6051-6061.
146. van der Poll, Jansen J, Endert E, Sauerwein HP, van Deventer SJ. 1994.
Noradrenaline inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor and interleukin 6 production in human whole blood. Infect Immun. 62(5):2046-2050.
147. von Patay B, Kurz B, Mentlein R. 1999. Effect of transmitters and co-transmitters of the sympathetic nervous system on interleukin-6 synthesis in thymic epithelial cells. Neuroimmunomodulation. 6(45-50).
148. Wahle M, Krause A, Ulrichs T, Jonas D, von Wichert P, Burmeste GR, Baerwald C. 1999. Disease activity related catecholamine response of lymphocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann NY Acad Sci.
22:876:287-296.
149. Wiegmann K, Muthyala S, Kim DH, Arnason BG, Chelmicka-Schorr E. 1995.
Beta-adrenergic agonists supress chronic/relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (CREAE) in Lewis rats. J Neuroimmunol. 56:201-206.
150. Woiciechowsky C, Asadullah K, Nestler D, Eberhardt B, Platzer C, Schoning B, Glockner F, Lancksch WR, Volk HD, Docke WD. 1998. Sympathetic activationtriggers systemic interleukin 10 release in immunodepression induced by brain injury. Nat Med. 4:808-813.
151. Yoshimura T, Tomomi N, Nakao T, Watanabe S, Usami E, Koboyashi J, Yamazaki F, Tanaka H, Inagaki N, Nagai H.1998. Modulation of Th1- and Th2-like cytokine production from mitogen stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells by phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Gen. Pharmac. 30(2) 175-180.
152. Yukawa T, Ukena D, Kroegel C, Chanez P, Dent G, et al. 1990. Beta2-adrenergic receptors on eosinophils. Am Rev Resp Dis. 141:1446-52
153. Zurier RB, Weissman G, Hoffstein S, Kamerman S, Tai HH. 1974. Mechanisms of lysosomal enzyme release from human leukocytes: II. Effects of cAMP and cGMP, autonomic agonists and agents which affect microtubule function. J Clin Invest. 53: 297-309.