ADAMS, H.R. (1995): Antiarrhythmic agents. In: Adams HR. ed. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Ames: Iowa State Press, 358-371
ALLEN, D., N.A. WHITE and D.E. TYLER (1988): Morphologic effects of experimental distention of equine small intestine. Vet. Surg. 17, 10-14
ALLEN, D., N.A. WHITE and D.E. TYLER (1986): Factors for prognostic use in equine obstructive small intestinal disease. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 18, 777-779
BAUER, A.J. and G.E. BOECKXSTAENS (2004): Mechanisms of postoperative ileus.
Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 16, 54-60
BAYLISS, W.M. and E.H. STARLING (1899): The movements and innervation of the small intestine. J. Physiol. 24, 99-143
BLIKSLAGER, A.T., K.F. BOWMAN, J.F. LEVINE, D.G. BRISTOL and M.C.
ROBERTS (1994): Evaluation of risk factors associated with postoperative ileus in horses: 31 cases (1990-1992). J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 205, 1748-1752
BRIANCEAU, P., H. CHEVALIER, A. KARAS, M.H. COURT, L. BASSAGE, C.
KIRKER-HEAD, P. PROVOST and M.R. PARADIS (2002): Intravenous lidocaine and small-intestinal size, abdominal fluid, and outcome after colic surgery in horses. J.
Vet. Intern. Med. 16, 736-741
BURTON, K.P., H.K. HAGLER, G.H. TEMPLETON, J.T. WILLERSON and L.M.
BUJA (1977): Lanthanum probe studies of cellular pathology induced by hypoxia in isolated cardiac muscle. J. Clin. Invest. 60, 1289-1302
BODDY, G., A. BONG, W.J. CHO and E.E. DANIEL (2004): ICC pacing mechanisms in intact mouse intestine differ from those in cultured or dissected intestine. Am. J.
Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 286, 653-662
CAJAL, R.V. (1893): Sur les ganglions et plexus nerveux d`intestine. C. R. Soc. Biol.
(Paris) 5, 217-223
CAJAL, R.V. (1911): Histologie du systeme` nerveux de l`homme et des vertebres.
(Paris) Malone
CASSUTO, J., G. WALLIM and S. HOGSTROM (1985): Inhibition of postoperative pain by continuous low-dose intravenous infusion of lidocaine. Anasth. Analg. 64, 971-974
CASSUTO, B.H. and R.W. GFELLNER (2003): Use of intravenous lidocaine to prevent reperfusion injury and subsequent multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. J.
Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care 13, 137-148
CATTERALL, W.A. (2002): Molecular mechanisms of gating and drug block of sodium channels. Novartis Found. Symp. 241, 206–32
CHANG, I.Y., N.J. GLASGOW, I. TAKAYAMA, K. HORIGUCHI, K.M. SANDERS and S.M. WARD (2001): Loss of interstitial cells of Cajal and development of electrical dysfunction in murine small bowel obstruction. J. Physiol. 536.2, 555-568
CHIU, C.J., A.H. McARDLE and R. BROWN (1970): The intestinal lesion in low flow states: A morphologic, hemodynamic, and reappraisal. Arch. Surg. 101, 478
COHEN, M.V. (1989): Free radicals in ischemic and reperfusion myocardial injury: a selective review. Ann. Int. Med. 111, 918-931
COHEN, N.D., G.D. LESTER, L.C. SANCHEZ, A.M. MERRITT and A.J. ROUSSEL (2004): Evaluation of risk factors associated with development of postoperative ileus in horses. J. Am. Vet. Med. Ass. 225, 1080-1078
COLLARD, C.D. and S. GELMAN (2001): Pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and prevention of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Anesthesiol. 94, 1133-8
COOK, V.L., J. JONES SHULTS, M. McDOWELL, N.B. CAMPBELL, J.L. DAVIS and A.T. BLIKSLAGER (2008): Attenuation of ischaemic injury in the equine jejunum by administration of systemic lidocaine. Equine Vet. J. 40, 353-357.
COOKE, H.J. (1994): Neuroimmune signalling in regulation of intestinal ion transport.
Am. J. Physiol. 266, 167-178
COSTA, M. and S.J. BROOKES (1994): The enteric nervous system. Am. J.
