IV. Abbildungs- und Tabellenverzeichnis
7. Literaturverzeichnis
1. Krebs in Deutschland 2011/2012. 10. Ausgabe. Robert Koch-Institut (Hrsg) und die Gesellschaft der epidemiologischen Krebsregister in Deutschland e.V. (Hrsg).
Berlin, 2015.
2. Siegel R, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer Statistics, 2017. CA Cancer J Clin. 2017 Jan;67(1):7-30.
3. Howlader N, Noone AM, KrapchoM et al. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2013, National Cancer Institute.
Available from:
http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2013/results_merged/sect_23_prostate.pdf, based on November 2015 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2016.
(Access: 2017-01-29)
4. Krebs in Deutschland 2007/2008. 8. Ausgabe. Robert Koch-Institut (Hrsg) und die Gesellschaft der epidemiologischen Krebsregister in Deutschland e.V. (Hrsg).
Berlin, 2012.
5. Feuer EJ, Merril RM, Hankey BF. Cancer surveillance series: interpreting trends in prostate cancer—part II: Cause of death misclassification and the recent rise and fall in prostate cancer mortality. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999 Jun 16;91 (12):1025-32.
6. Brawley OW. Prostate cancer epidemiology in the United States. World J Urol (2012) 30:195–200.
7. Interdisziplinäre Leitlinie der Qualität S3 zur Früherkennung, Diagnose und Therapie der verschiedenen Stadien des Prostatakarzinoms Version 2.0 – 1.
Aktualisierung 2011. Leitlinienprogramm Onkologie der AWMF, Deutschen Krebsgesellschaft e.V. und Deutschen Krebshilfe e.V.
8. Zlotta AR, Egawa S, Pushkar D et al. Prevalence of Prostate Cancer on Autopsy:
Cross-Sectional Study on Unscreened Caucasian and Asian Men. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2013 Jul 17;105(14):1050-1058.
9. Mistry K, Cable G. Meta-analysis of prostate-specific antigen and digital rectal examination as screening tests for prostate carcinoma. J Am Board Fam Pract 2003;16(2):95-101.
96 10. Lin K, Lipsitz R, Miller T et al. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Benefits and harms of prostate-specific antigen screening for prostate cancer: an evidence update for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2008 Aug 5;149(3):192-9.
11. Lin K, Croswell JM, Koenig H et al. Prostate-Specific Antigen-Based Screening for Prostate Cancer: An Evidence Update for the U.S.
Preventive Services Task Force [Internet].
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22171385 (Access: 2013-08-23)
12. Zeegers MP, Jellema A, Ostrer H. Empiric risk of prostate carcinoma for relatives of patients with prostate carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Cancer. 2003 Apr 15;97(8):1894-903.
13. Johns LE, Houlston RS. A systematic review and meta-analysis of familial prostate cancer risk. BJU Int. 2003 Jun;91(9):789-94.
14. Hugosson J, Carlsson S, Aus G et al. Mortality results from the Goteborg randomised population-based prostate-cancer screening trial. Lancet Oncol 2010;11(8):725-32.
15. Schröder FH, Hugosson J, Roobol MJ et al. Screening and prostate-cancer mortality in a randomized European study. The New England journal of medicine 2009;360(13):1320-8.
16. Andriole GL, Crawford ED, Grubb RL et al. Mortality results from a randomized prostate-cancer screening trial. The New England journal of medicine 2009;360(13):1310-9.
17. Sandblom G, Varenhorst E, Rosell J, et al. Randomised prostate cancer screening trial: 20 year follow-up. BMJ 2011;342:d1539.
18. Labrie F, Candas B, Cusan L et al. Screening decreases prostate cancer mortality: 11-year follow-up of the 1988 Quebec prospective randomized controlled trial. Prostate 2004;59(3):311-8.
19. Ilic D, Neuberger MM, Djulbegovic M et al. Screening for prostate cancer.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jan 31;1:CD004720. doi:
10.1002/14651858.CD004720.pub3.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23440794 (Access: 2013-06-25)
20. Carter HB, Albertsen C, Barry MJ et al. Early Detection of Prostate Cancer: AUA guideline. J Urol. 2013 Aug;190(2):419-26.
97 21. Harris R, Lohr KN. Screening for prostate cancer: an update of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2002;137(11):917-29.
22. Auvinen A, Maattanen L, Finne P et al. Test sensitivity of prostate-specific antigen in the Finnish randomised prostate cancer screening trial. Int J Cancer 2004;111(6):940-3.
