There is a number of references available, which describes the analysis of latexes by AUC in terms of particle size and density distribution. To allow for a faster literature research for a certain system, we have compiled literature examples below sorted by systems.
Latexes
Polystyrene [35,36,76,92,93]; Polystyrene, Polybutylacrylatestyrene, Polybutadiene and Polyethylacrylate [34]; Polystyrene, Polybutylacrylate (also styrene and acrylonitrile grafted), Polybutadiene, acrylic homopolymer and copolymer dispersions [65]; Polychloropropene [59]; Polystyrene, Polystyrene/Polybutadiene, Polystyrene-co-butadiene, Polychloropropene [62]; Polystyrene, Polystyrene-co-butadiene, styrene and acrylonitrile grafted Polybutadiene [26]; Polyurethane [94]; Polystyrene, Polybutadiene, Polybutylacrylate-co-butadiene [81]; Poly(butyl cyanoacrylate) [64]; protein
grafted polystyrene [95]; polystyrene core shell and inverted core shell particles [96].
Microgels
Styrene-Butadiene [87]; Acrylic acid [97]; Polystyrene-Poly-4-vinylpyridine microgels [98]; Polystyrene-polyethyleneglycol latexes [99]; human serum albumin microgels [100,101]; Poly(N-isopropylacryalamide) [91].
6. Conclusions
We presented not only the topical results on size determination of polymer latexes, but also the relevant extensions to determination of size – density correlation, of density distribution, of hybrid particles, of interaction between colloidal components and of swelling degrees. AUC resolves an individual peak width of less than 3%, such that AUC is the reference method for the polydispersity and shape of size distributions. If the parameters of particle density, solvent density and viscosity are known, AUC is an absolute technique that determines correct diameters and shares for 10-component latex mixtures from sub-10 nm to ~ 5 µm diameter. Beyond size distributions, the dependence of sedimentation speeds on buoyant density is turned into a unique analysis opportunity by the methods of correlated size/density analysis and density gradients, AUC thus determines the chemical homogeneity of latexes via their density distribution. In the case of core-shell latexes and other nano-hybrids, the density approach is complementary to the size approach, but more precise and resolved with 0.002 g/cm³, corresponding to few-% resolution of chemical composition.
Due to the fractionation, AUC is powerful for the analysis of hybrid colloids and of interacting colloids, because mixtures and their association or complexing behavior can be quantified.
If all the above is true, why is AUC such a rare technique? First, and most importantly, the investment of buying an AUC from commercial sources (i.e., Beckman-Coulter) involves a multiple of the usual prices for rivaling techniques. Notably, DLS and AUC cover nominally the same size range of applicability, but none of the multimodal, mixed, hybrid and interacting samples (section 4) are accessible to DLS. Secondly, for AUC both the measurement preparation and the evaluation of the data take more time and thought than one-button black-box instruments. The reward is clearly the much broader range of nasty samples that are accessible. The wealth of information that we extract from colloidal samples with AUC goes far beyond sizes, and this wealth certainly justifies the investment for a
research-oriented lab. But also for simple quality control the AUC will in future be an alternative with the advent of open-source new, cheap and powerful hardware [7].
7. Acknowledgements
We gratefully acknowledge excellent laboratory support by Antje Völkel (MPI), Michael Kaiser, Sven Machauer, Monika Page, Manfred Stadler, Klaus Vilsmeier and Karl-Heinz Zimmermann (all BASF).
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