Gastroenterol. 89, 129-137
DABAREINER, R.M., K.E. SULLINS, N.A. WHITE and J.R. SNYDER (2001): Serosal injury in the equine jejunum and ascending colon after ischemia-reperfusion or intraluminal distention and decompression. Vet. Surg. 30, 114-125
DABAREINER, R.M., J.R. SNYDER, K.E. SULLINS, N.A. WHITE and I.A.
GARDNER (1993): Evaluation of the microcirculation of the equine jejunum and ascending colon after ischemia and reperfusion. Am. J. Vet. Res. 54, 1683-92
DART, A.J. and D.R. HODGSON (1998): Role of prokinetic drugs for the treatment of postoperative ileus in the horse. Aust. Vet. J. 76, 25-30
DeKLAVIER, M.J.M., M.G. BUCKINGHAM and G.F. RICH (2003): Lidocaine attenuates cytokine-induced cell injury in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. Anesth. Anal. 97, 465-470
DeVILLERS, D.R. (1966): Ischemia of the colon: An experimental study. J. Surg. 53, 497-503
DRIESSEN, B. (2005): Intravenöse Lidokain-Infusion bei der Kombinationsnarkose in der Bauchhöhlenchirurgie: Hintergrund und klinische Erfahrungen. Pferdeheilkunde 21, 133-141
DOHERTY, T.J. and D.L. FRAZIER (1998): Effect of intravenous lidocaine on halothane minimum concentration in ponies. Equine Vet. J. 30, 300-303
DULLENKOPF, A. and A. BORGEAT (2003): Lokalanästhetika. Anaesthesist 52,329-340
DZIKITI, T.B., L.J. HELLEBREKERS and P. van DIJK (2003): Effects of intravenous lidocaine on isoflurane concentration, physiological parameters, metabolic parameters and stress-related hormones in horses undergoing surgery. J. Vet. Med.
A. Physiol. Pathol. Clin. Med. 50, 190-195
EDWARDS, G.B., and J.M. HUNT (1985): An analysis of the incidence of equine postoperative ileus (POI) and an assessment of the predisposing factors. Proc.
Equine Colic Res. Symp. 2, 307-312
EADES, S.C. and J.N. MOORE (1993): Blockade of endotoxin- induced cecal hypoperfusion and ileus with an α - 2 agonist in horses. Am. J. Vet. Res. 54, 586-590
EMSTER, L. (1988): Biochemistry of reoxygenation injury. Crit. Care Med. 16, 947-953
ENDERLE, A.K., O.L. LEVIONNOIS, M. KUHN and U. SCHATZMANN (2008):
Clinical evaluation of ketamine and lidocaine intravenous infusions to reduce
isoflurane requirements in horses under general anaesthesia. Vet. Anaesth. Anal. 35, 297-305
FEARY, D.J., K.R. MAMA, A.E. WAGNER and S. THOMASY (2005): Influence of general anesthesia on pharmacokinetics of intravenous lidocaine infusion in horses.
Am. J. Vet. Res. 66, 574-580
FEARY, D.J., K.R. MAMA, S.M. THOMASY, A.E. WAGNER and R.M. ENNS (2006):
Influence of gastrointestinal tract disease on pharmacokinetics of lidocaine after intravenous infusion in anesthetized horses. Am. J. Vet. Res. 67, 317-322
FINTL, C., N.P.H. HUDSON, I.G. MAYHEW, G.B. EDWARDS, C.J. PROUDMAN and G.T. PEARSON (2004): Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) in equine colic: an immunohistochemical study of horses with obstructive disorders of the small and large intestines. Equine Vet. J. 36, 474-480
FLECKENSTEIN, P., L. BUENO, J. FIORAMONTI and Y. RUCKEBUSCH (1982):
Minute rhythm of electrical spike bursts of the small intestine of different species. Am.
Physiol. Society 242, 654-659
FREEMAN, D.E., R.E. CIMPRICH, D.W. RICHARDSON, D.G. GENTILE, E.A.
ORSINI, E.P. TULLENERES and J.P. FETROW (1988): Early mucosal healing and chronic changes in pony jejunum after various types of strangulation obstruction. Am.
J. Vet. Res. 29, 810-818
FRENCH, N.P., J. SMITH, G.B. EDWARDS and C.J. PROUDMAN (2002): Equine surgical colic: risk factors for postoperative complications. Equine Vet. J. 34, 444-449
FREYTAG, C., J. SEEGER, T. SIEGEMUND, J. GROSCHE, A. GROSCHE, D.E.