23. Candas B, Cusan L, Gomez JL et al. Evaluation of prostatic specific antigen and digital rectal examination as screening tests for prostate cancer. Prostate 2000;45(1):19-35.
24. Maattanen L, Hakama M, Tammela TL et al. Specificity of serum prostate-specific antigen determination in the Finnish prostate cancer screening trial. Br J Cancer 2007;96(1):56-60.
25. McLernon DJ, Donnan PT, Gray M et al. Receiver operating characteristics of the prostate specific antigen test in an unselected population. J Med Screen 2006;13(2):102-7.
26. McNeal JE. Normal histology of the prostate. Am J Surg Pathol. 1988 Aug;12(8):619-33.
27. Bostwick DG, Cooner WH, Denis L et al. The association of benign prostatic hyperplasia and cancer of the prostate. Cancer. 1992 Jul 1;70(1 Suppl):291-301.
28. Bostwick DG, Cheng L. Precursors of prostate cancer. Histopathology. 2012 Jan;60(1):4-27.
29. Steiner MS. High grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia is a disease. Curr. Urol.
Rep. 2001; 2; 195–198.
30. Kronz JD, Allan CH, Shaikh AA et al. Predicting cancer following a diagnosis of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia on needle biopsy: data on men with more than one follow-up biopsy. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2001; 25; 1079–1085.
31. Gaudin PB, Epstein JI. Adenosis of the prostate. Histologic features in transurethral resection specimens. Am J Surg Pathol. 1994; 18: 863-870.
32. Kvale R, Moller B, Wahlqvist R et al. Concordance between Gleason Scores of needle biopsies and radical prostatectomy specimens: a population-based study.
BJU Int. 2009 Jun;103(12):1647-54.
33. Helpap B, Egevad L. The value of the modified Gleason grading system of prostate adenocarcinoma in routine urological diagnostics. Urologe A. 2007 Jan;46(1):59-62.
98 34. Prof. Dr. med. J. Sökeland und Dr. med. Hubert E. Weiß (2012). Klassifikation des Prostatakarzinoms. (Accessed October 2 2013, at http://www.prostata.de/pca_klassifikation.html)
35. Pierorazio PM, Walsh PC, Partin AW et al. Prognostic Gleason grade grouping:
data based on the modified Gleason scoring system. BJU Int. 2013 May;111(5):753-60.
36. Miyake H, Muramaki M, Furukawa J et al. Prognostic significance of primary Gleason pattern in Japanese men with Gleason score 7 prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy. Urol Oncol. 2012 May 30.
37. Obek C, Louis P, Civantos F et al. Comparison of digital rectal examination and biopsy results with the radical prostatectomy specimen. J. Urol. 1999; 161; 494–
498.
38. Cheng L, Montironi R, Bostwick DG et al. Staging of prostate cancer.
Histopathology. 2012 Jan;60(1):87-117.
39. Eichelberger LE, Koch MO, Daggy JK et al. Predicting tumor volume in radical prostatectomy specimens from patients with prostate cancer. Am J Clin Pathol. 2003 Sep;120(3):386-91.
40. Eichelberger LE, Koch MO, Eble JN et al. Maximum tumor diameter is an independent predictor of prostate specific antigen recurrence in prostate cancer.
Mod. Pathol. 2005; 18; 886–890.
41. D’Amico AV, Whittington R, Malkowicz SB et al. Pretreatment nomogram for prostate-specific antigen recurrence after radical prostatectomy or external-beam radiation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1999 Jan;17(1):168-72.
42. Prostate. In: Edge SB, Byrd DR, Compton CC et al. eds. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 7th ed. New York, NY: Springer; 2010:457-68.
43. Makarov DV, Trock BJ, Humphreys EB et al. Updated nomogram to predict pathologic stage of prostate cancer given prostate-specific antigen level, clinical stage, and biopsy Gleason score (Partin tables) based on cases from 2000 to 2005. Urology. 2007 Jun;69(6):1095-101.
44. Weissbach L, Stuerzebecher S, Mumperow E et al. HAROW: the first comprehensive prospective observational study comparing treatment options in localized prostate cancer.World J Urol. 2016 May;34(5):641-7.
99 45. Thomsen FB, Brasso K, Klotz LH et al. Active surveillance for clinically localized
prostate cancer – a systematic review. J Surg Oncol. 2014 Jun;109(8):830-5.
46. Klotz LH, Goldenberg SL, Jewett MA et al. Long-term followup of a randomized trial of 0 versus 3 months of neoadjuvant androgen ablation before radical prostatectomy. J Urol. 2003 Sep;170(3):791-4.
47. Lu-Yao GL, Albertsen PC, Moore DF et al. Fifteen-year survival outcomes following primary androgen-deprivation therapy for localized prostate cancer.
JAMA Intern Med. 2014 Sep;174(9):1460-7.
48. Hoffman RM, Koyama T, Fan KH et al. Mortality after radical prostatectomy or external beam radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2013 May 15;105(10):711-8.
49. Nepple KG, Stephenson AJ, Kallogjeri D et al. Mortality after prostate cancer treatment with radical prostatectomy, external-beam radiation therapy, or brachytherapy in men without comorbidity. Eur Urol. 2013 Sep;64(3):372-8.
50. Wallis CJ, Saskin R, Choo R et al. Surgery Versus Radiotherapy for Clinically-localized Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Eur Urol. 2016 Jul;70(1):21-30.
51. Westover K, Chen MH, Moul J et al. Radical prostatectomy vs radiation therapy and androgen-suppression therapy in high-risk prostate cancer. BJU Int. 2012 Oct;110(8):1116-21.
52. Boorjian SA, Karnes RJ, Viterbo R et al. Long-term survival after radical prostatectomy versus external-beam radiotherapy for patients with high-risk prostate cancer. Cancer. 2011 Jul 1;117(13):2883-91.
53. Bolla M, Van Tienhoven G, Warde P et al. External irradiation with or without long-term androgen suppression for prostate cancer with high metastatic risk:10-year results of an EORTC randomised study. Lancet Oncol. 2010 Nov;11(11):1066-73.
54. D'Amico AV, Chen MH, Renshaw AA et a. Androgen suppression and radiation vs radiation alone for prostate cancer: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2008 Jan 23;299(3):289-95.
55. Kupelian PA, Potters L, Khuntia D et al. Radical prostatectomy, external beam radiotherapy <72 Gy, external beam radiotherapy > or =72 Gy, permanentseed implantation, or combined seeds/external beam radiotherapy
100 for stage T1-T2 prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004 Jan 1;58(1):25-33.
56. Deger S, Boehmer D, Roigas J et al. High dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy with conformal radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 2005 Apr;47(4):441-8. Epub 2005 Jan 18.
57. Corn BW, Hanks GE, Schultheiss TE et al. Conformal treatment of prostate cancer with improved targeting: superior prostate-specific antigen response compared to standard treatment. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1995 May 15;32(2):325-30.
58. Perez CA, Michalski JM, Purdy JA et al. Three-dimensional conformal therapy or standard irradiation in localized carcinoma of prostate: preliminary results of a nonrandomized comparison. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000 Jun 1;47(3):629-37.
59. Morris DE, Emami B, Mauch PM et al. Evidence-based review of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer: an ASTRO outcomes initiative. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005 May 1;62(1):3-19.
60. Hardcastle N, Davies A, Foo K et al. Rectal dose reduction with IMRT for prostate radiotherapy. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 2010 Jun;54(3):235-48.
61. Sheets NC, Goldin GH, Meyer AM et al. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy, proton therapy, or conformal radiation therapy and morbidity and disease control in localized prostate cancer. JAMA. 2012 Apr 18;307(15):1611-20.
62. Thor M, Olsson CE, Oh JH et al. Radiation Dose to the Penile Structures and Patient-Reported Sexual Dysfunction in Long-Term Prostate Cancer Survivors. J Sex Med. 2015 Dec;12(12):2388-97.
63. Aznar MC, Petersen PM, Logadottir A et al. Rotational radiotherapy for prostate cancer in clinical practice. Radiother Oncol. 2010 Dec;97(3):480-4.
64. Poon DM, Kam M, Leung CM et al. Dosimetric Advantages and Superior Treatment Delivery Efficiency of RapidArc over Conventional Intensity-modulated Radiotherapy in High-risk Prostate Cancer Involving Seminal Vesicles and Pelvic Nodes. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2013 Dec;25(12):706-12.
65. Ishii K, Ogino R, Okada W et al. A dosimetric comparison of RapidArc and IMRT with hypofractioned simultaneous integrated boost to the prostate for treatment of prostate cancer.Br J Radiol. 2013 Oct;86(1030):20130199.