FREEMAN, G. SCHUSSER and W. HÄRTIG (2008): Immunohistochemical
characterization and quantitative analysis of neurons in the myenteric plexus of the equine intestine. Brain Res. 1244, 53-64
FONTANA, R., K. LOWN , M. PAINE, L. FORTLAGE, R. SANTELLA, J. FELTON, M.
KNIZE, A. GREENBERG and P. WATKINS (1999): Effects of a chargrilled meat diet on expression of CYP3A, CYP1A, and P-glycoprotein levels in healthy volunteers.
Gastroenterol. 117, 89–98
FURNESS, J.B. and J.C. BORNSTEIN (1995): The enteric nervous system and its intrinsic connections. In: YAMADA, T., ed. Textbook of gastroenterology. 2nd edition, Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott. 1, 2-24
GABELLA, G. (1972): Innervation of the intestinal muscular coat. J. Neurocytol. 1, 341-62
GARLICK, P.B., G.K. RADDA and P.J. SEELY (1979): Studies of acidosis in the ischemic heart by phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance. Biochem. J. 184, 547-554
GERRING, E. L. and J.M. HUNT (1986): Pathophysiology of equine postoperative ileus: effect of adrenergic blockade, parasympathetic stimulation, and metoclopramide in an experimental model. Equine Vet. J. 18, 249-255
GERSHON, M.D., A.L. KIRCHGESSNER and P.R. WADE (1994): Functional anatomy of enteric nervous system. In: JOHNSON, J.L., ed. Physiology of the gastrointestinal tract. 3rd edition, New York: Raven Press, 381-422
GOYAL, R.K. and I. HIRANO (1996): The enteric nervous system. New Engl. J. Med.
334, 1106-1115
GROSCHE, A., A.J. MORTON, M.M.R. POLYAK, S. MATYJASZEK and D.E.
FREEMAN (2008): Detection of calprotectin and its correlation to the accumulation of neutrophils within the equine large colon during ischaemia and reperfusion. Equine Vet. J. 40, 393-399
GUSCHLBAUER, M., S. HOPPE, F. GEBUREK, K. FEIGE and K. HUBER (2010): In vitro effects of lidocaine on the contractility of equine jejunal smooth muscle challenged by ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Equine Vet. J. 42, 53-58
GRACE, R.H. (1971): The handling of water and electrolytes by the small bowel following the relief on intestinal obstruction. Br. J. Surg. 58, 760
GRANGER, D.N., M. SENNETT, P. McELEARNEY and A.E. TAYLOR (1980): Effect of local arterial hypotension on cat intestinal capillary permeability. Gastroenterol. 79, 474-480
GROUDINE, S.B., H.A.G. FISHER, R.P. KAUFMANN, M.K. PATEL, L.J. WILKINS, S.A. MEHTA and P.D. LUMB (1998): Intravenous lidocaine speeds the return of bowel function, decreases postoperative pain, and shortens hospital stay in patients undergoing radical retropubic prostatectomy. Anesth. Analg. 86, 235-9
HABER, F. and J. WEISS (1934): The catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by iron salts. Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A. 147, 332-351
HAMMER, R., C. DAHLGREN and O. STENDAHL (1985): Inhibition of human leucocyte metabolism and random mobility by local anaesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol.
Scand. 29, 520-523
HEARSE, D.J. (1979): Oxygen deprivation and early myocardial contractile failure: A reassessment of the possible role of adenosine triphosphate. Am. J. Cardiol. 44, 1115-1121
HEARSE, D.J. and S.M. HUMPHREY (1978): Enzyme release during myocardial anoxia: A study of metabolic protection. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 7,463-483
HOOROBIN, D.F. and M.S. MANKU (1977): Roles of prostaglandins suggested by the prostaglandin agonist/antagonist actions of local anaesthetic, anti-arrhythmic, anti-malarial, tricyclic anti-depressant and methyl xanthine compounds, effects on membranes and nucleic acid function. Med. Hypotheses 3, 71-86
HOROWITZ, B., S.M. WARD and K.M. SANDERS (1999): Cellular and molecular basis for electrical rhythmicity in gastrointestinal muscles. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 61, 19-43
HUIZINGA, J.D., L. THUNEBERG, M. KLÜPPEL, J. MALYSZ, H.B. MIKKELSEN and A. BERNSTEIN (1995): W/kit gene required for interstitial cells of Cajal and for intestinal pacemaker activity. Nature 373, 347-349
HUIZINGA, J.D. (1998): Neural injury, repair, and adaptation in the GI tract IV.