101 66. Ost P, Speelers B, De Meerleer G et al. Volumetric arc therapy and
intensity-modulated radiotherapy for primary prostate radiotherapy with simultaneous integrated boost to intraprostatic lesion with 6 and 18 mv: a planning comparison study. Int. J. Radiation Oncology Biol. Phys., Vol. 79, No. 3, pp. 920–926, 2011.
67. Ren W, Sun C, Lu N et al. Dosimetric comparison of intensity-modulated radiotherapy and volumetric-modulated arc radiotherapy in patients with prostate cancer: a meta-analysis. J Appl Clin Med Phys. 2016 Nov 8;17(6):6464.
68. ICRU. ICRU report Vol. 50. Bethesda: International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements; 1993. Prescribing, recording, and reporting photon-beam therapy.
69. ICRU. ICRU report Vol. 62. Bethesda: International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements; 199. Prescribing, recording, and reporting photon-beam therapy intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT).
70. ICRU (2010). ICRU report Vol. 83. Bethesda: International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements; 1993. Prescribing, recording, and reporting photon-beam therapy.
71. Elith CA, Dempsey SE, Warren-Forward HM. Comparing four volumetric modulated arc therapy beam arrangements for the treatment of early-stage prostate cancer. J Med Radiat Sci. 2014 Jun;61(2):91-101.
72. Shaw E, Kline R, Gillin M et al. Radiation Therapy Oncology Group: radiosurgery quality assurance guidelines. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1993 Dec 1;27(5):1231-9.
73. Lefkopoulos D, Dejean C, El-Balma H, et al. Determination of dose-volumes parameters to characterise the conformity of stereotactic treatment plans. Proc.
of the XIIIth Intern. Conf. on: “Computers in Radiation Therapy,” XIIIth ICCR, Heidelberg, Germany. 2000;356 –358.
74. Lomax NJ, Scheib SG. Quantifying the degree of conformity in radiosurgery treatment planning. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003 Apr 1;55(5):1409-19.
75. Van’t Riet A, Mak AC, Moerland MH et al. A conformation number to quantify the degree of conformality in brachytherapy and external beam irradiation:
application to the prostate. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1997 Feb 1;37(3):731-6.
76. Hanks GE, Leibel SA, Krall JM et al. Patterns of care studies: dose-response observations for local control of adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1985 Jan;11(1):153-7.
102 77. Pollack A, Smith LG, von Eschenbach AC. External beam radiotherapy dose response characteristics of 1127 men with prostate cancer treated in the PSA era. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000 Sep 1;48(2):507-12.
78. Pollack A, Zagars GK, Starkschall G et al. Prostate cancer radiation dose response: results of the M.D. Anderson phase III randomized trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002 Aug 1;53(5):1097-105.
79. Kuban DA, Tucker SL, Dong L et al. Long-term results of the M.D. Anderson randomized dose-escalation trial for prostate cancer. Int. J. Radiation Oncology Biol. Phys., Vol. 70, No. 1, pp. 67–74, 2008.
80. Heemsbergen WD, Al-Mamgani A, Slot A et al. Long-term results of the Dutch randomized prostate cancer trial: Impact of dose-escalation on local, biochemical, clinical failure, and survival. Radiotherapy and Oncology 110 (2014) 104–109.
81. Michalski J, Winter K, Roach M et al. Clinical Outcome of Patients Treated With 3D Conformal Radiation Therapy (3D-CRT) for Prostate Cancer on RTOG 9406.
Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012 Jul 1;83(3):e363-70.
82. Zietman AL, Bae K, Slater JD et al. Randomized Trial Comparing Conventional-Dose With High-Conventional-Dose Conformal Radiation Therapy in Early-Stage Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate: Long-Term Results From Proton Radiation Oncology Group/American College of Radiology 95-09. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Mar 1;28(7):1106-11.
83. Kupelian PA, Buchsbaum JC, Reddy Ca et al. Radiation dose response in patients with favorable localized prostate cancer (stage T1–T2, biopsy gleason <
6, and pretreatment prostate-specific antigen < 10). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001 Jul 1;50(3):621-5.
84. Dearnaley DP, Jovic G, Syndikus I et al. Escalated-dose versus control-dose conformal radiotherapyfor prostate cancer: long-term results from the MRC RT01 randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 2014; 15: 464–73.
85. Spratt DE, Pei X, Yamada J et al. Long-term Survival and Toxicity in Patients Treated With High-Dose Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy for Localized Prostate Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2013 Mar 1;85(3):686-92.
86. Fonteyne V, Villeirs G, Lumen N et al. Urinary toxicity after high dose intensity modulated radiotherapy as primary therapy for prostate cancer. Radiotherapy and Oncology 92 (2009) 42–47.
103 87. Fonteyne V, Ost P, Vanpachtenbeke F et al. Rectal toxicity after intensity modulated radiotherapy for prostate cancer: Which rectal dose volume constraints should we use? Radiotherapy and Oncology 113 (2014) 398–403.
88. Michalski JM, Yan Y, Watkins-Bruner D et al. Preliminary Toxicity Analysis of 3-Dimensional Conformal Radiation Therapy Versus Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy on the High-Dose Arm of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 0126 Prostate Cancer Trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2013 Dec 1;87(5):932-8.
89. Zelefsky MJ, Kollmeier M, Cox B et al. Improved Clinical Outcomes With High-Dose Image Guided Radiotherapy Compared With Non-IGRT for the Treatment of Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012 Sep 1;84(1):125-9.
90. Pederson AW, Fricano J, Correa D et al. Late toxicity after intensity-modulated radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer: an exploration of dose–volume histogram parameters to limit genitourinary and gastrointestinal toxicity. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012 Jan 1;82(1):235-41.
91. Mellon EA, Javedan K, Strom TJ et al. A dosimetric comparison of volumetric modulated arc therapy with step-and-shoot intensity modulated radiation therapy for prostate cancer. Pract Radiat Oncol. 2015 Jan-Feb;5(1):11-5.
92. Cakir A, Akgun Z, Fayda M et al. Comparison of Three Dimensional Conformal Radiation Therapy, Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy and Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy for Low Radiation Exposure of Normal Tissue in Patients with Prostate Cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2015;16(8):3365-70.
93. Onal C, Arslan G, Parlak C et al. Comparison of IMRT and VMAT plans with different energy levels using Monte-Carlo algorithm for prostate cancer. Jpn J Radiol. 2014 Apr;32(4):224-32.
94. Elith CA, Dempsey SE, Warren-Forward HM. A retrospective planning analysis comparing intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) to volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) using two optimization algorithms for the treatment of early-stage prostate cancer. J Med Radiat Sci. 2013 Sep;60(3):84-92.
95. Hardcastle N, Tomé WA, Foo K et al. Comparison of prostate IMRT and VMAT biologically optimized treatment plans. Med Dosim. 2011 Autumn;36(3):292-8.
96. Uguluer G, Akbas T, Arpaci T et al. Bone complications after pelvic radiation therapy: Evaluation with MRI. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 2014;58(3):334-40.
104 97. Sale C, Moloney P. Dose comparisons for conformal, IMRT and VMAT prostate
plans. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 2011 Dec;55(6):611-21.
98. Huang J, Kestin LL, Ye H et al. Analysis of second malignancies after modern radiotherapy versus prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer. Radiother Oncol. 2011 Jan;98(1):81-6.
99. Murray L, Henry A, Hoskin P et al. Second primary cancers after radiation for prostate cancer: A systematic review of the clinical data and impact of treatment technique. Radiother Oncol. 2014 Feb;110(2):213-28.
100. Wallis CJ, Mahar AL, Choo R et al. Second malignancies after radiotherapy for prostate cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2016 Mar 2;352:i851.
101. Rivin del Campo E, Thomas K, Weinberg V et al. Erectile dysfunction after radiotherapy for prostate cancer: a model assessing the conflicting literature on dose-volume effects. Int J Impot Res. 2013 Sep;25(5):161-5.
102. Magli A, Giangreco M, Crespi M et al. Erectile dysfunction after prostate three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy. Strahlenther Onkol. 2012 Nov;188(11):997-1002.
103. Pinkawa M, Piroth MD, Holy R et al. Combination of Dose Escalation with Technological Advances (Intensity-Modulated and Image-Guided Radiotherapy) Is Not Associated with Increased Morbidity for Patients with Prostate Cancer.
Strahlenther Onkol. 2011 Aug;187(8):479-84.
104. Cheung R, Tucker SL, Dong L et al. Investigation of bladder dose and volume factors influencing late urinary toxicity after external beam radiotherapy for prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007 March 15; 67(4): 1059–1065.
105. Zhang P, Happersett L, Hunt M et al. Volumetric modulated arc therapy : planning and evaluation for prostate cancer cases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010 Apr;76(5):1456-62.
105