Pathophysiology of GI motility related to interstitial cells of Cajal. Am. J. Physiol. 18, G381-G386
HUIZINGA, J.D., Y. ZHU, J. YE and A. MOLLEMAN (2002): High-conductance chloride channels generate pacemaker currents in interstitial cells of Cajal.
Gastroenterol. 123,1627-1636
HUNT, J.M. and E.L. GERRING (1985): The effect of prostaglandin E1 on motility of the equine gut. J. Pharmacol. Therapy 8, 165-166
HUNT, J.M., G.B. EDWARDS and K.W. CLARKE (1986): Incidence, diagnosis and treatment of postoperative complications in colic cases. Equine Vet. J. 18, 264-270
HONDEGHEM L.C. and D.M. RODEN (1998): Agents used in cardiac arrhythmias. In: Katzung BG. ed. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. New York:
Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill, 232-233
ITOH, Z., R. HONDA and S. TAKEUCHI (1977): An extraluminal force transducer for recording contractile activity of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle in the conscious dog; its construction and implantation. Gastroenterol. Jpn. 12, 275-283
JENNINGS, R.B. (1976): Cell volume regulation in acute myocardial ischemic injury.
Acta Med. Scan. 587, 83-92
JENNINGS, R.B. and C.E. GANOTE (1976): Mitochondrial structure and function in acute myocardial injury. Circ. Res. 38, 80-91
KEHRER, J.P. (2000): The Haber-Weiss reaction and mechanisms of toxicity.
Toxicol. 149, 43-50
KING, J.N. and E.L. GERRING (1989): Antagonism of endotoxin-induced disruption of bowel motility by flunixin and phenylbutazone. Equine Vet. J. Suppl. 7, 38-42
KING, J.N. and E.L. GERRING (1991): The action of low dose endotoxin on equine bowel motility. Equine Vet. J. 23, 11-17
KLÜPPEL, M., J.D. HUIZINGA, J. MALYSZ and A. BERNSTEIN (1998):
Developmental origin and kit-dependent development of the interstitial cells of Cajal in the mammalian small intestine. Dev. Dyn. 211, 60-71.
KONG, S.E., L.R. BLENNERHASSET, K.A. HEEL, M. McCAULEY and J.C. HALL (1998): Ischaemia-reperfusion injury to the intestine. Aust. N. Z. J. Surg. 68, 554-561
KUNZE, W.A.A. and J.B. FURNESS (1999): The enteric nervous system and regulation of intestinal motility. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 61, 117-42
KÜBLER, W. and A.M. KATZ (1977): Mechanisms of early pump failure of the ischemic heart: Possible role of adenosine triphosphate depletion and inorganic phosphor accumulation. Am. J. Cardiol. 40, 467-471
LAHAV, M., M. LEVITE, L. BASSANI, A. LANG, H. FIDDER, R. TAL, S. BAR-MEIR, S. MAYER and Y. CHOWERS (2002): Lidocaine inhibits secretion of 8 and IL-1beta and stimulates secretion of IL-1 receptor antagonist by epithelial cells. Clin.
Exp. Immunol. 127, 226-233
LAN, W., D. HARMON, J.H. WANG, K. GHORI, G. SHORTEN and P. REDMOND (2004): The effect of lidocaine on in vitro neutrophil and endothelial adhesion molecule expression induced by plasma obtained during tourniquet-induced ischaemia and reperfusion. Eur. J. Anaesthesiol. 21, 892-897
LANTOS, J., E. ROTH and G. THEMES (1996): Effects of lidocaine on cerebral lipid peroxidation and neutrophil activation following complete compression ischemia.
Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther. 331, 179-188
LECOIN, L., G. GABELLA and N. Le DOUARIN (1996): Origin of the c-kit positive interstitial cells in the avian bowel. Development 122, 725-733
LIEBICH, H.G. (1993): Funktionelle Histologie – Farbatlas und Kurzlehrbuch der mikroskopischen Anatomie der Haussäugetiere. Schattauer Verlag. 2, 181-190
LITTLE, D., J.E. TOMLINSON and A.T. BLIKSLAGER (2005): Postoperative neutrophilic inflammation in equine small intestine after manipulation and ischaemia.
Equine Vet. J. 37, 329-335
LÖEFGREN N. (1948): Studies on local anesthetics. Svenksa Kem. Todskr. 58, 206
LUNDGREN, O., J. SVANVIK and J. JIVEGARD (1989): Enteric nervous system. I.
Physiology and pathophysiology of the intestinal tract. Dig. Dis. Sci. 34, 264-283
LUNEGREN, O. and U. HAGLUND (1978): The pathophysiology of the intestinal counter-current exchange. Life Sci. 23, 1411-1422
MacDONALD, M.H., J.R. PASCOE, S.M. STOVER and D.M. MEAGHER (1989):
Survival after small intestine resection and anastomosis in horses. Vet. Surg. 18, 415-423
MacGREGOR, R.R., R.E. THORNER and D.M. WRIGHT (1980): Lidocaine inhibits granulocyte adherence and prevents granulocyte delivery to inflammatory sites.
Blood 56, 203-209
MAEDA, H., A. YAMAGATA, S. NISHIKAWA, K. YOSHINAGA, S. KOBAYASHI and K. NISHI (1992): Requirement of c-kit for development of intestinal pacemaker system. Develop. 116,369-375
MAIR, T.S. and G.B. EDWARDS (2003): Strangulating obstructions of the small intestine. Equine Vet. Educ. 15, 192-199
MAMA, K.R. and E.P. STEFFEY (2001): Drugs acting in the central nervous system, local anesthetics. In: ADAMS, H.R., ed. Veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics.
8th ed. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press; 355-359
MALONE, E., T.A. TURNER and J.H. WILSON (1999): Intravenous lidocaine for treatment of equine ileus. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 13, 229
MALONE, E., J. ENSINK, T. TURNER, J. WILSON, F.M. ANDREWS, K. KEEGAN and J. LUMSDEN (2006): Intravenous continuous infusion of lidocaine for treatment of equine ileus. Vet. Surg. 35, 60-66
MESCHTER, C.L., D.E. TYLER, N.A. WHITE and J. MOORE (1986): Histologic findings in the gastrointestinal tract of horses with colic. Am. J. Vet. Res. 47, 598-606
MEYER, G.A., H.C. LIN, R.R. HANSON and T.L. HAYES (2001): Effects of intravenous lidocaine overdose on cardiac electrical activity and blood pressure in the horse. Equine vet. J. 33, 434-437
MILLIGAN, M., W. BEARD, B. KUKANICH, T. SOBERING and S. WAXMANN (2007): The effect of lidocaine on postoperative jejunal motility in normal horses. Vet.
Surg. 36, 214-220
MOORE, R.M., W.W. MUIR and D.N. GRANGER (1995): Mechanisms of gastrointestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury and potential therapeutic interventions: A review and its implications in the horse. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 9, 115-132
MORTON, A.J. and A.T. BLIKSLAGER (2002): Surgical and postoperative factors influencing short-term survival of horses following small intestinal resection: 92 cases (1994-2001). Equine Vet. J. 34, 450-454
MOSHER, H.S. (1998): The chemistry of tetrodotoxin. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 479, 32-43
NAYLER, W.G., P.A. POOLE-WILSON and A. WILLIAMS (1979): Hypoxia and calcium. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 11, 683-706
NAVAS de SOLIS, D. and H.C. McKENZIE III (2007): Serum concentrations of lidocaine and is metabolites MEGX and GX during and after prolonged intravenous infusion of lidocaine in horses after colic surgery. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 27, 398-404
NIETO, E.N., P.C. RAKESTRAW, J.R. SNYDER and N.J. VATISTAS (2000): In vitro effects of erythromycin, lidocaine and metoclopramide on smooth muscle from the pyloric antrum, proximal portion of the duodenum, and middle portion of the jejunum of horses. Am. J. Vet. Res. 61, 413-419
NELSON, A.W., J.R. COLLIER and L.A. GRINER (1968): Acute surgical colonic infarction in the horse. Am. J. Vet. Res. 29, 315-327
OHMAN, U. (1984): The effects of luminal distention and obstruction on intestinal circulation. In: SHEPARD, A.P., and D.N. GRANGER (eds): Physiology of intestinal circulation New York, NY, Raven, 1, 321-334
OLANDERS, K., Z. SUN, A. BÖRJESSON, M. DIB, E. ANDERSSON, A. LASSON, T.
OHLSSON and R. ANDERSSON (2002): The effect of intestinal ischemia and reperfusion injury on ICAM-1 expression, endothelial barrier function, neutrophils tissue influx, and protease inhibitor levels in rats. Shock. 18, 86-92
OKAMURA, K., N. SASAKI, H. YAMADA and H. INOKUMA (2009): Effects of mosapride citrate, metoclopramide hydrochloride, lidocaine hydrochloride, and cisapride citrate on equine gastric emptying, small intestinal and caecal motility. Res.
Vet. Sci. 86, 302-308
PLUMB, D.C. (2002): Lidocaine HCL, In: Veterinary Drug Handbook, Pocket Edition.
Ames: Iowa State Press. 1, 501
POLIMENI, P.I. (1975): Effects of severe acute hypoxia on the distribution of cardiac electrolytes and water. Cardiovasc. Res. 9, 249-255
PRATHER, C., M. CAMILLERIM and A.R. ZINSMEISTER (2000): Tegaserod accelerates transit in patients with constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterol. 118, 463-468
RHODIN, J.G. (1981): Anatomy of the microcirculation. In EFFROS, R.M., H.
SCHMID-SCHOBEIN and J. DITZEL (eds): Microcirculation: Current Physiologic, Medical and Surgical Concepts, New Yoork, NY, Academic Press. 1, 11-17
RIMBÄCK, G., J. CASSUTO and P.O. TOLLESSON (1990): Treatment of postoperative paralytic ileus by intravenous lidocaine infusion. Anesth. Analg. 70, 414-419
ROBERTSON, S.A., L.C. SANCHEZ, A.M. MERRITT and T.J. DOHERTY (2005):
Effect of systemic lidocaine on visceral and somatic nociception in conscious horses.
Equine Vet. J. 37; 122-127
ROCHAT, M.C. (1991): An introduction to reperfusion injury. Compend. Contin.
Educ. Pract. Vet. 13; 923–930
ROUSSEL, A.J., N.D. COHEN, R.N. HOOPER and P.C. RAKESTRAW (2001): Risk factors associated with development of postoperative ileus in horses. J. Am. Vet.
Med. Assoc. 219, 72–78
ROWE, E.L. and N.A. WHITE (2002): Reperfusion injury in the equine intestine. Clin.
Tech. Equine Pract. 3, 148-162
ROWE, E.L., N.A. WHITE, V. BUECHNER-MAXWELL, J.L. ROBERTSON and D.L.
WARD (2003): Detection of apoptotic cells in intestines from horses with and without gastrointestinal disease. Am. J. Vet. Res. 64, 982-988
RUSIECKI, K., J.E. NIETO, S.M. PUCHALSKI and J.S. SNYDER (2008): Evaluation of continuous infusion of lidocaine on gastrointestinal tract function in normal horses.
Vet. Surg. 37, 564-570
SANDERS, K.M., T. ÖRDÖG, S.D. KOH, S. TORIHASHI and S.M. WARD (1999):
Development and plasticity of interstitial cells of Cajal. Neurogastroenterol. Mot. 11, 311-338
SARNA, K.S. (2007): Are interstitial cells of Cajal plurifunction cells in the gut? Am. J.
Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 294, G372-G390
SASAKI, N. and T. YOSHIHARA (1999): The effect of motilin on the regulation mechanism of intestinal motility in conscious horses. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 61, 167-170
SASAKI, N., H. YAMADA and S. HARA (2003): Medical treatment to equine gastrointestinal dysfunctions. J. Equine Sci. 14, 37-49
SCHOTT, H.C. II and M.R. CHARLTON (1996): Postexertional ileus in an Arabian gelding. Comend. Contin. Educ. 18, 559-563
SCHUSSER, G.E., and N.A. WHITE (1997): Morphologic and quantitative evaluation of the myenteric plexuses and neurons in the large colon of horses. J. Am. Vet. Med.
Assoc. 210, 928-934.
SCHRADER, J., F. HADDY and E. GERLACH (1977): Release of adenosine, inosine and hypoxanthine from isolated guinea-pig heart during hypoxia. Pflügers Arch. 369, 1-6
SINCLAIR, R., J. CASSUTO and P. THOMSEN (1987): Local anaesthetics inhibit leucocyte activation induced by immune complexes and opsonised zymosan particles (abstract). Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand. 31 (suppl 86), 144
SNYDER, J.R., H.J. OLANDER, J.R. PASCOE, M. HOLLAND and C.J.
KURPERSHOEK (1998): Morphologic alterations observed during experimental ischemia of the equine large colon. Am. J. Vet. Res. 29, 801-809
SULLINS, K.E., T.S. STASHAK and K.N. MERO (1985): Pathologic changes in associated with induced small intestinal strangulation obstruction and non-srangulating infarction in horses. Am. J. Vet. Res. 46, 913-916
SURPRENANT, A. (1994): Control of gastrointestinal tract by enteric neurons. Annu.
Rev. Physiol. 56, 117-140
SZURSZEWSKI, J.H. (1969): A migrating electric complex of the canine small intestine. Am. J. Physiol. 217, 1757-1763
TAKEO, S., K. TANONAKA, K. SHIMIZU, K. HIRAI, K. MIYAKE and R. MINEMATSU (1988): Beneficial effects of lidocaine and disopyramide on oxygen deficiency induced contractile failure and metabolic disturbance in isolated rabbit hearts. J.
Pharmacol. Exp. Therap. 248, 306-314
TELFORD, G.L., S. WALGENBACH-TELFORD and S.K. SARNA (1993):
Pathophysiology of small intestinal motility. Surg. Clin. North Am. 73, 1193-1199
THOMSON, P.D., K.L. MELMON, J.A. RICHARDSON, K. COHN, W. STEINBRUNN, R. CUDIHEE and M. ROWLAND (1973): Lidocaine pharmacokinetics in advanced heart failure, liver disease, and renal failure in humans. Ann. Intern. Med. 78, 499–
508
THUNEBERG, L. (1982): Interstitial cells of Cajal: intestinal pacemaker cells? Adv.
Anat. Embryol. Cell. Biol. 71,1-130
TRUMP, B.F., W.J. MESSER and A. SALANDINO (1976): Studies on the subcellular pathology of ischemia. Circulation 53, 117-126
VAN HOOGMOED, L. (2003): Clinical application of prokinetics. Vet. Clin. Equine 19, 729-740
VAN HOOGMOED, L.M., J.E. NIETO, J.R. SNYDER and F.A. HARMON (2004):
Survey of prokinetic use of in horses with gastrointestinal injury. Vet. Surg. 33, 279-285
VALVERDE, A., C. GUNKELT, T.J. DOHERTY, S. GIGUERE and A.S. POLLAK (2005): Effect of a constant rate infusion of lidocaine on the quality of recovery from sevoflurane or isoflurane general anaesthesia in horses. Equine Vet. J. 37, 559-564
WARD, S.M., A.J. BURNS, S. TORIHASHI and K.M. SANDERS (1994): Mutation of the proto-oncogene c-kit blocks development of interstitial cells and electrical rhythmicity in murine intestine. J. Physiol. (Lond) 480,91-97
WHITE, N.A., J.N. MOORE and C.T. TRIM (1980): Mucosal alterations in experimentally induced small intestinal strangulation obstruction in ponies. Am. J.
Vet. Res. 41, 193-198
WHITE, N.A. (1990): Intensive care, monitoring, and complications of acute abdominal disease. In: WHITE, N.A. and J.N. MOORE editors. The equine acute abdomen. Lea and Febiger, Pennsylvania, 310-335
WHITEHEAD, R. (1976): The pathology of ischemia on the intestines. Pathol. Ann.
11, 1-52
YALE, C.E. (1969): Experimental strangulated intestinal obstruction. Surgery 66, 338-344
YOUNG, H. M., B. CIAMPOLI, B.R. SOUTHWELL and D.F. NEWGREEN (1996):
Origin of interstitial cells of Cajal in the mouse intestine. Dev. Biol. 96, 97-107